Banking Structure in India: An Overview

Banking
Prepared by
Dr Deepak Tandon IMI New Delhi

Banking
Banking Regulation Act of India, 1949 defines
Banking as “accepting, for the purpose of lending or of
investment of deposits of money from the public,
repayable on demand or otherwise or withdrawable by
cheque, draft order or otherwise.” The Reserve Bank of
India Act, 1934 and the Banking Regulation Act, 1949,
govern the banking operations in India.

Banking Structure in India
• A well-regulated banking system is a key comfort for
local and foreign stake-holders in any country. Prudent
banking regulation is recognized as one of the reasons
why India was less affected by the global financial
crisis.
• Banks can be broadly categorized as Commercial
Banks or Co-operative Banks.
• Banks which meet specific criteria are included in the
second schedule of the RBI Act, 1934. These are called
scheduled banks. They may be commercial banks or co-
operative banks. Scheduled banks are considered to be
safer, and are entitled to special facilities like re-finance
from RBI. Inclusion in the schedule also comes with its
responsibilities of reporting to RBI and maintaining a
percentage of its demand and time liabilities as Cash
Reserve Ratio (CRR) with RBI.

Broad Classification of Banks in
India
1) The RBI: The RBI is the supreme monetary and banking authority
in the country and has the responsibility to control the banking
system in the country. It keeps the reserves of all scheduled banks
and hence is known as the “Reserve Bank”.
2) Public Sector Banks:
 State Bank of India and its Associates(8)
 Nationalized Banks (19)
 Regional Rural Banks Sponsored by Public Sector Banks (196)
3) Private Sector Banks:
 Old Generation Private Banks (22)
 Foreign New Generation Private Banks (8)
 Banks in India (40)

4) Co-operative Sector Banks:
 State Co-operative Banks
 Central Co-operative Banks
 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
 Land Development Banks
 State Land Development Banks
5) Development Banks: Development Banks mostly provide long term
finance for setting up industries. They also provide short-term finance
(for export and import activities)
 Industrial Finance Co-operation of India (IFCI)
 Industrial Development of India (IDBI)
 Industrial Investment Bank of India (IIBI)
 Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)
 National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
 Export-Import Bank of India

7
Commercial Banks
• Commercial banks comprising public sector banks,
foreign banks, and private sector banks represent
the most important financial intermediary in the
Indian financial system.
The changes in banking structure and control have
resulted due to wider geographical spread and
deeper penetration of rural areas, higher
mobilization of deposits, reallocation of bank credit
to priority activities, and lower operational
autonomy for a bank management. Public sector
commercial banks, dominate the
banking scene in the country.
commercial
The largest
commercial Banks in India is SBI

Main function of commercial banks
A ) Acceptance ofdeposits
• Fixed deposit account
• Saving bank account
• Current account
B ) Advancing of loan
• Cash credit
• Call loans
• Over draft
• Bills discounting

Main function of commercial banks
cont-
C) Agency function
• Collecting receipts
• Making payments
• Buy and sell securities
• Trustee and executor
D ) General utility function
• Issuing letters of credit, travelers cheques
• Underwriting share and debentures
• Safe custody of valuables
• Providing ATM and credit card facilities
• Providing credit information

10
Cooperative Bank
• These banks play a vital role in mobilizing savings
and stimulating agricultural investment. Co-operative
credit institutions account for the second largest
proportion of 44.6% of total institutional credit. The
co-operative sector is very much useful for rural
people. The co-operative banking sector is divided
into the following categories.
• State co-operative Banks
• Central co-operative banks
• Primary Agriculture Credit Societies

11
Development Banks
• A development bank may be defined as a financial
institution concerned with providing all types of
financial assistance to business units in the form of
loans, underwriting, investment and guarantee
operations and promotional activities-economic
development in general and industrial development in
particular
• A development bank is basically a term lending
institution. It is a multipurpose financial institution
with a broad development outlook.
• The industrial finance corporation of India, the first
development bank was established in 1948.
Subsequently many other institutions were set-up. Ex.
IDBI, IFCI, SIDBI etc.

12
Functions of Development Banks
• Fostering industrial growth
• Providing Long term assistant
• Balanced development
• Providing Promotional services
• Infrastructure building
• Entrepreneur Development
• Fulfilling Socio economic objectives

13
Investment Banks
• Meaning: Financial intermediaries that acquire the
savings of people and direct these funds into the
business enterprises seeking capital for the acquisition
of plant and equipment and for holding inventories are
called ‘investment banks’.
• Features: Long term financing, Security, merchandiser,
Security middlemen, Insurer, Underwriter
• Functions: Capital formation, Underwriting, Purchase
of securities, Selling of securities, Advisory services,
Acting as dealer.

14
Merchant Banks
• Meaning: Institution that render wide range of services
such as the management of customer’s securities,
portfolio management, counseling, insurance, etc are
called ‘Merchant Banks’.
• Functions: Sponsoring issues, Loan syndication,
Servicing of issues, Portfolio, management, Arranging
fixed deposits, Helps in merger& acquisition

List of commercial banks
Public sector bank
Punjab & Sind Bank
Bank of Maharashtra
Punjab National Bank
Canara Bank
Syndicate Bank
Central Bank of India
Union Bank of India
Corporation Bank
United Bank of India
UCO Bank
State Bank of India
Dena Bank
Allahabad Bank
Indian Bank
Andhra Bank
Indian Overseas Bank
Bank of Baroda
Oriental Bank of Commerce
Bank of India
IDBI Bank
Vijaya Bank

Indian private banks
*IndusInd Bank
*ING Vysya Bank
*Jammu & Kashmir Bank
*Karnataka Bank Limited
*Karur Vysya Bank
*Kotak Mahindra Bank
*Lakshmi Vilas Bank
*Nainital Bank
*Ratnakar Bank
*SBI Commercial and International Bank
*South Indian Bank
*Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Ltd.
*Axis Bank
*Bank of Rajasthan
*Bharat Overseas Bank
*Catholic Syrian Bank
*Centurion Bank of Punjab
*City Union Bank
*Development Credit Bank
*Dhanalakshmi Bank
*Federal Bank
*Ganesh Bank of Kurundwad
*HDFC Bank
*ICICI Bank
*YES Bank

List of Foreign banks in India
• ABN-AMRO Bank
• Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Ltd
• American Express Bank Ltd
• Citibank
• DBS Bank Ltd
• Deutsche Bank
• HSBC Ltd
• Standard Chartered Bank

The Role of Reserve Bank of India
(RBI) -Banker’s Bank
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of
India, and was established on April 1, 1935 in
accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of
India Act, 1934. Since its inception, it has been
headquartered in Mumbai. Though originally privately
owned, RBI has been fully owned by the Government
of India since nationalization in 1949.
• RBI is governed by a central board (headed by a
Governor) appointed by the Central Government.RBI
has 22 regional offices across India. The Reserve Bank
of India was set up on the recommendations of the
Hilton Young Commission.

