,cosmetics biological aspecta ,skin ,hair growth cycal ,problems in oral cavity

1. Cosmetics – biological aspects
Presented by:
DEEPAK KUMAR UPADHYAY,
M.PHARMA ( P’CEUTICS ),
ISFCP, MOGA , PUNJAB

2. Structure of Hair & Hair Growth Cycle

3. Hair is a simple structure that is made up of Protein
filaments called Keratin which is also the primary component
of finger and toe nails.
Hair acts as a barrier to foreign particles.
It's an important part of appearance and creates gender
identity.
Hair is the only body structure that can completely renew
itself without scarring.
Humans develop hair follicles during fetal development,
and no new follicles are produced after birth.
Hair color is mostly the result of pigments, which are
chemical compounds that reflect certain wavelengths of
visible light.

4. Hair shape (round or oval) and texture (curly or straight) is
influenced heavily by genes. The physical appearance of hair
can be affected by nutritional status and intentional alteration
(heat curling, perms, straightening, etc.)
In order to test hair evidence for nuclear DNA, the root
must be present. The hair may also be tested using
mitochondrial DNA whether or not the root is present.

5. Types of Hair
Lanuga Hair:
Develops on an unborn baby
3 months after baby’s conception
Fine and soft
grows all over the body at the same rate
Shed about 4 weeks before the baby is due to be born
Vellous Hair:
Short, fine, downy, unpigmented hair covering most of the body
except the palms and soles of feet
Women normally retain 55% more vellus hair than men
Follicle doesn’t have oil glands
Terminal Hair:
Long, thick pigmented hair found on the scalp, legs, arms &
bodies of males & females
Coarser than vellus hair & with the exception of gray hair, it is
pigmented
Produced by follicles with sebaceous glands

6. Hair Structure:
Hair is made up of two separate structures
The hair follicle: which exists below the skin.
The hair shaft: which is the hair that we see.

8. HAIR FOLLICLE: the living part of the hair
Contains the germinal matrix, which is where cells produce
new hairs.
Contains the bulb, which is the stocking-like structure that
surrounds the papilla and germinal matrix. It's fed by capillaries.
The follicle is surrounded by an inner and outer sheath that
protects and molds the growing hair shaft.
The inner sheath follows the hair shaft and ends just before
the opening of the sebaceous gland.
The outer sheath continues all the way up to the sebaceous
gland

10. HAIR SHAFT: the dead hair we can actually see.
The innermost layer: This is called the medulla. Depending on
the type of hair, the medulla isn't always present.
The middle layer: This is called the cortex, which makes up the
majority of the hair shaft. Both the medulla and the cortex
contain pigmenting cells that are responsible for giving hair color.
The outermost layer: This is called the cuticle, which is formed
by tightly packed scales in an overlapping structure that
resemble roof shingles. Many hair conditioning products are
formulated to even out the cuticle by smoothing out its
structure.

12. The Growth Cycle:
The anagen phase is the active or growth phase of the hair.
Most hair is constantly growing and spends three to four
years in this stage. Hair grows around half an inch a month,
and faster in the summer than in winter. In the growth phase,
or anagen phase, a full-length hair averages 18 to 30 inches.
The anagen phase is generally longer in Asians, and can last
as much as 7 years with hair being able to grow to 1 metre.
The catagen phase is a transitional stage, and 3% of all
hairs are in this phase at any given time. It lasts for two to
three weeks.
The telogen phase is the resting phase, which lasts for
about three months and accounts for 10% to 15% of all hair.
The exogen phase is the phase of active hair shaft
shedding.

14. Common disorders of the oral cavity

15. Anatomy of Oral Cavity
Lips
Tongue
Floor of Mouth
Buccal mucosa
Palate
Retromolar trigone

17. Terminologies:
Lesion is a broad term for abnormal tissues in the oral
cavity that includes wounds, sores, and any other tissue
damage caused by injury or disease.
Determining the type of lesion in a disease is one of the
earliest steps in formulating a differential diagnosis.
Types of lesions of the oral mucosa are classified as to
whether they:
• Extend below or above the surface.
• Are flat or raised on the surface.

18. Lesions below the surface:
Ulcer: A defect or break in continuity of the mucosa
(epithelium) that creates a punched-out area similar to a
crater.
Erosion: A shallow defect in the mucosa caused by
mechanical trauma.
Abscess: A localized collection of pus in a circumscribed area.
Cyst: A closed sac or pouch that is lined with epithelium and
contains fluid or semisolid material.

19. Lesions extending above the surface
Blisters: Also known as vesicles, lesions filled with a watery
fluid.
Pustule: Similar in appearance to a blister, but contains pus.
Hematoma: Also similar to a blister, but it contains blood.
Plaque: Any patch or flat area that is slightly raised from
the surface.

20. Diseases of the oral cavity:
Congenital Conditions
Inflammatory lesions/Traumatic condition
Autoimmune diseases
Precancerous lesions (Leukoplakia & erythroplakia)
Benign Tumors of Oral Cavity
• Solid Tumors
• Cystic Lesions

21. Congenital Conditions
Torus : Torus palatinus and torus mandibularis represent
developmental anomalies, present in the second decade of life and
continue to grow slowly throughout life.
Mucosally covered bony outgrowths of the palate and mandible
Occur in 3% to 56% of adults and are more common in women
Tori of the palate are found only in the midline of the hard palate.
Mandibular tori are found to involve only the lingual surface of the
anterior mandible, primarily in the premolar region.
Tori are typically pedunculated or multilobulated, broadly based,
smooth, bony masses, consist of dense lamellar bone with relatively
small marrow spaces.
Usually asymptomatic, in symptomatic patients, the tori can be
treated by removing them from the underlying cortex with
osteotomes or cutting burs.
Recurrence is occasionally seen; malignant transformation has not
been reported.

