3. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
PRINCIPLE OF SANITATION
COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE
INTERIOR DECORATION
ORIENTATION OF BUILDING
PREVENTION OF DAMPNESS
SUPPLY OF WATER
TREATMENT OF WATER
4. PRINCIPLES OF SANITATION
FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE FUNDAMENTAL OR RATHER IDEAL PRINCIPLES OF SANITATION WHICH, IF
OBSERVED, RESULT IN BETTER LIVING CONDITIONS
COLLECTION AND CONVEYANCE
THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SANITATION IS TO REMOVE ANY WASTE MATTER AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE AFTER ITS FORMATION. THE EARLIER
IT IS REMOVED, THE EASIER IT BECOMES TO RENDER IT HARMLESS. THE WASTE MATTER MAY BE IN ANY OF THE THREE FORMS –
SOLID, LIQUID OR GAS
INTERIOR DECORATION
THE INTERIOR DECORATION OF THE BUILDING SHOULD BE DONE AFTER GIVING A SERIOUS THINKING. THE SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE
LIKELY TO CATCH DUST SHOULD NOT BE GENERALLY PLACED IN ROOM OR IF PLACED, ARRANGEMENT SHOULD BE MADE TO CLEAN
THEM PERIODICALLY
ORIENTATION OF BUILDING
IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE NATURAL VENTILATION, THE ORIENTATION OF BUILDING SHOULD BE MADE TO ADJUST WITH THE PREVAILING
NATURAL CONDITIONS AT SITE OF CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING. THE BUILDING SHOULD BE SO ORIENTED WITH RESPECT TO THE
LOCAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS THAT ALL THE ROOMS ARE PROPERLY LIGHTED NATURALLY AND THAT THERE IS FREE CIRCULATION OF
FRESH AIR.
5. PREVENTION OF DAMPNESS
THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING SHOULD BE DAMP PROOF. THE HEALTH OF HUMAN BODY IS CONSIDERABLY AFFECTED WHEN
THERE IS PRESENCE OF DAMP IN THE SURROUNDINGS. THE PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO ADMIT DAMP SHOULD INVARIABLY BE TAKEN
TO ACHIEVE PROPER SANITATION OF THE BUILDING
SUPPLY OF WATER
THERE SHOULD BE PLENTIFUL SUPPLY OF PURE WATER TO THE BUILDING. THE SCARCITY OF WATER LEADS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF
UNHYGIENIC CONDITIONS IN THE BUILDING
TREATMENT OF WATER
ALL THE WASTE MATTER RECEIVED FROM THE BUILDING SHOULD BE DISPOSED OFF ONLY AFTER GIVING PROPER TREATMENT TO IT.
THUS THE EFFLUENT FROM SEWAGE PLANT SHOULD BE THROWN INTO NATURAL RIVER OR STREAM AFTER IT HAS BEEN MADE
HARMLESS.
6. SITE FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS
THE SITE FOR TREATMENT UNITS SEWAGE OF ANY TOWN SHOULD BE CAREFULLY SELECTED AND THE
FOLLOWING ASPECTS ARE TO BE CONSIDERED AT THE TIME OF ITS FINAL SELECTION
GOOD FOUNDATION SOIL SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR VARIOUS SEWAGE TREATMENT UNITS TO REST FIRMLY ON THE GROUND
AND THUS TO GRANT THE STRUCTURAL STABILITY TO THEM
THE GENERAL SLOPE OF THE SITE SHOULD NEITHER BE TOO STEEP NOR TOO FLAT. IT WILL ASSIST IN PLACING VARIOUS
TREATMENT UNITS AT SUCH LEVELS THAT SEWAGE MAY FLOW FROM ONE UNIT TO THE OTHER BY GRAVITY ONLY
THE GENERAL LEVEL OF THE SITE SHOULD BE LOWEST LEVEL AREA OF THE TOWN OR CITY SO THAT THE SEWAGE FROM THE
ENTIRE TOWN OR CITY CAN BE COLLECTED AND CONVEYED BY GRAVITY ONLY
THE LOCATION OF SITE SHOULD BE APPROPRIATE WITH RESPECT TO THE METHOD OF SEWAGE TREATMENT TO BE ADOPTED FOR
THE PROJECT
THE LOCATION OF SITE SHOULD BE SUCH THAT ENOUGH AREA IS AVAILABLE NEARBY WHEN IT BECOMES NECESSARY IN FUTURE
TO EXPAND THE EXISTING PROJECT.