Functions of RBI
• Monetary Authority
• Formulates, implements and monitors the monetary policy.
• Objective: maintaining price stability and ensuring adequate
flow of credit to productive sectors
• Regulator and supervisor of the financial system
• Prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within
which the country’s banking and financial system functions.
• Objective: Maintain public confidence in the system,
protect depositors’ interest and provide cost-effective
banking services to the public. The Banking Ombudsman
Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India
(RBI) for effective redressal of complaints by bank
customers

Functions of RBI cont-
• Manager of Foreign Exchange and Control
• Manages the foreign exchange through Foreign
Exchange Management Act, 1999.
• Objective: to facilitate external trade and payment
and promote orderly development and maintenance of
foreign exchange market in India.
• Issuer of currency
• Issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins
not fit for circulation.
• Objective: to give the public adequate quantity of
supplies of currency notes and coins and in good
quality

• Developmental role
• Performs a wide range of promotional functions to
support national objectives
• Related Functions
• Banker to the Government: performs merchant
banking function for the central and the state
governments; also acts as their banker.
• Banker to banks: maintains banking accounts of all
scheduled banks.
• Owner and operator of the depository (SGL) and
exchange (NDS) for government bonds

• Supervisory Functions:
• In addition to its traditional central functions, the Reserve
bank has certain non-monetary functions of the nature of
supervision of banks and promotion of sound banking in
India.
• The Reserve Bank Act, 1934, and the Banking Regulation
Act, 1949 have given the RBI wide powers of supervision
and control over commercial and cooperative banks,
relating to licensing and establishments, branch expansion,
liquidity of their assets, management and methods of
working, amalgamation, reconstruction and liquidation.
• The RBI is authorized to carry out periodical inspections of
the banks and to call for returns and necessary information
from them.. The supervisory functions of the RBI have
helped a great deal in improving the standard of banking in
India to develop on sound lines and to improve the methods
of their operation.

• Promotional Functions:
The Reserve Bank now performs a variety of
developmental and promotional functions. The Reserve
Bank promotes banking habit, extend banking facilities to
rural and semi-urban areas, and establish and promote new
specialized financing agencies.
The Reserve bank has helped in the setting up of the IFCI
and the SFC: it set up the Deposit Insurance Corporation of
India in 1963 and the Industrial Reconstruction Corporation
of India in 1972. These institutions were set up directly or
indirectly by the Reserve Bank to promote saving habit and
to mobilize savings, and to provide industrial finance as
well as agricultural finance.
The RBI set up the Agricultural Credit Department in 1935
to provide agricultural credit. The Bank has developed the
co-operative credit movement to encourage saving, to
eliminate money-lenders from the villages and to route its
short term credit to agriculture. The RBI has set up the
Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation to
provide long-term finance to farmers

Products and Services offered by Banks
• The different products in a bank can be broadly
classified into:
• Retail Banking
• Trade Finance
• Treasury Operations.
• Retail Banking and Trade finance operations are
conducted at the branch level while the wholesale
banking operations, which cover treasury operations,
are at the hand office or a designated branch.

Retail Banking:
• Deposits
• Loans, Cash Credit and Overdraft
• Negotiating for Loans and advances
• Remittances
• Book-Keeping (maintaining all accounting records)
• Receiving all kinds of bonds valuable
keeping
Trade Finance:
• Issuing and confirming of letter of credit.
for safe
• Drawing, accepting, discounting, buying, selling,
collecting of bills of exchange, promissory notes,
drafts, bill of lading and other securities.

• Treasury Operations:
• Buying and selling of bullion. Foreign exchange
• Acquiring, holding, underwriting and dealing in shares,
debentures, etc.
• Purchasing and selling of bonds and securities on
behalf of constituents.
• The banks can also act as an agent of the Government
or local authority. They insure, guarantee, underwrite,
participate in managing and carrying out issue of
shares, debentures, etc.
• Apart from the above-mentioned
functions of the bank, the bank provides a whole lot of
other services like investment counseling for
individuals, short-term funds management and portfolio
management for individuals and companies. It
undertakes the inward and outward remittances with
reference to foreign exchange and collection of varied
types for the Government

Common Banking Products Available:
• Credit Card: Credit Card is “post paid” or “pay later”
card that draws from a credit line-money made
available by the card issuer (bank) and gives one a
grace period to pay. If the amount is not paid full by the
end of the period, one is charged interest
• Debit Cards: Debit Card is a “prepaid” or “pay now”
card with some stored value. Debit Cards quickly debit
or subtract money from one’s savings account, or if one
were taking out cash.
Every time a person uses the card, the merchant who in
turn can get the money transferred to his account from
the bank of the buyers, by debiting an exact amount of
purchase from the card. To get a debit card along with a
Personal Identification Number (PIN).

• Automatic Teller Machine: The ATM’s are used
by banks for making the customers dealing easier.
ATM card is a device that allows customer who
has an ATM card to perform routine banking
transaction at any time without interacting with
human teller. It provides exchange services. This
service helps the customer to withdraw money
even when the banks ate closed. This can be done
by inserting the card in the ATM and entering the
Personal Identification Number and secret
Password. It allows the customers
• To transfer money to and from accounts.
• To view account information.
• To order cash.
• To receive cash.

• Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT):. The system called
electronic fund transfer (EFT) automatically transfers
money from one account to another. This system
facilitates speedier transfer of funds electronically from
any branch to any other branch. In this system the
sender and the receiver of funds may be located in
different cities and may even bank with different banks.
Funds transfer within the same city is also permitted.
The scheme has been in operation since February 7,
1996, in India.
• Telebanking: Telebanking refers to banking on phone
services. A customer can access information about
his/her account through a telephone call and by giving
the coded Personal Identification Number (PIN) to the
bank. Telebanking is extensively user friendly and
effective in nature.

• Mobile Banking: A new revolution in the
realm of e-banking is the emergence of mobile
banking. On-line banking is now moving to the
mobile world, giving everybody with a mobile
phone access to real-time banking services,
regardless of their location. It provides a new
way to pick up information and interact with
the banks to carry out the relevant banking
business. The potential of mobile banking is
limitless and is expected to be a big success.
Booking and paying for travel and even tickets
is also expected to be a growth area. This is a
very flexible way of transacting banking
business.

• Internet Banking: Internet banking involves use of internet
for delivery of banking products and services. Banking is no
longer confined to the branches where one has to approach
the branch in person, to withdraw cash or deposits a cheque
or request a statement of accounts. In internet banking, any
inquiry or transaction is processed online without any
reference to the branch (anywhere banking) at any time.
• Benefits of Internet Banking:
• Reduce the transaction costs of offering several banking
services and diminishes the need for longer numbers of
expensive brick and mortar branches and staff.
• Increase convenience for customers, since they can conduct
many banking transaction 24 hours a day.
• Increase customer loyalty.
• Improve customer access.
• Attract new customers.
• Easy online application for all accounts, including personal
loans and mortgages

Banking Services
• Banking covers many services, these basic services have
always been recognized as the hallmark of the genuine
banker. These are…
• The receipt of the customer’s deposits
• The collection of cheques drawn on other banks
• The payment of the customer’s cheques drawn on himself
• There are other various types of banking services like:
– Advances – Overdraft, Cash Credit, etc.
– Deposits – Saving Account, Current Account, etc.
– Financial Services – Bill discounting etc.
currency, travelers
– Foreign Services – Providing foreign
cheques, etc.
– Money Transmission – Funds transfer etc.
– Savings – Fixed deposits, etc.
– Services of place or time – ATM Services.
– Status – Debit Cards, Credit Cards, etc.