23. Lingual Thyroid: Due to lack of descent of thyroid tissue during
development.
Approximately 90% of all ectopic thyroid tissue is associated
with the dorsum of the tongue.
Found in the midline in the area of foramen cecum.
approximately 1/18,000 to 1/100,000 live births were
associated with ectopic thyroid tissue involving the tongue.
Usually asymptomatic, the presence of lingual thyroid can be
associated with hypothyroidism.
Other symptoms are due to mass effect of lingual thyroid and
cause airway obstruction and/or difficulties with swallowing ,or
the sensation of a lump in throat , dysphonia or bleeding.
Symptoms occur at times of increased metabolic demands
such as growth spurts during adolescence or during pregnancy.
Malignant transformation is rare.

25. Treatment:
Hypothyroid patients- thyroid hormone replacement therapy,
which may also reduce the size of the lingual thyroid.
For symptomatic euthyroid patients- surgical excision.
Different approaches for surgical excision of lingual thyroid
include transcervical routes by means of lateral pharyngotomy
or transhyoid pharyngotomy, as well as transoral excision with
use of the CO2 laser.
Postoperative exogenous thyroid hormone replacement
therapy because approximately 70% of patients have lingual
thyroid as the only functioning thyroid tissue.

26. Inflammatory conditions & Traumatic conditions
Fibroma (fibroepithelial polyp):
Most common
Found in1.2% of adults and has a 66% female predilection.
Can occur throughout the oral cavity
Most common along the "bite line"
usually solitary and seldom are larger than 1.5 cm.
Asymptomatic, sessile or pedunculated, firm mass
Microscopically: dense and minimally cellular fascicles of
collagen fibers and have a relatively avascular appearance.
Treatment -conservative excision, recurrence unlikely, unless
the precipitating trauma is continued or repeated.

28. Pyogenic granulomas:
12 %
Due to acute or chronic trauma or infection
Highly vascular lesions similar to granulation tissue.
Raised or pedunculated lesions that remain less than 2.5 cm in
size.
Histologically, aggregation of multinucleated foreign body-like
giant cells separated by fibroangiomatous stroma.
Treatment- excision and removal of potential traumatic or
infective factors

30. Inflammatory Lesions:
Viral infection
Fungal infection
Bacterial infection
Inflammation of the mouth (Stomatitis)
Inflammation of the Lips (Cheilitis)
Inflammation of the soft tissues around teeth
typically resulting from inadequate oral hygiene
(Gingivitis)
Inflammmation of the tongue (Glossitis).
Glossitis more commonly applied to the "beefy-
red“ tongues of certain deficiency states (e.g.;
vitamin B12, and iron, deficiencies).

31. HSV: Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
Primary infection: Presentation
Multiple small vesicles involving many oral cavity sites
Vesicles rupture in 24 hours leaving ulcerations
Ulcerations typically heal over a 7-14 day course
Fever, arthralgia, malaise, headache, cervical lymphadenopathy
Greatest infectivity rate when vesicles rupture
Reactivation Phase:
Occurs in roughly 16-45% of patients with HSV
Triggers: UV light, stress, infection, immunosuppresion
Presentation
Vesicles typically erupt on mucocutaneous junction of lips, hard
palate, and other attached gingiva
Prodrome of tingling, itching, burning at site of lesion just prior to
vesicular eruption
Vesicles -> ulcers -> crusting in 7-14 days

32. Diagnosis
Clinical picture
Obtain fluid from unruptured vesicle as it is most likely to
contain virus
•PCR – much better than cultures
•Culture
•Smear – multinucleated giant cells
Serology
•ELISA testing for antibodies to HSV
•Western Blot – very accurate, but very time consuming

33. Treatment
Antipyretics, analgesics, hydration
Valacyclovir and famcyclovir inhibit viral DNA
polymerase – help to suppress and control
symptoms, but does not cure (given for 1 week)
If catch in the prodrome - 5% acyclovir cream
for 1 week has shown to shorten course or
completely abort reactivation altogether

34. Vesicles and Ulcerations
Gingivostomatitis

35. Varicella zoster:
Primary infection is chicken pox; secondary infection is
shingles
Spread by respiratory droplets and less commonly by direct
contact
Incubation time is 2 weeks
Primary infection:
Fever, headaches, malaise, and a rash
Rash
-Vesicles -> Pustules -> Rupture (ulcers) -> Crust
-Oral cavity involvement typically involves buccal mucosa and
hard palate – resembles aphthous ulcers in oral cavity
-Lasts 7-10 days

36. Diagnosis:
Clinical picture is all that is needed
Direct fluroscent antibody test
Obtain smear from a lesion for the test
Rapid highly specific and sensitive
ELISA and PCR
Treatment:
Prevent or lessen severity of infection with vaccination
Supportive care (antipyretics, analgesics, hydration)
Severe forms treated with valacyclovir or acyclovir
Monitor for secondary bacterial infections (Strep)

37. Secondary infection (Shingles)
Rare in the immunocompetent
Presentation:
Prodrome of burning or pain over dermatome
Maculopapular rash develops -> vesicles form -> pustules ->
ulcerations -> crust
Oral lesions typically occur after skin involvement
Treatment:
Supportive
Severe forms can be treated with Valacyclovir or acyclovir

39. Candidiasis:
Candida species part of normal oral flora – 40-65% of patients
Infections typically the result of immunocomprimised state, oral
trauma, or recent antibiotic use; rare in healthy individuals
90% of HIV patients typical affected
Forms
Pseudomembranous candidiasis (Thrush)
- Most common form
- Whitish plaque that can be scrapped off to reveal a “beefy” red
base or ulceration that is tender to palpation

40. Atrophic candidiasis
oErythematous patch, typically on lateral tongue
oTypically seen after antibiotic use
oMay precede thrush
Subtypes:
Chronic atrophic candidiasis:
Denture use
Poor fitting dentures lead to tissue breakdown
Angular chelitis:
Infection affects oral commissure
Causes: poor oral closure with accumulation of saliva and poor
fitting dentures.