THE PROXIMITY OF WATER COURSE NEAR THE SITE OR ENOUGH WASTE LAND FOR IRRIGATION WILL BE CONSIDERED AS AN
ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGE.
7. THE SITE SHOULD BE SAFE FROM FLOODS FOR ALL THE TIME
THE SITE SHOULD BE SITUATED ON THE LEEWARD SIDE OF WIND SO THAT THE UNDESIRABLE ODOURS WILL BE PREVENTED
FROM ENTERING THE TOWN OR CITY
THE SITE SHOULD NOT BE, AS FAR AS POSSIBLE, FAR AWAY FROM THE TOWN OR CITY
THE SUBSOIL WATER LEVEL AT THE SITE SHOULD REMAIN LOW EVEN DURING MONSOON
8. DESIGN ASPECTS
FOLLOWING ASPECTS SHOULD BE KEPT IN MIND WHILE MAKING DESIGN OF THE
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT:
EVERY UNIT OF THE PLANT SHOULD HAVE FLEXIBILITY IN CONTROL AND OPERATION
THE DESIGN OF THE PLANT SHOULD BE AIMED AT GRANTING THE SAFETY OF HEALTH OF THE PERSONNEL OPERATING THE PLANT
THE MAJOR UNITS OF THE PLANT SHOULD HAVE BYPASS FACILITIES WHICH CAN BE PUT INTO COMMISSION DURING EMERGENCY
THE OVERALL DESIGN OF THE PLANT SHOULD BE SUCH THAT THERE IS EASY ACCESSIBILITY FOR OPERATING AND MAINTAINING VALVES,
SAMPLING POINTS AND VARIOUS OTHER OPERATING DEVICES.
THERE SHOULD BE ADEQUATE ALTERNATIVE PROVISIONS IN CASE THE PLANT FAILS OR IS SHUT DOWN FOR REPAIRS OR ANY OTHER
REASON
THERE SHOULD BE SOME ALTERNATIVE FOR OPERATING OF THE PLANT WHEN ITS OUTLET IS SUBMERGED UNDER HIGH WATER.
THE TREATMENT PLANT SHOULD ACCOMMODATE A FULL-FLEDGED LABORATORY IN WHICH ROUTINE TESTS CAN BE CARRIED OUT FOR
THE PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS UNITS OF THE PLANT.
9. SOME DEFINITIONS
IN ORDER TO SIMPLIFY THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE SUBJECT, THE FOLLOWING
FIVE IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS ARE MENTIONED AT THIS STAGE
BACTERIA
THESE ARE MICROSCOPIC UNICELLULAR PLANTS OR ORGANISMS AND FOR THE STUDY OF SANITARY ENGINEERING, THEY ARE
DIVIDED INTO THREE GROUPS, AEROBIC, ANAEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE.
THE AEROBIC BACTERIA REQUIRE LIGHT AND FREE OXYGEN FOR THEIR EXISTENCE AND DEVELOPMENT
THE ANAEROBIC BACTERIA DO NOT REQUIRE LIGHT AND FREE OXYGEN FOR THEIR EXISTENCE AND DEVELOPMENT
THE FACULTATIVE BACTERIA CAN EXIST IN PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF OXYGEN BUT THEY GROW IN PLENTY IN ABSENCE OF AIR.
INVERT
THE LOWERMOST LEVEL OR SURFACE OF A SEWER IS KNOWN AS THE INVERT AND IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS, THE
INVERT LEVELS ARE TO BE CAREFULLY CHECKED FOR THE PROPER FUNCTIONING OF THE SEWER LINE.