Bank Lending
• Banks extend credit to different categories of borrowers for
a wide variety of purposes. Bank credit is provided to
households, retail traders, small and medium enterprises
(SMEs), corporates, the Government undertakings etc. in
the economy.
• Retail banking loans are accessed by consumers of goods
and services for financing the purchase of consumer
durables, housing or even for day-to-day consumption. In
contrast, the need for capital investment, and day-to-day
operations of private corporates and the Government
undertakings are met through wholesale lending.
• Loans for capital expenditure are usually extended with
medium and long-term maturities, while day-to-day finance
requirements are provided through short-term credit
(working capital loans). Meeting the financing needs of the
agriculture sector is also an important role that Indian banks
play.

Principles of lending
• Safety: Banks need to ensure that advances are safe
and money lent out by them will come back. Since the
repayment of loans depends on the borrowers' capacity
to pay, the banker must be satisfied before lending that
the business for which money is sought is a sound one.
In addition, bankers many times insist on security
against the loan, which they fall back on if things go
wrong for the business. The security must be adequate,
readily marketable and free of encumbrances.
• Liquidity: To maintain liquidity, banks have to ensure
that money lent out by them is not locked up for long
time by designing the loan maturity period
appropriately. Further, money must come back as per
the repayment schedule. If loans become excessively
illiquid, it may not be possible for bankers to meet their
obligations vis-à-vis depositors.

• Profitability: To remain viable, a bank must earn
adequate profit on its investment. This calls for
adequate margin between deposit rates and
lending rates. In this respect, appropriate fixing of
interest rates on both advances and deposits is
critical. Unless interest rates are competitively
fixed and margins are adequate, banks may lose
customers to their competitors and become
unprofitable.
• Risk diversification: To mitigate risk, banks
should lend to a diversified customer base.
Diversification should be in terms of geographic
location, nature of business etc.

Loan Policy
• Based on the general principles of lending stated above, the Credit
Policy Committee (CPC) of individual banks prepares the basic
credit policy of the Bank, which has to be approved by the Bank's
Board of Directors.
• The loan policy outlines lending guidelines and establishes
operating procedures in all aspects of credit management including
standards for presentation of credit proposals, rating standards and
benchmarks, delegation of credit approving powers, prudential
limits on large credit exposures, asset concentrations, portfolio
management, loan review mechanism, risk monitoring and
evaluation, pricing of loans, provisioning for bad debts, regulatory/
legal compliance etc
• The loan policy typically lays down lending guidelines in the
following areas:
• Level of credit-deposit ratio
• Targeted portfolio mix
• Ratings
• Loan pricing
• Collateral security

Loan Policy cont-
• Credit Deposit (CD) Ratio: A bank can lend out only a certain
proportion of its deposits, since some part of deposits have to be
statutorily maintained as Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) deposits, and
an additional part has to be used for making investment in
prescribed securities (Statutory Liquidity Ratio or SLR
requirement). It may be noted that these are minimum
requirements. Banks have the option of having more cash
reserves than CRR requirement and invest more in SLR securities
than they are required to.
• Targeted Portfolio Mix: The CPC aims at a targeted portfolio
mix keeping in view both risk and return. Toward this end, it lays
down guidelines on choosing the preferred areas of lending (such
as sunrise sectors and profitable sectors) as well as the sectors to
avoid. Banks typically monitor all major sectors of the economy.
They target a portfolio mix in the light of forecasts for growth
and profitability for each sector. If a bank perceives economic
weakness in a sector, it would restrict new exposures to that
segment and similarly, growing and profitable sectors of the
economy prompt banks to increase new exposures to those
sectors. This entails active portfolio management.

Loan Policy cont-
• Ratings: There are a number of diverse risk factors
associated with borrowers. Banks should have a
comprehensive risk rating system that serves as a single
point indicator of diverse risk factors of a borrower. This
helps taking credit decisions in a consistent manner.
• Pricing of loans: Risk-return trade-off is a fundamental
aspect of risk management. Borrowers with weak
financial position are placed in higher risk category and
are provided credit facilities at a higher price (that is, at
higher interest). The higher the credit risk of a borrower
the higher would be his cost of borrowing. To price credit
risks, banks devise appropriate systems, which usually
allow flexibility for revising the price (risk premium) due
to changes in rating. In other words, if the risk rating of a
borrower deteriorates, his cost of borrowing should rise
and vice versa

Loan Policy cont-
• Collateral security: As part of a prudent lending policy,
banks usually advance loans against some security. The loan
policy provides guidelines for this. In the case of term loans
and working capital assets, banks take as 'primary security' the
property or goods against which loans are granted. In addition
to this, banks often ask for additional security or 'collateral
security' in the form of both physical and financial assets to
further bind the borrower. This reduces the risk for the bank
• Capital adequacy: The amount of capital they have to be
backed up by depends on the risk of individual assets that the
bank acquires. The riskier the asset, the larger would be the
capital it has to be backed up by. A key norm of Capital
Adequacy Ratio (CAR) known as Capital Risk Weighted
Assets Ratio, is a simple measure of the soundness of a bank.
The ratio is the capital with the bank as a percentage of its
risk-weighted assets. Given the level of capital available with
an individual bank, this ratio determines the maximum extent
to which the bank can lend.

Loan Policy cont-
• Credit Exposure Limits: As a prudential measure aimed at better
risk management and avoidance of concentration of credit risks, the
Reserve Bank has fixed limits on bank exposure to the capital
market as well as to individual and group borrowers with reference
to a bank's capital. Limits on inter-bank exposures have also been
placed. Banks are further encouraged to place internal caps on their
sectorial exposures, their exposure to commercial real estate and to
unsecured exposures. These exposures are closely monitored by the
Reserve Bank.
• Lending Rates: Banks are free to determine their own lending rates
on all kinds of advances except a few such as export finance;
interest rates on these exceptional categories of advances are
regulated by the RBI. The concept of benchmark prime lending rate
(BPLR) was introduced in November 2003 for pricing of loans by
commercial banks with the objective of enhancing transparency in
the pricing of their loan products. Each bank must declare its

Types of Advances(Lending)
Universal Banking Services
• Advances can be broadly classified into Fund-based lending and Non-
fund based lending
• Fund based lending: This is a direct form of lending in which a loan
with an actual cash outflow is given to the borrower by the Bank. In
most cases, such a loan is backed by primary and/or collateral security.
The loan can be to provide for financing capital goods and/or working
capital requirements etc.
• Non-fund based lending: These are services, where there is no outlay
of funds by the bank when the commitment is made. At a later stage
however, the bank may have to make funds available. Since there is no
fund outflow initially, it is not reflected in the balance sheet. However,
the bank may have to pay. Therefore, it is reflected as a contingent
liability in the Notes to the Balance Sheet. Therefore, such exposures
are called Off Balance Sheet Exposures. When the commitment is
made, the bank charges a fee to the customer. Therefore, it is also
called fee-based business..