41. Thrush Angular Chelitis
Atrophic Candidiasis

42. Mucocutaeneous candidiasis
Most severe form
Patients typically very ill prior to this presentation
Diffuse involvement of infection: oral cavity, lips, skin, other
mucosal surfaces
Oral cavity involvement: lesions of pseudomembranous
candidiasis but more diffuse
Familial form of disease:
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
Autosomal recessive-cell mediated immunity is impaired
Diagnosis:
Clinical picture
KOH prep of scrapings (pseudohyphae, hyphae, and yeast all
present on same slide)
Culture or serum (1,3) β-D glucan detection assay if unclear (cell
wall component tested in serum samples)

43. Treatment
Mild, acute forms – topical Nystatin
Mild, chronic – topical Nystatin + Clotrimazole troches
Refractory or immunocomprimised WITHOUT systemic
involvement – add oral Fluconazole
Severe forms – Amphotericin B with or without Fluconazole

44. Bacterial Infection: Vincent’s angina
Trench mouth, Acute ulcerative gingivitis
Caused by Borellia incenti and Fusiform bacilli
Both are normal inhabitants of oral cavity
Decreased resistance (inadequate nutrition, immunodeficiency)
is a predisposing factor to infection
Punched out erosions, ulceration that spreads, involves all
gingival margins which become covered by necrotic
pseudomembrane.

46. Autoimmune diseases
Lupus Erythematosus
40-50 cases per 100,000 people
Two main types
Discoid –skin + oral cavity WITHOUT visceral involvement
Systemic – skin, oral, and visceral involvement
Both can present with oral lesions
DLE – 25% of cases
SLE – 40% of cases

47. Oral manifestations:
Erythematous plaques or erosions that can evolve into ulcerations
White keratotic striae radiating from lesion margins
Areas of involvement: buccal mucosa, gingiva, labial mucosa, and
vermillion border
Diagnosis: clinic appearance, immunofluorescence test of antibody-
antigen complex, ANA, SS-A/SS-B antibodies, anti-dsDNA antibody
Treatment:
Oral lesions typically do not need to be treated. However, topical
corticosteroids can improve lesions
Corticosteroids with or without cytotoxic agents
(cyclophosphamide and azathioprine)
Methotrexate

49. Pemphigoid
Rare – reported as affecting less than 200,000 people in the United States
Bullous pemphigoid
Antibodies directed at the epithelial basement membrane illicit an
inflammatory response
appear as vesicles that can then rupture to form openLesions
ulcerations
Oral involvement- 40%, self limiting
Skin involvement first and then oral involvement
Diagnosis: biopsy and immunofluorescence showing IgG and C3 in a
linear fashion along basement membrane
Treatment
Systemic steroids with or without cytotoxic agents
Topical steroids improve lesions
IV immunoglobulin when patients are resistant to steroid and cytotoxic
treatment

50. Cicatricial pemphigoid – Oral involvement occurs in 85% of cases,
and can be the only presentation

51. Pemphigus vulgaris
Most common presentation of pemphigoid in the United States
Antibodies directed at intercellular bridges – leads to separation of cells
in the epithelial layer with formation of very thin walled bullae
Lesions occur in oral cavity first and then skin becomes involved
Lesions appear as ulcerations with a grey membranous covering
Nikolsky sign – scrapping the mucosa around the lesion results in slothing
of the mucosa
Diagnosis:
Biopsy shows “tombstone” appearance with Tzanck cells (free
squamous cells forming a spherical shape)
shows IgG against cell-cell adhesionDirect immunofluorescence
junctions
Treatment:
Typically requires high doses of systemic steroids + cytotoxic agents
Plasmapheresis has been utilized with good results

53. Bechets Syndrome
Vasculitis secondary to a hypersensitivity reaction to HSV
and/or streptococcal antigen
Incidence in Asian/Middle Eastern countries - 1/10,000
M: F 20:1
Aphthous ulcerations are the most common oral presentation
Other symptoms: recurrent genital lesions, eye lesions (uveitis,
retinal vasculitis), skin lesions (erythema nodosum), polyarthritis,
meningioencephalitis
Treatment:
Tetracycline solution
Topical steroids for both oral and genital lesions
Systemic steroids have been shown to improve acute
symptoms, but do not slow progression or prevent recurrence

55. T cells destroy basal cell layer of epidermis
Hepatitis C
5 P’s of cutaneous lesions: Purple, Pruritic, Planer, Polygonal,
Papules
Oral involvement in 70% of cases
Oral lesion appearance:
Reticular – white striae on buccal mucosa that does not scrape off
Plaque – resemble leukoplakia, and typically located on dorsum of
tongue or buccal mucosa
Bullous – rare form, appear as bullae that rupture leaving areas of
ulceration
Erosive – very painful, erythematous erosions with fibrous covering
Lichen Planus

56. Malignancy arising from lesions in 1-5% of cases
Cutaneous lesions typically resolve in 6 months, but oral lesions
tend to last longer, up to 5 years
Diagnosis: Clinical, biopsy of lesions with HPE and DIF Examtn
Treatment:
Oral treatment
Topical steroids
Cyclosporine mouth wash for 4-8 weeks improves oral disease
Severe disease – systemic steroids

58. Aphthous Ulcers (Canker Sores):
Most common cause of non-traumatic ulcerations of the oral cavity
Etiology unknown
10-20% of general population
Classifications
Minor aphthous ulcer
< 1cm in diameter
Located on freely mobile oral mucosa
Appears as a well-delineated white lesion with an erythematous halo
Prodrome of burning or tingling in area prior to ulcer’s appearance
Resolve in 7-10 days, never scar.