10. STORM WATER
THE TERM STORM WATER IS USED TO INDICATE THE RAIN WATER OF THE LOCALIT
REFUSE
THE TERM REFUSE IS USED TO INDICATE WHAT IS REJECTED OR LEFT AS WORTHLESS AND FOR THE STUDY OF SANITARY
ENGINEERING, IT IS DIVIDED INTO FIVE CATEGORIES:
GARBAGE
THE TERM GARBAGE IS USED TO INDICATE DRY REFUSE AND IT INCLUDES DECAYED FRUITS, GRASS, LEAVES, PAPER PIECES,
PIECES, SWEEPINGS, VEGETABLES, ETC.
SEWAGE
THE TERM SEWAGE IS USED TO INDICATE THE LIQUID WASTE FROM THE COMMUNITY AND IT INCLUDES SULLAGE,
DISCHARGE FROM LATRINES, URINALS, STABLES, ETC., INDUSTRIAL WATER AND STORM WATER. THE TERM NIGHT
SOIL IS SOMETIMES USED TO INDICATE THE HUMAN AND ANIMAL EXCRETA.
11. SUBSOIL WATER
THIS INDICATES THE GROUND WATER WHICH FINDS ITS ENTRY INTO SEWERS THROUGH LEAKS.
SULLAGE
THE TERM SULLAGE IS USED TO INDICATE THE WASTEWATER FROM BATH ROOMS, KITCHENS, ETC. IT IS MERELY WASTE
WATER AND DOES NOT CREATE BAD SMELL.
SEWER
THE UNDERGROUND CONDUITS OR DRAINS THROUGH WHICH SEWAGE IS CONVEYED ARE KNOWN AS SEWERS.
SEWERAGE
THE ENTIRE SCIENCE OF COLLECTING AND CARRYING SEWAGE BY WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM THROUGH SEWERS IS
KNOWN AS SEWERAGE AND THE SEWAGE THUS COLLECTED AND CONVEYED IS TAKEN TO A SUITABLE PLACE FOR ITS
DISPOSAL.
13. AQUIFER
AN AQUIFER IS AN UNDERGROUND LAYER OF WATER-BEARING PERMEABLE ROCK, ROCK FRACTURES OR
UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIALS (GRAVEL, SAND, OR SILT). GROUNDWATER FROM AQUIFERS CAN BE
EXTRACTED USING A WATER WELL. THE STUDY OF WATER FLOW IN AQUIFERS AND THE
CHARACTERIZATION OF AQUIFERS IS CALLED HYDROGEOLOGY.
AQUIFERS ARE CATEGORIZED AS CONFINED OR UNCONFINED,
BUT THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF AQUIFERS THAT ARE CLASSIFIED BY WHERE THEY ARE LOCATED IN THE
EARTH AND THE MATERIAL OF WHICH THEY ARE COMPRISED.
THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF AQUIFERS:
UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSIT AQUIFERS,
BEDROCK AQUIFERS
QUATERNARY AQUIFERS
14. PERVIOUS LAYER AND UNPERVIOUS LAYER
WHAT IS PERVIOUS LAYER?
PERVIOUS SURFACES CAN BE EITHER POROUS OR PERMEABLE. THE IMPORTANT DISTINCTION
BETWEEN THE TWO IS:
•POROUS SURFACING IS A SURFACE THAT INFILTRATES WATER ACROSS THE ENTIRE SURFACE.
•PERMEABLE SURFACING IS FORMED OF MATERIAL THAT IS ITSELF IMPERVIOUS TO WATER BUT, BY
VIRTUE OF VOIDS FORMED THROUGH THE SURFACE, ALLOWS INFILTRATION THROUGH THE
PATTERN OF VOIDS.
WHAT IS IMPERVIOUS LAYER?
IMPERVIOUS LAYER MEANS ANY LAYER OF MATERIAL IN THE SOIL PROFILE THAT HAS A
PERCOLATION RATE SLOWER THAN 120 MINUTES PER INCH
IMPERVIOUS LAYER MEANS A STRATA, SUCH AS A CLAY OR SHALE, THAT DOES NOT PERMIT WATER
TO MOVE THROUGH PERCEPTIBLY.