Fund-based Services (Lending) for
Business
• Working Capital Finance: Working capital finance is utilized for
operating purposes, resulting in creation of current assets (such as
inventories and receivables). Banks carry out a detailed analysis of
borrowers' working capital requirements. Credit limits are
established in accordance with the process approved by the board of
directors. The limits on Working capital facilities are primarily
secured by inventories and receivables (chargeable current assets).
Working capital finance consists mainly of cash credit facilities,
short term loan and bill discounting.
• Project Finance: Project finance business consists mainly of
extending medium-term and long-term rupee and foreign currency
loans to the manufacturing and infrastructure sectors. Banks also
provide financing by way of investment in marketable instruments
such as fixed rate and floating rate debentures. Lending banks
usually insist on having a first charge on the fixed assets of the
borrower. The project finance approval process entails a detailed
evaluation of technical, commercial, financial and management
factors and the project sponsor's financial strength and experience.

• Loans to Small and Medium Enterprises: A
substantial quantum of loans is granted by banks to
small and medium enterprises (SMEs). While
granting credit facilities to smaller units, banks often
use a cluster-based approach, which encourages
financing of small enterprises that have a
homogeneous profile such as leather manufacturing
units, chemical units, or even export oriented units
• Bank Overdraft : A facility where the account
holder is permitted to draw more funds that the
amount in his current account.

• Bill Purchase / Discount – When Party A supplies goods to Party B, the
payment terms may provide for a Bill of Exchange (traditionally called
hundi). A bill of exchange is an unconditional written order from one
person (the supplier of the goods) to another (the buyer of the goods),
signed by the person giving it (supplier), requiring the person to whom it is
addressed (buyer) to pay on demand or at some fixed future date, a certain
sum of money, to either the person identified as payee in the bill of
exchange, or to any person presenting the bill of exchange.
• When payable on demand, it is a Demand Bill
• When payable at some fixed future date, it is a Usance Bill.
• The supplier of the goods can receive his money even before the buyer
makes the payment, through a Bill Purchase / Discount facility with his
banker.
• It would operate as follows:
• The supplier will submit the Bill of Exchange, along with Transportation
Receipt to his bank.
• The supplier’s bank will purchase the bill (if it is a demand bill) or discount
the bill (if it is a usance bill) and pay the supplier.
• The supplier’s bank will send the Bill of Exchange along with
Transportation Receipt to the buyer’s bank, who is expected to present it to
the buyer:
• For payment, if it is a demand bill
• For acceptance, if it is a usance bill.
• The buyer will receive the Transportation Receipt only on payment or
acceptance, as the case may be.

Fund-based Services (Lending) for
Individuals
• Credit Card : The customer swipes the credit card to
make his purchase. His seller will then submit the
details to the card issuing bank to collect the payment.
The bank will deduct its margin and pay the seller. The
bank will recover the full amount from the customer
(buyer). The margin deducted from the seller’s payment
thus becomes a profit for the card issuer.
• Personal Loans: These are often unsecured loans
provided to customers who use these funds for various
purposes such as higher education, medical expenses,
social events and holidays. Sometimes collateral
security in the form of physical and financial assets
may be available for securing the personal loan

• Vehicle Finance : This is finance which is made available
for the specific purpose of buying a car or a two-wheeler or
other automobile. The interest rate for used cards can go
close to the personal loan rates. However, often automobile
manufacturers work out special arrangements with the
financiers to promote the sale of the automobile. This makes
it possible for vehicle-buyers to get attractive financing
terms for buying new vehicles.
• Home Finance: Banks extend home finance loans, either
directly or through home finance subsidiaries. Such long
term housing loans are provided to individuals and
corporations and also given as construction finance to
builders. The loans are secured by a mortgage of the
property financed. These loans are extended for maturities
generally ranging from five to fifteen years and a large
proportion of these loans are at floating rates of interest

Non-Fund-based Services For
Business
• Letter of Credit : When Party A supplies goods to Party B,
the payment terms may provide for a Letter of Credit.
• In such a case, Party B (buyer, or opener of L/C) will
approach his bank (L/C Issuing Bank) to pay the beneficiary
(seller) the value of the goods, by a specified date, against
presentment of specified documents. The bank will charge
the buyer a commission, for opening the L/C.
• The L/C thus allows the Part A to supply goods to Party B,
without having to worry about Party B’s credit-worthiness.
It only needs to trust the bank that has issued the L/C. It is
for the L/C issuing bank to assess the credit-worthiness of
Party B. Normally, the L/C opener has a finance facility
with the L/C issuing bank.
• The L/C may be inland (for domestic trade) or cross border
(for international trade).

• Guarantee: In business, parties make commitments.
The beneficiary of the commitment wants to be sure
that the party making the commitment (obliger) will
live up to the commitment. This comfort is given by a
guarantor, whom the beneficiary trusts.
• Banks issue various guarantees in this manner, and
recover a guarantee commission from the obliger. The
guarantees can be of different kinds, such as Financial
Guarantee, Deferred Payment Guarantee and
Performance Guarantee, depending on how they are
structured
• Loan Syndication: This investment banking role is
performed by a number of universal banks

Non-Fund-based Services For
Individuals
• Sale of Financial Products such as mutual funds
and insurance is another major service offered by
universal banks.
• Financial Planning and Wealth Management are
offered by universal banks.
• Executors and Trustees: a department within
banks – help customers in managing succession of
assets to the survivors or the next generation.
• Lockers: a facility that most Indian households
seek to store ornaments and other
• valuables

Money Remittance Services
• Demand Draft / Banker’s Cheque / Pay Order
• National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT):National
Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) is a nation-wide system
that facilitates individuals, firms and corporates to
electronically transfer funds from any bank branch to any
individual, firm or corporate having an account with any
other bank branch in the country.
• In order to issue the instruction, the transferor should know
not only the beneficiary’s bank account number but also the
IFSC (Indian Financial System Code) of the concerned
bank.
• IFSC is an alpha-numeric code that uniquely identifies a
bank-branch participating in the NEFT system. This is a 11
digit code with the first 4 alpha characters representing the
bank, and the last 6 numeric characters representing the
branch. The 5th character is 0 (zero). IFSC is used by the
NEFT system to route the messages to the destination banks
/ branches

• Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS): RTGS transfers are
instantaneous unlike National Electronic Funds Transfer
(NEFT) where the transfers are batched together and
effected at hourly intervals. RBI allows the RTGS facility
for transfers above Rs1lakhs. The RBI window is open on
weekdays from 9 am to 4.30 pm; on Saturdays from 9 am to
12.30 pm
• Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
Telecommunications (SWIFT): SWIFT is solely a carrier
of messages. It does not hold funds nor does it manage
accounts on behalf of customers, nor does it store financial
information on an on-going basis. As a data carrier, SWIFT
transports messages between two financial institutions. This
activity involves the secure exchange of proprietary data
while ensuring its confidentiality and integrity.
• SWIFT, which has its headquarters in Belgium, has
developed an 8-alphabet Bank Identifier Code (BIC). The
BIC helps identify the bank

Non Performing Assets
• An asset of a bank (such as a loan given by the bank) turns
into a non-performing asset (NPA) when it ceases to
generate regular income such as interest etc for the bank.
• In other words, when a bank which lends a loan does not
get back its principal and interest on time, the loan is said to
have turned into an NPA
• Banks have to classify their assets as performing and non-
performing in accordance with RBI's guidelines. Under
these guidelines, an asset is classified as non-performing if
any amount of interest or principal installments remains
overdue for more than 90 days, in respect of term loans. In
respect of overdraft or cash credit, an asset is classified as
non-performing if the account remains out of order for a
period of 90 days and in respect of bills purchased and
discounted account, if the bill remains overdue for a period
of more than 90 days.