59. Major aphthous ulcer
Sutton disease or periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurren.
 > 1cm in diameter
Involves freely mobile mucosa, tongue, and palate
Last much longer – 6 weeks or more
Typically scar upon healing

60. Treatment :
Topical application of steroids
Cauterisation with 10% silver nitrate
Severe cases: 250 mg of tetracycline dissolved in 50 ml of water is
given as mouth rinse and then to be swallowed, four times a day.
Local pain can be relieved with lignocaine viscous.

61. Precancerous lesions (Leukoplakia & erythroplakia)
Any ulceration that fails to heal in 1-2 weeks should be biopsied
Leukoplakia
Whitish plaque that cannot be scrapped off
5-20% malignant potential
Microscopic examination reveals hyperkeratosis and atypia
Etiologic factors include smoking, tobacco chewing, alcohol abuse
particularly, if combined with smoking chronic trauma: due to ill-fitting
dentures or cheek bites
Sites : Buccal mucosa and oral commissures are the most common
sites, also involves floor of mouth, tongue, gingivobuccal sulcus and
the mucosal surface of lip.
Buccal mucosa is the most common site in india
Lesions on lateral tongue, lower lip, and floor of mouth more likely to
progress to malignancy

62. Management:
Many of the lesions will disappear spontaneously if causative
agent is removed.
In lesions with higher potential for malignant change, a biopsy is
taken to rule out malignancy.
In suspicious small lesions, surgical excision or ablation with laser
or cryotherapy can be done.
Erythroplakia:
Red patch or macule with soft, velvety texture
Much higher chance of malignancy = 60- 90%
Biopsy is mandatory
Treatment is surgical excision or laser ablation

63. Leukoplakia Erythroplakia

64. Benign Tumors of Oral Cavity
Solid tumors
Squamous cell papilloma
Granular cell tumors
Hemangioma
Ameloblastoma
Plemorphic adenoma
Cystic lesions
Mucocele
Ranula

65. Median rhomboid glossitis
Geographical tongue
Hairy tongue
Ankyloglossia
Submucos fibrosis
Miscelleneous lesions of tongue and oral cavity

66. Cleansing & care needs

67. Face
1. Wash your hands first
If your hands have any bacteria on them (which they will from day-
to-day use), this will end up transferred to your face.
2. Water is not enough
Water alone won’t be able to remove excess sebum, oil soluble
particles or other types of dirt. It simply doesn’t have the same
cleaning power and ability to remove dirt like an effective cleanser
does.
3. Lukewarm water
If you use a facial cleanser that requires water, make sure you use
lukewarm water to wash your face. Lukewarm water will help open
your pores while water that is too hot will dehydrate your skin.

68. 4. Be gentle on your skin
The skin on your face is more sensitive than the skin on the rest of
your body, so it needs to be handled with extra-care. The trick is to
be gentle. Don’t scrub your skin aggressively while washing or
applying your moisturizer. To dry your face, just lightly pat it with a
soft towel and avoid rubbing.
5. Don’t over cleanse
Yes, there’s such a thing as over cleansing. Cleansing twice a day is
enough. Over-cleansing can weaken the natural moisture and lipid
barrier that helps protect your skin. This can also increase the chance
of allowing irritants and allergens to enter the skin.
6. Find the right cleanser for your skin type
It’s very important to find the right cleanser for one’s skin type. Using
the wrong product could actually lead to damaged skin. That’s why
it’s so important to look for a gentle cleanser that thoroughly cleans
your face and at the same time cares for your skin.

69. 7. Use gentle products - no matter what type of skin you have
It’s important the cleanser you use is not too harsh. The wrong
cleanser can strip the skin of its natural oils, leaving it feeling dry,
tight and uncomfortable. That’s why it’s best to choose products
which both clean and moisturise your skin.
8. Avoid using soap
Soap can strip the face of its natural oils, leaving skin feeling tight
and drier than before. What’s more, soaps disturb the natural pH of
your skin.
9. Cleanse your face, even if you don’t wear makeup
Even if you don’t wear makeup, cleansing is important to remove
any pollutants and dirt that accumulate on your face throughout
the day.
10. Don’t exfoliate too often
In the same way as over cleansing, exfoliating your skin too often
can do more harm than good. Depending on the skin type
exfoliating once or twice a week is enough.

70. Best Face Cleanser for Normal Skin You can use a liquid facial
cleanse that washes off with water. You can use a soft sponge to
wash it off, leaving your skin feeling smooth and moist.
Best Face Cleanser for Dry Skin If your skin needs extra
moisture, opt for a cleanser that has Hyaluronic acid as an
ingredient, as it hydrates and plumps the skin beautifully. Avoid
soaps at all costs, and supplement your skin care regime with a
good moisturiser.
Best Face Cleanser for Oily Skin A water-based cleanser or a
deep-pore facial cleanser works best, as these can help slow down
the production of oil. Oily skin can lead to acne, so a facial
cleanser formulated for acne-prone skin also works well.
Best Face Cleanser for Combination Skin A foaming, gel, or
lotion cleanser that helps correct pH balance is ideal for
combination to dry skin types.
Best Face Cleanser for Sensitive Skin If your skin is sensitive,
avoid any fragranced facial cleansers. Pay attention to the
ingredients, and if you feel a reaction, change it immediately.

71. Eyelids
Several patients show signs of inflammation of the meibomian
glands which are located in the eyelids. This inflammation is
called “blepharitis”.
Good eyelids hygiene with a product specifically designed to
wash away the oily debris that are produced by these glands,
which can irritate the ocular surface, is very important.
Over time, if the lid hygiene is not performed regularly, debris
and bacteria colonize the lash region and contribute to eye
irritation.
Eyelid care products such as Ocusoft or Lidhygenix is
recommended after applying a hot compress on the eyes.