Classification of non-performing
Assets
• Standard assets: Standard assets service their
interest and principal installments on time
although they occasionally default up to a period
of 90 days. Standard assets are also called
performing assets. They yield regular interest to
the banks and return the due principal on time and
thereby help the banks earn profit and recycle the
repaid part of the loans for further lending.
• Sub-standard assets: Sub-standard assets are
those assets which have remained NPAs (that is, if
any amount of interest or principal installments
remains overdue for more than 90 days) for a
period up to 12 months

• Doubtful assets: An asset becomes doubtful if
it remains a sub-standard asset for a period of
12 months and recovery of bank dues is of
doubtful
• Loss assets: Loss assets comprise assets where
a loss has been identified by the bank or the
RBI. These are generally considered
uncollectible. Their realizable value is so low
that their continuance as bankable assets is not
warranted. They should be entirely written off.
If this is not done, provisioning should be
made for 100% of the amount shown as
outstanding

SARFAESI Act
• Banks utilize the Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and
Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI) as an effective
tool for NPA recovery. It is possible where non-performing assets are
backed by securities charged to the Bank by way of hypothecation or
mortgage or assignment. Upon loan default, banks can seize the securities
(except agricultural land) without intervention of the court.
• The SARFAESI Act, 2002 gives powers of "seize and desist" to banks.
Banks can give a notice in writing to the defaulting borrower requiring it to
discharge its liabilities within 60 days. If the borrower fails to comply with
the notice, the Bank may take recourse to one or more of the following
measures:
• Take possession of the security for the loan
• Sale or lease or assign the right over thesecurity
• Manage the same or appoint any person to manage the same
• The SARFAESI Act also provides for the establishment of asset
reconstruction companies regulated by RBI to acquire assets from banks
and financial institutions.
• The Act provides for sale of financial assets by banks and financial
institutions to asset reconstruction companies (ARCs). RBI has issued
guidelines to banks on the process to be followed for sales of financial
assets toARCs.

• Hypothecation:Hypothecation is defined under the
SARFAESI Act, 2002, (which will be discussed in the
next chapter) as follows:
• Hypothecation means a charge in or upon any
movable property, existing or future, created by a
borrower in favour of a secured creditor, without
delivery of possession of the moveable property to
such creditor, as a security for financial assistance,
and includes floating charge and crystallization of
such charge into fixed charge on moveable property.

• The act addresses the regulation of three distinct areas:
• Securitization
• Reconstruction of Financial Assets
• Enforcement of Security Interest
Securitization
• This is a process where financial assets (say, dues from a
borrower) are converted into marketable securities (security
receipts) that can be sold to investors.
• In the first stage of a securitization transaction, an originater
sells the financial asset to the securitization company. This can
be done as follows:
• The securitization company / asset re-construction company
issues a debenture or bond or any other security in the nature
of a debenture, for the agreed consideration, and as per the
agreed terms and conditions, to the originator; or
• Entering into an agreement for transfer of the financial asset
as per the agreed terms and conditions
• On acquisition of the financial asset, the securitization or
reconstruction company becomes the owner of the financial
asset

• In the second stage, against the security of the financial asset, the
securitization company can mobilize money by issuing security
receipts to QIB investors.
• Thus, securitization makes it possible to transfer loans secured by
mortgage or other charges.
Asset Re-construction
• Here, the right or interest of any bank or financial institution in any
financial asset is acquired by the asset re-construction company for
the purpose of realization of dues.
• Asset re-construction might entail taking several measures such as:
• Takeover the management of the business of the borrower or bring
about any such change.
• To sell or lease a part or whole of the business of the borrower.
• Reschedule debts of the borrower.
• Take possession of secured asset
• Enforce security interest
• Settle dues payable by the borrower

• Enforcement of Security Interest
• SARFAESI gives another window for banks and
financial institutions to enforce their security interest
without the intervention of Civil Court or the Debt
Recovery Tribunal (DRT).
• If the lender also holds security through a pledge of any
moveable assets, or the guarantee of any person, then it
can sell the pledged goods or proceed against the
guarantor without initiating any action against the
secured assets.
• Under SARFAESI, the bank or financial institution
needs to give 60-day notice to the defaulter, giving
details of the amount payable and the secured asset
intended to be enforced by the secured creditor, in the
event of non-payment of the secured debt. The effect of
this notice is that the borrower is barred from
transferring the property mentioned in the notice.

• If the dues are not paid during the notice period, then
the secured creditor gets the following rights:
• Take possession of the secured assets, and transfer it
by lease, assignment or sale for realization of money.
• Appoint a manager to manage the secured assets that
have been re-possessed.
• Takeover management of the secured assets, and
transfer it by lease, assignment or sale for realization
of money.
• Give notice to any person who has acquired the
secured asset from the borrower, and from whom any
money is due or may become due to the borrower, to
pay the moneys to the secured creditor. Such payment
to the secured creditor will be a valid discharge of the
person’s dues to the borrower

International Banking
• International banking relates to financial
intermediaries that bid for time deposits and make
loans in the offshore market
• It is an unregulated market involving greater risk
• It is a wholesale segment of lending and deposit
activity
• International banking brings together borrowers and
lenders from same country or different countries
• They are substitutes for the domestic banking
system

Major Functions of International Banking
1. Facilitate imports and exports of their clients – trade
financing
2. Arrange for foreign exchange – cross-border
transactions and foreign investments
3. Assist in hedging exchange rate risk
4. Trade foreign exchange products for their own account
5. Borrow and lend in the Eurocurrency market
6. Participate in international loan syndicate – lending to
MNCs- project financing and to sovereign governments
– economic development
7. Participate in underwriting of Eurobonds and foreign
bonds issues.
8. Provide consultancy and advice on hedging strategies,
interest rate and currency swap financing and
international cash management services

BASEL Framework
• Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
• Established on 17 May 1930, the BIS is the world's
oldest international financial organization. It has its
head office in Basel, Switzerland.
• BIS fosters co-operation among central banks and other
agencies in pursuit of monetary and financial stability.
It fulfills this mandate by acting as:
• A forum to promote discussion and policy analysis
among central banks and within the international
financial community
• A centre for economic and monetary research
• A prime counterparty for central banks in their financial
transactions
• Agent or trustee in connection with international
financial operations

• Every two months, the BIS hosts in Basel, meetings of
Governors and senior officials of member central
banks. The meetings provide an opportunity for
participants to discuss the world economy and financial
markets, and to exchange views on topical issues of
central bank interest or concern.
• BIS also organizes frequent meetings of experts on
monetary and financial stability issues, as well as on
more technical issues such as legal matters, reserve
management, IT systems, internal audit and technical
cooperation.
• BIS is a hub for sharing statistical information among
central banks. It publishes statistics on global banking,
securities, foreign exchange and derivatives markets.
• Through seminars and workshops organized by its
Financial Stability Institute (FSI), the BIS disseminates
knowledge among its various stake-holders

Role Of Information Technology (It) In The
Banking Sector
• Banking environment has become highly competitive
today. To be able to survive and grow in the changing
market environment banks are going for the latest
technologies, which is being perceived as an ‘enabling
resource’ that can help in developing learner and more
flexible structure that can respond quickly to the
dynamics of a fast changing market scenario.
• It is also viewed as an instrument of cost reduction and
effective communication with people and institutions
associated with the banking business.
• Information Technology enables sophisticated product
development, better market infrastructure,
implementation of reliable techniques for control of
risks and helps the financial intermediaries to reach
geographically distant and diversified markets.

E-Banking
• Many banks have modernized their services
with the facilities of computer and electronic
equipments.
• The electronics revolution has made it possible
to provide ease and flexibility in banking
operations to the benefit of the customer.
• The e-banking has made the customer say
good-bye to huge account registers and large
paper bank accounts

• The e-banks, which may call as easy bank
offers the following services to its customers
• Credit Cards – Debit Cards
• ATM
• E-Cheques
• EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer)
• D-MATAccounts
• Mobile Banking
• Telephone Banking
• Internet Banking
• EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)

Benefits of E-banking
To the Customer
• Anywhere Banking no matter wherever the customer is
in the world. Balance enquiry, request for services,
issuing instructions etc., from anywhere in the world is
possible.
• Anytime Banking – Managing funds in real time and
most importantly, 24 hours a day, 7days a week.
• Convenience acts as a tremendous psychological
benefit all the time.
• Brings down “Cost of Banking” to the customer over a
period a period of time.
• Cash withdrawal from any branch /ATM
• On-line purchase of goods and services including
online payment for the same.

To the Bank:
• Innovative, scheme, addresses competition and present the bank as technology
driven in the banking sector market .
• Reduces customer visits to the branch and thereby human intervention
• Inter-branch reconciliation is immediate thereby reducing chances of fraud and
misappropriation
• On-line banking is an effective medium of promotion of various schemes of the
bank, a marketing tool indeed.
• Integrated customer data paves way for individualized and customized services.

INDIAN BANKING
Dr Deepak Tandon Professor IMI

CHALLENGES IN INDIAN
BANKING SECTOR
Contemporary challenges facing Indian Rural Banking,
i.e, Priority Sector Lending, Regional Rural Banks,
Financial Inclusion, Financial Literacy and Education
Licencing of Banks

PRIORITY SECTOR LENDING
The definition of priority sectors has evolved over a period of time and
at present, priority sectors are broadly taken as those sectors of the
economy which in the absence of inclusion in the priority sector
categories would not get timely and adequate finance. Typically, these
are small loans to small and marginal farmers for agriculture and allied
activities, loans to Micro and Small Enterprises, loans for small housing
projects, education loans and other small loans to people with low
income levels. Presently, the target for aggregate advances to the
priority sector is 40 per cent of the Adjusted Net Bank Credit ANBC or
the credit equivalent of Off Balance sheet Exposure (OBE), whichever
is higher for domestic banks. Foreign banks with 20 or more branches
in the country are being brought on par with domestic banks for priority
sector targets in a phased manner over a five year period starting from
April 1, 2013. For foreign banks with less than 20 branches the overall
target is fixed at 32 per cent

FINANCIAL INCLUSION
A massive exercise in this regard has been taken up by us and
this is being done through the lead bank scheme channel.
RBI advised banks in November 2009 to draw up a roadmap to
provide banking services through a banking outlet in every
village with a population of more than 2000 and the target date
was March 2012. Banks were advised that such banking services
need not necessarily be extended through a brick and mortar
branch but could be provided through any of the various forms of
ICT-based models including through BCs. Under the roadmap for
providing banking outlets in villages with population above 2000,
banking outlets have been opened in hitherto 74199 unbanked
villages comprising 2493 branches, 69374 Business
Correspondents (BCs) and 2332 through other modes like ATMs,
mobile van, etc.

IV. Retail Banking
V RISK MANAGEMENT
VI Basel III implementation: A new challenge for
Indian banks- The major thrust area of Basel III is
improvement of quantity and quality of capital of banks,
with stronger supervision, risk management and
disclosure standards. Sporting adequate reserves of
capital and liquidity, they have been able to improve
both their profitability and asset quality

VII Cost management: Cost containment is considered to be the key to
sustainability of bank profits and their long-term viability. The
operating costs of banks, as a proportion of total average assets during
2003, in UK were 2.12%, in Switzerland 2.03% and less than 2% in
major European economies like Sweden, Austria, Germany and France.
However, in India, the operating costs of banks stood at 2.24%, which
shows that the cost reduction should be immediate priority. The Indian
banks would do well, to take effective steps to reduce their operational
cost by initiating appropriate actions.
VIIIManagement of Manpower : Optimisation of the manpower
resources in terms of their numbers, knowledge and skills to maximise
the productivity and improve of quality of operations and reduce the
cost of operations, is another area requiring attention of banks. There is
need for re-orientation of approach of the staff so that they are able to
discharge their functions according to the changed requirement

IX Asset liability Management
X IFRS and abolition of A ccounting standards
XI CRM , KYC , KYE , customer retention
XII Competition , Bank Licensing , Market demands
XIII, ROA , ROE , NIM , NII RoA is not high, but Indian
banks are inefficient. Before 30-40 years tell me what was the net
interest margin of banks. It was around 3%, may be little bit
lower. Even today their margin is 3%, then what is the benefit of
technology? If the banks say that they have brought technology, if
they say we have not brought technology, I have no problem. But
if they have brought the technology, their cost of operation should
have gone drastically down. And that must help the customer that
banks will be doing the intermediation with lower margin.

XIV – Bancassurance
XV – Mergers and acquisitions - The Competition
Commission clause in the new Bill allows the RBI to
continue with its role as the banking regulator, while the
Competition Commission of India (CCI) will regulate
mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and will have powers
to investigate and clear M&As in the banking sector.
XVI – CSR , Sustainable environment ,Green Banking:
Socially Responsible Banking in India

Licencing
In September 2015, RBI approved 10 applicants to set up small finance banks, this approval will be
valid for 18 months to comply with the guidelines & conditions stipulated by RBI. After fulfilment
of requirements, RBI would grant banking license to the selected applicants
By February 2015, The Reserve Bank of India has received 72 applications for small finance banks
& 41 applications for payments banks. Some of the major applicants for small finance banks are:
IIFL Holdings Ltd, Indigo Fincap Private Ltd, Sahara Utsarga Welfare Society, etc., while for
payments banks major players are: Reliance Industries Ltd, Tech Mahindra Ltd. etc.
In April 2016, India’s 1st small finance bank was launched with its 10 branches spread over Punjab,
India. Capital Small Finance Bank expects to add 9 more branches by the end of FY17 in the country.
By April 2014, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued 2 licenses (IDFC & Bandhan) of the 25
applicants in the fray for banking permits. Some of the 25 applicants are - Aditya Birla Nuvo, India
Infoline, Muthoot Finance, Reliance Capital, TATA Sons, etc.
RBI requires the promoter of new bank to hold at least 40 per cent of equity capital for 1st 5 years,
which can be reduced to 15 per cent within 12 years. The new bank must list equity shares within 3
years of the commencement of business. Furthermore, it must open at least 25 per cent of its
branches in unbanked rural centres & comply with priority sector lending target
The advent of meeting Basel III requirements and opening of new banks, will create demand for
additional capital In November 2016, RBI granted approval for issuing a license to Utkarsh Micro
Finance Pvt. Ltd., permitting them to setup small finance bank.
Ujjivan Small Finance Bank, has launched its operations with 5 pilot branches pan India, eyeing to
become a leading mass market retail bank in next 5 years, having a customer base of 35 lakh custom