72. Clean eyelids will help prevent or improve several conditions:
Blepharitis (eyelid mattering)
Dry eyes
Eye allergies
Eye infections
Eye inflammation
Styes

73. Before performing an eye procedure
Wash your hands (and afterwards too).
Position the patient comfortably with head supported.
Avoid distraction for yourself and the patient.
Ensure good lighting.
Always explain to the patient what you are going to do.
Reasons for cleaning eyelids
Basic eye hygiene: to remove any discharge before instillation of eye drops
or applying eye ointment, or before applying post-operative eye dressings.
Blepharitis: to remove crusting on the eyelid margins.
Requirements
sterile cotton buds, sterile gauze swabs, salt, sodium bicarbonate (more
effective than salt for blepharitis), teaspoon, jug, small sterile pot

74. Preparation:
Dissolve 1 heaped teaspoonful of salt or sodium bicarbonate in a jug
containing 500 ml of boiled water (half a litre); allow this solution to cool
Pour a very small amount of the solution into a small sterile pot on a
clean surface
Method
1 The eyelashes
Ask the patient to close both eyes.
Take a folded gauze swab or cotton bud.
Moisten the swab or bud with the prepared solution.
With the swab or bud, clean gently along the eyelashes in one
movement, from inner to outer canthus.
Discard the swab or bud after use.

75. 2 The lower eyelid
Ask the patient to look up.
With one hand, take a new swab or bud and moisten it in the solution.
With the index finger of the other hand, gently hold down the lower eyelid.
With the swab or bud, clean gently along the lower eyelid margin in one
movement from inner to outer canthus.
Discard the swab or bud after use.
3 The upper eyelid
Note: extra care is needed when cleaning the upper eyelid margin. Try to keep
the cornea in view throughout and avoid touching it with the swab or bud.
Ask the patient to look down.
With one hand, take a new swab or bud and moisten it in the solution.
With a thumb or finger of the other hand, gently ease the upper eyelid up
against the orbital rim (just below the eyebrow), taking care not to put any
pressure on the eyeball.
With the swab or bud, clean gently along the upper eyelid margin in one
movement from inner to outer canthus.
Discard the swab or bud after use.

76. Lips
1Exfoliate with a lip scrub. Exfoliating your lips will help to remove dead
layers of skin and help generate regrowth of new skin cells. To exfoliate
your lips, use an abrasive lip scrub product (for example, a sugar scrub)
and gently rub it on your lips. Rub the mixture into your lips, removing
any flakey or dead skin. Rinse off the remaining mixture for smoother
lips.
You can also try applying petroleum jelly to your lips and exfoliating by
massaging them with a damp cloth. Apply the cloth in a gentle, circular
motion to remove dead skin.
2Apply lip balm, almond oil, coconut oil, or olive oil. Applying oils to
your lips will help to hydrate and maintain moisture.
3Hydrate your space with a humidifier. Dry air can dry out lips. If you can,
use a humidifier in spaces where you spend a lot of time (like a bedroom)
to infuse more moisture into the air. This is especially helpful during
winter when the air can be more dry.

77. 4 Heal eczema by observing your beauty routine. The American
Academy of Dermatologists suggest that the most common reason for lip
eczema is an allergic reaction. This could be from your shampoo, lipstick,
face wash, or even toothpaste. To heal eczema, try removing one product
from your routine for about a week. If your lips start to clear up from a
removal of a product, you can best guess that was the cause of the
irritation.
Healthy habits:
1Quit smoking or chewing tobacco. Smoking can cause darkened lips
and wrinkles on or around the lips. Both chewing tobacco and smoking
can cause oral cancer, which can cause unpleasant lip lesions. Quitting
these habits is the first step to healthier lips.
2Protect your lips against the sun by using sunscreen. Sunburn can
cause cancer, blisters, cracking, and peeling. Use lip balm that contains
sunscreen (at least 15 spf), or a sunscreen on your lips. Use this every
day to help protect your lips against the sun.

78. 3 Stay hydrated. Drinking plenty of water not only will help your body stay
healthy, but also keep your lips moist. This will stop dryness and cracking
and make your lips appear fuller and healthier. While there is no standard
of how much water or fluid you should drink per day, it is suggested that
around nine 8-oz gasses (about 2 liters) of water a day for women, and 13
glasses (3 liters) per day for men are required.
4 Stop licking your lips. This habit can cause your lips to dry out and crack.
You can break this habit by wearing a bad-tasting lip balm.
You can try chewing gum or sucking on a hard piece of candy to stop
licking your lips.
Every time you find yourself licking your lips, try drinking a glass of water.
This will help you get into a good routine of staying hydrated as well as
stop you from licking your lips.

79. 5 Get the proper vitamins and minerals. Cracked or dry lips can be a sign
of vitamin or nutrient deficiency, such as vitamin B or D. Be sure to get the
appropriate amount of healthy vitamins by maintaining a healthy diet or
supplementing your diet with a daily multivitamin. Foods high in vitamin D
include fatty fish, like tuna, mackerel, and salmon.
Foods high in vitamin B include yogurt, dairy, and dark, leafy green
vegetables like spinach and kale.
6Keep your teeth healthy. Dentists have found that unhealthy teeth can
lead to or indicate unhealthy lips. Be sure to visit your dentist every six
months for a routine checkup and cleaning. Oral health goes beyond
healthy teeth — it also includes your lips.
7Wear a mouth-guard when playing sports. This will help prevent you
from injuring your teeth. It may also stop you from involuntarily biting
your lips if you fall or take a head injury

80. Hands
1. Soaking
Taking a bit of time for a soothing foot bath or hand soak provides the
bonus applications that make the biggest difference in the way we care
for or hands and feet. Soaking in a warm, mineral or oil infused basin of
water is not only soothing and relaxing, it softens cuticles, nails, callouses
and rough skin. Foot and hand baths are a superb practice for preparing
the skin for the cleansing, exfoliation and massage applications to follow.
2. Cleansing
Don't limit your concept of cleansing to soap and water, which doesn't
clean the same way as an exfoliating sugar scrub would. We touch
hundreds of surfaces a day between hand washings, we're vulnerable,
and therefore a waterless, essential oil infused hand cleanser makes
perfect, and reasonable sense.

81. 3. Moisturizing
As a follow up to cleansing, or as a needed protecting application,
moisturizing is best done with lotions, creams or skin care oils. Mixing
up homemade moisturizers and scenting them with essential oils is a
great alternative to commercial products.
4. Massage
The great thing about a soothing hand or foot massage is that you can
perform it yourself. By taking a bit more time and manipulating the
tissues of the hands and feet, any cleansing or moisturizing
application can be turned into a massage. But it's worth taking the
time to massage with an essential oil infused massage oil or cream.

82. Arms– Arms are the part of the body that must be taken care of. Dry, rough
and glum hands can present an unpleasant site.
Apply Lightweight Moisturizer on your Hands– Give 15 to 20 minutes daily. You
can spare some time during evenings to apply a lightweight moisturizer. For
better result you can add coconut milk extracts and mint to it. Applying mint-
based moisturizer every night will be very effective in reducing tanning, cool
the rashes. It have cool and soothing effect on your skin and keep you
refreshed whole next day.

83. Have a Good Care of Your Armpits and Beat Body Odor- Your armpits are
more prone to fungal infections during the summers due to accumulation
of dirt and bacteria. Use a nice anti-bacterial soap and wash the armpits
properly. They should be kept hair free to avoid infections and a suitable
deodorant should be used.
Take Care of your Elbows– Many time elbows doesn’t get as much
attention as they deserve and they remain darker in comparison to other
parts of your arms. You should scrub your elbows with a nice scrubber at
least twice in a week so that you can get rid of the dead tissues and dirt
that cause darker elbows. You can also use coconut oil or mustard oil or
lime to take care of your elbow.
Use a Nice Sunscreen– Red rashes might appear on your arms because of
intense heat. Sunscreens with a high SPF must be used. SPF value of 30+
will be good for tropical Indian conditions.

84. Feet
Feet are the part of body that sustain the harsh treatments the
moment we step out of our home. In summers feet remain
enclosed in shoes that sometime cause infection. Improper
treatment and negligence often lead to cracked feet. In most cases
cracked feet are associated with drying and untidy feet.
•Put your Feet in Lukewarm Water– The best way to treat your
feet is to soak your feet in lukewarm water regularly. This is way to
ease down the effect of pollution, dust and tiredness. Putting you
feet in warm water also refresh your body and enhance the blood
circulation in the feet. You should do this basic thing regularly for
healthy and relaxed feet.

85. •Foot Powder– Foot powders is essential beauty product for feet that
can effectively soak up excessive moisture from your feet in the hot
months. A nice and scented powder will make your feet feel good and
also keep you refreshed through out the day. It also eases down the
problem of smelly feet. Every time apply a good amount of foot power
on feet if want to keep your feet freshen and away form odor.
•Sun Protect– Sun protection is not only needed for your face and
hand. It is equally important for your feet also undue exposure of sun
make your feet look more darker. Every time you step out in the sun
apply some generous amount of sunscreen on your feet. It will protect
your feet from sunburn and darkening.
•Knees- Knees also need very special care. Regular scrubbing and
care of knees will make them spotless and clean.

86. Pedicure/ foot massage once every week. This will keep your feet clean.
Trim your toe nails to avoid dirt and dust from accumulating under your toe
nails.
Pedicure procedures
Nail Care: The most basic thing that you need to do is proper trimming and
shaping your nails. While trimming your nails make sure that you are
cutting nails straight if your will cut the nails around the corner it will lead
to some painful ingrown nails.
Foot Bath: This is the another step you can do as a part of your personal
pedicure. Cleanse your feet by filling lukewarm water in a basin or tub and
add some bath salts to it. Put your feet in tub in such a way that it cover
your ankle. For better result you can add few drops of essential oil that
appeal you the most . After putting your feet in water and cleansing it dry it
a with a clean towel.

87. Exfoliating: The next thing you should do after foot bath is exfoliating
your feet skin. Tap dry your feet with towel and after this take some
cuticle cream rub it on the base of each and every toe nail. Keep the
cuticle cream under the toe nails intact. Use as foot scrub to remove
all the dry and dead skin cells from your feet. Be gentle to your feet
and don’t rub too hard. Now wipe up the cuticle cream and remove
the cuticles gently with cuticle pusher
Moisturizing: After scrubbing is finished, wash your feet with clean
water. Now use a quality moisturizer to moisturize them. Moisturizing
your feet make them soften and protects it from cracking by hydrating
the skin of your feet. Put a generous amount of moisturizer on your
feet and massage well. Doing the foot massage regularly stimulates
your nerve ends, improve blood circulation in feet and also nourish
the skin and muscles of foot.
Decorate your Nail and Feet: Now you can decorate your nail with
your desired color of nail paint.

88. Nails
Nails are made up of layers of protein called keratin and can be
indicative of our general health. They grow on average 1mm per
week, unless there are dietary issues or medical conditions that
prevent this.
The purpose of nails is to protect the ends of our fingers and toes
from trauma and to help pick things up.
Taking good care of your nails and maintaining their cleanliness is very
important. As many people talk with their hands they are often seen
by many and can represent to others an overall picture of our
personal hygiene.
General Cleansing of Nails
Nails can be kept clean by using a simple mild soap, warm water and a
nail brush. The use of a specialized moisturiser, or hand and nail
product may be useful in keeping skin and nails hydrated and healthy.