“The risk of direct or indirect loss resulting from inadequate
or failed internal processes, people and systems or from
external events”=Operational risk
People Risk
Technology
Risk
Regulatory
Compliance Risk
Financial
Control Risk
Product and
Sales Risk
Service Delivery
(Operations)
Risk
Legal Risk
Social, Ethical and
Environmental Risk
RISK MANAGEMENT IN BANKS

It is more than compliance – it is about building value by
optimizing, rather than minimizing risks
Risk management is not about avoiding risk. It helps you be aware of the
risks inherent in your business and take advantage of this knowledge to gain
competitive advantage and enhance shareholder value
Value
creates
shareholder
wealth
Risk
creates
opportunity
Opportunity
creates
value
Risk Management Philosophy

TYPES OF RISKS THAT BANK FACES IN PRESENT
SCENARIO
OPERATIONAL
RISK
1) INTERNAL
PROCESS
2) PEOPLE
3) EXTERNAL
FACTORS
CREDIT RISK
1) RETAIL
2) PROJECT
FINANCING
3)CORPORATE
4) EQUITY
MARKET RISK
1) INTEREST
RATE
2)FOREIGN
EXCHANGE
3) EQUITIES
4) COMMODITIES
INFORMATION
RISK
1) SYSTEM
RISK
2) SECURITY
& INTEGRETY
RISK

Operational Risk Management -
What it entails?
Risk Factor
Identification
Risk
Assessment
/Measurement
Risk Monitoring
& Control
Risk &
Performance
Measurement
Develop a
common
definition of
and
classification
scheme for
Operational
Risk
Self –
Assessment
Key Risk
Drivers
Identification
Key Performance
Metrics
Document
Processes &
Responsibilities
Loss Event
Data Collection
Operational Risk
Economic
Capital

What is Basel
?
Basel – An Introduction
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
• Established by Central Banks of G-10 countries in 1974.
• Today, it comprises of Central Banks and Supervisory
Regulators from 13 countries.
• It has no super-national supervisory or legislative powers.
Basel Capital Accord
• Issued in 1988, it established minimum ratio of required
capital to risk-weighted assets.
• Initially, risk weights assigned only for Credit Risk, based
on simplistic categorization of assets and obligors.
• Accord amended in 1996 to include risk weights
assigned for Market Risk.
Evolution of
Basel
Accord

Basel – An Introduction (…contd)
Indian Position
• Reserve Bank of India has formed steering committees
involving various bankers to finalize on approaches to be
used by Banks operating in India.
• Draft guidelines on Basel II framework issued by RBI in
February 2005 for public response.
• Likely implementation by March 2007 with parallel run for
one year pre-implementation.
• Basel II Framework is intended to ensure that banks have
adequate capital to support all the risks
• To encourage banks to develop and use better risk
management techniques in monitoring and managing their
risks
Objective
Indian Position

Key Basel II Drivers
External Internal
Credit Rating Risk Sensitive Pricing
Corporate Governance Improved Risk
Management
Mandated Requirements Capital Release
Increased Disclosures Increased Profitability
Competitive parity Competitive Advantage
Best Practice
Centralization

Basel II – the three pillars
Mutually reinforcing…
Supervisory
Review
Market
Discipline
Providing a flexible, risk-sensitive capital management
framework
Minimum
Capital
Requirements
Basel II
Three Pillars

asel II – Moving from“one-size-fits-all”
Menu of approaches…simple to complex…
PILLAR 1
Minimum Capital
Requirements
PILLAR 2
Supervisory
Review
PILLAR 3
Market
Discipline
Risk Weights
Definition of
Capital
Credit Risk
Operational
Risk
Market Risk
Standardized
Approach
Internal Ratings
Based Approach
Asset
Securitization
Basic Indicator
Approach
Standardized
Approach
Advanced
Measurement
Approach
Foundation
Approach
Advanced
Approach
Standardized
Approach
Internal Ratings
Based Approach
Alternate
Standardized
Approach
Balance the flexibility
and freedom given to
banks

Approach to BaselII Transformation
A Journey of Seven Steps…
Phase I: Gap Analysis Phase II:
Implementation
Roadmap
Phase III:
Implementation
Phase IV:
Compliance
And Certification
Supervisory
Certification,
Parallel Run and
Go Live
Basel II
Program
Initiation
Gap Analysis
Implementation
Roadmap
Organization,
Policies
And Processes
Redesign
Data
Management &
IT Applications
Analytics-
Models,
Methodologies
and Validation
Approach to Basel II Compliance: Seven Steps

TOOLS FOR MANAGING INFORMATION RISK …..
1)ADOPTING NETWORKING SECURITY PROTECTION
SOFTWARES SUCH AS: FIREWALL ETC
2) GIVING RESTRICTED ACCESS TO THE EMPLOYEES AS
WELL AS CUSTOMERS OF THE BANK
3) UPDATING THE SYSTEM WITH LATEST ANTI VIRUS
SOFTWARES AND LATEST VERSIONS OF SECURITY
PROITECTION SOFTWARE
4) DEVELOPING A MONITORING SYSTEM WHEREBY EACH
AND EVERY TRANSACTION DONE IN THE SYSTEM
COULD BE MONITERED

Benefits of Effective risk management
Risk Management Sophistication
Linking Risk
and Return
Identification
of Risks
Consistent
Measurement
Across Risks
Measuring
risk adjusted
business
performance
Evaluating
Value
creating
business
Maximise Earnings
Potential
Earnings
Stability
Protection
Against
Unforeseen
Losses
Control
Shareholder
Value
Objective
Strategic Advantage Allocating
Capital
Most organizations

How do banks make money?
By playing “term” of funds: Long v/s short.
By playing risk levels- accept lower risk and place in
higher risk- play safety as a market mantra
Dispersed source v/s concentrated use.
Trading in the market
Essentially by taking risk

Types of Risks
Credit: Default/delay: Impacts Solvency-Capacity
to service obligation,
Liquidity: Inability to meet committed payments,
inability to exit an investment.
Interest Rate: Changes in the market rate causing
income variability
Exchange: Fluctuation in currency rates, prices
becoming adverse for the company
Market: Interplay of above on trading profits
Legal:
Operational: Failure of Men, Machine, Monitoring,
Methods

The global financial regulatory framework is
undergoing important changes…
Operational
Operational
Risk
Risk
Market Risk
Market Risk
Credit Risk
Credit Risk
Basel II
Risk Management Anti-Money Laundering Corporate Governance
…and money laundering and corporate governance issues have
become entwined with operational risk management
USA PATRIOT
ACT
FATF
RECOMMENDATIONS

Source: BIS
Goals of risk Management
Safety and soundness of
banks.
Ensuring a level playing
field.
Capital Adequacy Ratio
(1) own funds (i.e.
available capital and
reserves)
(2) risk-weighted assets
(i.e. the amount of
money the bank has
put at risk in the
course of its business)
A level playing
field !!