89. Nail Conditions
There are many conditions that can affect the health of our nails some
requiring specific treatments:
Brittle Nails
The cause of dry or brittle nails can be due to genetics or from exposure to
chemicals. Nails that are brittle are often easily snapped, peel between
layers, look dull and can chip.
To avoid brittle nails wear gloves when washing up or being in contact with
other chemicals. White spirit is very drying to the nails so never rinse paint
brushes without wearing gloves.
Fungal Infections
Fungi are anaerobic organisms meaning that they thrive in areas where
oxygen is limited. The crevices and layers of the nails are the perfect
environment for them to breed. Nails may look discolored and thickened
when a fungal infection is present. Seek advice from the pharmacist or GP
to determine whether an anti-fungal treatment is needed.
Loose Skin
Loose skin down the sides or nails or at the base of the cuticle should be
trimmed away using clean sharp scissors that are specifically dedicated to
nails.

90. White Spots
Many people used to believe that white spots on the nails were the
result of a dietary deficiency; experts now suggest that these are due to
either trauma to the nails, for example banging it, or from tiny air
bubbles trapped between the layers of the nail. They will not cause harm
and are best left to grow out.
Splits or Ridges
Nails that seem split or have noticeable ridges running through them are
often caused by over-exposure to water or from prolonged use of nail
varnish. Always wear gloves when washing up, and if a regular user of
nail polish, leave a few days between applications to let the nail recover.
The massaging in of jojoba oil can help to treat this problem.

91. Manicuring
Manicures are an excellent way of improving the overall health of
your nails, provided that acrylic substances are not used; these types
of nails may look glamorous but they are not particularly good for the
health of your real nails. Cutting and manicuring of nails is best done
after bathing or showering as the nails are clean and more pliable.
Some experts recommend pushing the cuticles back, whilst others
suggest this habit may increase the risk of infection and is best
avoided.
Always remember to keep your nail instruments clean to avoid the
spread of infection.
Nail hygiene is essential to prevent the development and spread of
infection. They are also displayed in public at all times so can be
representative of our overall health, well-being and personal hygiene
methods.

92. Scalp
Unlike the length of your hair (which is dead keratin cells), your scalp and
the part of the hair found inside the follicle is alive – bursting with
biochemical activity. A healthy scalp is where healthy hair begins. When
your scalp is healthy and in balance, strong healthy hair grows, and
upkeep becomes less challenging over time.
BUILD UP, INFREQUENT SHAMPOOING, FLAKING
SOLUTION: CLEANSE
The foundation of a healthy scalp is a clean scalp. While shampooing is
the foremost way to ensure scalp cleanliness, it can be impractical for
protective styling or working out. In between or as a shampoo
alternative, use the Detoxifying Tonic to maintain a clean healthy scalp
by removing dirt, oil, sweat and product buildup that clogs follicles and
causes scalp irritation and flakes. With a natural blend of eucalyptus,
lemon, witch hazel and peppermint, The Detoxifying Tonic purifies the
scalp – gently cleansing without drying out the scalp.

93. DRY SCALP, MOISTURE MAINTENANCE
SOLUTION: MOISTURE
After you cleanse your hair or skin, the next step is always to restore lost
moisture via conditioning. Caring for the scalp is no different. After
shampooing or cleansing with the Detoxifying Tonic, apply the Moisturizing
Oil Treatment to hydrate and replenish dry skin and scalp. When using to
maintain moisture, lightly apply to the scalp, and massage in 2 – 3 times a
week. The lightweight blend of marula, lavender, sunflower and
watermelon seed oils restore moisture by penetrating and nourishing the
scalp without clogging follicles and causing buildup.

94. ITCHY, SORE SCALP
SOLUTION: SPOT TREAT
Whether it be with a masque, corrective cream, or spot serum, mid-week
treatments help tackle our skin’s toughest issues and maintain overall
health while on a regimen. When it comes to scalp care, spot treating
dryness, itching, and scalp tension is essential – especially for physically
active women and avid protective stylers. Tackle mid-week tension and
scalp irritation with anti-itch and tension relief oil preparation. The
combination purifying tea tree, soothing aloe, and invigorating peppermint
pairs with sunflower and sweet almond oils to deeply penetrate the scalp,
targeting areas of irritation and soreness. Apply this to affected areas as
needed throughout the week.

95. DAILY MAINTENANCE, DRYNESS, THINNING
SOLUTION: MAINTAIN & GROW
Again, it’s important to remember that your scalp is alive. Nourishing the
scalp and creating an optimal environment for healthy hair to thrive is
the key to unlocking hair growth. In the same way you’d use a quality
Vitamin C serum to care for your skin, massage Vitamin Drops directly
into the scalp nightly to invigorate the follicles and promote growth.
Vitamin Drops are fortified with Vitamins A, E, Beta Carotene and
Omega-3 to nourish and replenish nutrients to the scalp while
strengthening hair at the root. The nutrients present in Vitamin Drops
provides the scalp with everything it needs to restore distressed follicles,
reduce thinning, and promote hair growth.

96. Body
Body hygiene and body care are key to our overall health and wellbeing.
Quality skincare products will help you to cleanse and care for the skin on
your body and protect it from damaging external influences such as the
sun and hot and cold climates. They can also be used to calm disturbed skin
and treat any concerns that you may have. A good skincare routine helps to
restore your skin’s natural balance and keep it looking and feeling healthy.
Cleanse
Thorough cleansing is the first step in effective skincare. Cleansing removes
dirt, sebum, sweat and other residues to keep skin feeling clean and
healthy.
Why cleanse?
The fundamental reason for body cleansing is to remove dirt and sweat to
keep skin clean and healthy and prevent unpleasant body odor. Showers
and baths also play an important role in our overall wellbeing, helping us to
feel refreshed, reinvigorated and relaxed.

97. How to cleanse
A strong awareness of hygiene, combined with today’s active lifestyles,
has increased the frequency of cleansing. Over-exposure to water, as well
as to harsh cleansing products, can dry out skin and weaken its barrier
function. The following cleansing suggestions will help to keep skin
healthy:
Reduce bath time and water temperature: Hot water and long showers or
baths remove oils from the skin.
Choose a cleanser that is gentle on skin.
Pat rather than rub skin dry so that it retains some moisture (oil based
products are most effective when applied to damp skin).
Moisturise well after cleansing.

98. Choose a body wash or cleanser that:
will be gentle on your skin and will not dry it out
has a pH value that corresponds to that of healthy skin
contains lipid replenishing components. This not only compensates for lost
lipids, but ensures that fewer lipids are lost during cleansing
has been formulated for your specific skin type and concern
has been thoroughly tested and is, ideally, compatible with sensitive skin
Care:
Why care?
Care products shall hydrate and replenish skin, preventing it from drying out.
Moisturising your skin not only increases its water content, but protects it and
encourages orderly desquamation (the process by which skin sheds dead
cells) leaving it feeling smooth, soft and comfortable.
Care products can also be used to target and treat specific skin concerns. For
example, very dry skin is caused by the fact that the skin’s barrier function is
impaired. Care products can help to address this concern by restoring missing
lipids to help repair the skin.

99. How to care
Care products should be applied after cleansing as cleansed skin is better
able to absorb the active ingredients. Regular moisturisation after bathing
will help to keep your skin hydrated and healthy.
Choose a body moisturiser that:
has been formulated for your specific skin type.
targets any specific concerns that you may have such as Atopic Dermatitis.
has been thoroughly tested and, ideally, is proven to be compatible with
sensitive skin.
The structure of our skin differs slightly according to where it is on our body.
Different parts of our body are also treated differently and receive different
levels of exposure to external forces. As a result, some areas of the body
such as our hands, feet, armpits and scalp benefit from particular care and
dedicated products.

100. Protecting the body from UV rays
Why protect?
metabolic processes and activates vitamin D production. But we only
need a small dose.
The body is able to produce its own protective mechanisms to help
against the negative effects of UV radiation – pigmentation, thickening of
the external layers of skin, producing antioxidants and the formulation of
UV filtering substances such as urocanic acid. But skin needs time and
low dosages of UV to be able to protect itself and benefits from
additional protection.
Over exposure to UV rays is one of the main causes of premature ageing
of the skin and can lead to pathological changes of the skin – in the worst
cases to skin cancer. The application of a cream or lotion with added Sun
Protection Factor (SPF) is highly recommended to protect the body when
it is exposed to UV rays
It increases our vitality and well‐being, promotes circulation and

101. How to protect
Sun protection should be applied after, or instead of, your normal
moisturiser. Apply it well in advance of exposure to the sun so that your
skin has time to absorb the active ingredients. Reapply the product
regularly or as guided by the pack.
Which sun protection products are right for my body?
The choice of sun protection factor depends on the pigmentation and
sensitivity of your skin and your skin type. It also depends on the
season and on the level and duration of exposure that your body is
going to have.

102. Underarms
The skin around the underarms is super sensitive, and taking proper care
of them can be tricky.
Hair Removal
Shaving: Shaving the right way will eliminate hair while preventing
ingrown hairs and any possible inflammation. Gently exfoliating the area
prior to shaving and use of a conditioning shave cream are helpful.
Waxing: it is highly effective and reduces hair growth for a longer time.
Laser: It is a costly procedure, however 6-10 sessions of laser hair removal
will leave your underarms smooth and soft.
Odor:
Body odor can be curbed by keeping clothes clean, and by using a
deodorant or antiperspirant, which contains Linseed Extracts for a soft and
smooth feel that protects against sweat and odor.

103. Color
Underarm hyperpigmentation, excessive darkening or changes of skin
can have various causes. Overexposure to UV rays can stimulate and
produce brown-colored pigment. Other factors could be hormonal
changes and irritated or allergic reactions to products — in this case,
scheduling a visit with your dermatologist is recommended for
treatment. Underarm hair tends to be dark and coarse, which gives off
the appearance of a shadow since the stubble sits just below the
surface of your skin. Hair removal can help overcome the problem.

104. The Lowdown on Using Conventional Deodorants and Antiperspirants
About 95% of Americans use deodorant, making it an $18 billion a year
industry. But in a bid to stave off body odor, most of us are subjecting
ourselves to a host of unwanted side effects. Detox from these products by
doing an armpit cleanse and start afresh!
In a nutshell, some reasons to stop using your store-bought deodorants
include:
Their long list of chemical ingredients – which include aluminum,
phthalates, formaldehyde, parabens and even pesticides! This list is scary
enough, but the concerns around putting these toxins on our skin is
compounded by the belief that applying chemicals topically may actually
be worse than eating them, because they enter the bloodstream without
any filtering.
The side effects of these chemicals – such as hormone disruption, cancer,
Alzheimer’s, antibiotic resistant bacteria, allergies, skin irritation, weight
gain, inflammatory responses, thyroid dysfunction and more!

105. effectiveness – although they’re not sure whyTheir declining
antiperspirants stop working after a certain time period, experts
recommend switching brands every six months to ensure consumers stay
dry and odor free.
Not everyone needs deodorant – Few people don’t actually produce any
armpit odor and so don’t require deodorant – yet 75% of these people still
wear it!
Antiperspirants don’t work – despite being laden with chemicals, these
products don’t even live up to their name. The FDA only requires that a
brand reduce sweat by 20% in order to claim it provides ‘all day protection’,
while ‘extra strength’ products need only cause a 30% reduction in
dampness!
Sweating is healthy – perhaps the most important reason to avoid
antiperspirant is because our bodies need to sweat in order to stay cool,
eliminate toxins and support proper immune function. After all, we’re born
with between two million and four million sweat glands for a reason!

106. What You Can Expect from a Cleanse
You should notice one or more of the following:
Less odor – sometimes even when not wearing a natural product.
Less irritation and perspiration after using natural deodorants.
No more product build-up in your armpits.
Improved lymphatic function and a reduction in illness.