How to manage risk
Hedging
Exposure limits
Reserves and Provisioning

Risk Management – a data intensive function
Market Risk Operational Risk
Credit Risk
• Loss Event
Data
• Causal Data
• Loss Effect
• Key Risk
Indicators
(KRIs)
• Proxies
• Risk
Inventories
• Structured
Self
Assessment
Data
• External Data
• Data on
Exchange
Rates
• Data on
Interest Rates
• Data on
Security Prices
• Data on
Correlations
• Data on
Instruments
(non-linear)
• Borrower Data
• Guarantor Data
• Asset-specific
Data
• Default Data
• Data on
Recoveries
• External Default
Data
• Data on Rating
and Migration
• Macro & Industry
Data
• Correlation Data
Banks
Analytical CRM Data
Transaction Data
Operational CRM Data
Risk Management Data
Economy & Industry Data

RISK MANAGEMENT IN BANKING
BASEL III

INTRODUCTION
Basel presents the Basel Committee’s reforms to strengthen global
capital and liquidity rules of the country with the goal of promoting
a more resilient banking sector.
The economic and financial crisis, started in 2007 became so
severe because the banking sectors of many countries had built up
excessive on and off-balance sheet leverage.
Objective is to:
improve the banking sector’s ability to absorb shocks
reduce the risk of overflow from the financial sector to the real economy.

FAILURE OF BASEL II
Criticism Critique
Its Risk Sensitivity made it blatantly
pro-cyclical
Failed to promote modeling frameworks
for accurate measurement of risk and to
demand sufficient loss absorbing capital
to mitigate that risk
Did not have any explicit regulation
governing leverage - excessive leverage of
banks was one of the prime causes of the
crisis
Seen to be guilty of focusing exclusively
on individual financial institutions,
ignoring the systemic risk arising from
the interconnectedness across institutions
 Criticism only partly valid
 To claim that the risk sensitivity of Basel
II caused the crisis would be extreme
 Basel III does not negate Basel II; but
builds on the essence of Basel II - the
link between the risk profiles and
capital requirements of individual
banks
 Basel III is not a negation, but an
enhancement of Basel II –
 augmentation in the level and quality
of capital
 introduction of liquidity standards;
 modifications in provisioning norms
 better and more comprehensive
disclosures

BASEL II AND BASEL III –
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Capital Requirements Liquidity Standards
Provisioning Norms
Less Cyclical than current “incurred loss” approach
Disclosure Requirements
One of the lessons of the crisis and the failure of Basel II to
prevent or at least contain the same is that the disclosures made
by banks on their risky exposures and on regulatory capital were
neither appropriate nor sufficiently transparent to afford any
comparative analysis
Basel III requires banks to disclose all relevant details,
including any regulatory adjustments, as regards the
composition of the regulatory capital of the bank

FRAMEWORK OFBASEL III
Reform measures, by BCBS to strengthen the regulation,
supervision and risk management of banking sector
Building Blocks
 Improving Quality, Consistency &Transparency of Capital
oTo ensure that banks are better able to absorb losses
oThe Tier I capital to mainly consist of common equity to be
raised to 7% of RWA by March 31st, 2015
oMost of the adjustments to be from CET1 capital(phased
manner)
oall elements of capital to be disclosed with reconciliation to
the published accounts
oTier 1 ratio of 6.0% for scheduled commercial banks in India
maintained
oStricter norms for deductions from capital (accumulated
losses, deferred tax assets net of deferred tax liabilities,
investments in financial institutions, good will)

BUILDING BLOCKS
Promoting the buildup of capital buffers in good times
oCapital conservation buffer that can be used to absorb losses
during periods of financial and economic stress
Capital conservation buffer of 2.5% to be phased in over
a period of time .
oCountercyclical buffer for broader macro-prudential goal of
protecting the banking sector from periods of excess
aggregate credit growth .
To be warranted where credit growth perceived
aggressive & leading to the system-wide buildup of risk .
Within a range of 0 – 2.5% of RWAs in the form of
Common Equity will be implemented according to national
circumstances .

BUILDING BLOCKS
Introducing internationally harmonized leverage ratio
oRisk-based capital measure
oTo contain the build-up of excessive leverage in the
system .
oLeverage Ratio minimum 4.5% Tier I Capital of Total
Exposure, (both On Balance Sheet & Off Balance Sheet
exposure)
o Increasing the risk coverage of the capital framework(
for trading , securitizations, exposures to off-balance sheet
vehicles and counterparty credit exposures arising from
derivatives )
oEnhancing Risk Coverage by Credit Value Adjustment
(CVA) capital charge for OTC Derivatives .

BUILDING BLOCKS
Introducing minimum global liquidity standards
oLCR to ensure that banks to have sufficient high-quality
liquid assets to withstand a stressed funding scenario
oNet stable funding ratio (NSFR) is a longer-term ratio to
address liquidity mismatches .
oIt covers the entire balance sheet and provides
incentives for banks to use stable sources( types and
amounts of equity and liability financing expected to be
reliable sources of funds over a one-year time horizon
under conditions of extended stress

BUILDING BLOCKS
 Raising standards for supervisory review process &
disclosures
oValuation practices
oStress testing:
oSound compensation practices and incentives to better
manage risk and return
oCorporate governance
oSupervisory colleges
oFirm-wide governance and risk management.
oCapturing the risk of off-balance sheet exposures and
securitization activities.
oManaging risk concentrations.

BUILDING BLOCKS
 Market Discipline
oBanks disclose all elements of the regulatory capital
base, the deductions applied & full reconciliation to
financial accounts .
oBanks to disclose clear, comprehensive and timely
information about remuneration practices
 Macro Prudentil Requirements
o Pro-cyclicality: from incurred losses model to
expected losses model of provisioning
o Systemic Risk and Interconnectedness: Systemically
important banks to have loss absorbing capacity
beyond the minimum standards

BASEL III
IMPLEMENTATION
Requirement Preparation for Migration
Higher Common Equity
Non Common Equity to be loss absorbing
Limits on AT1 and Tier 2 Capital
Capital Conservation Buffer
Countercyclical Buffer
SIFI Charge
Leverage Ratio
Liquidity Ratios
 Risk Data Infrastructure
 Ability to extract, compute, analyze data
 RWA Optimization
 Remove data gaps, Refine methodology,
Diversification benefits
 Managing ROE
 Better pricing of risks, Fee based income,
Risk adjusted returns
 Capital Optimization
 Retention of profits, Full utilization of Non
Common Equity limits
 Risk Management
 Better risk governance, stress testing, risk
culture

BASEL III IMPLEMENTATION
Capital Management under Basel III Sustainable Management of Risk
and Capital

IMPLICATIONS OF BASEL III
 Increased quality of capital
 Increased quantity of capital
 Reduced leverage through introduction of backstop leverage
ratio
 Increased short term liquidity coverage
 Increased stable long-term balance sheet funding
 Strengthened risk capture, notably counterparty risk

EMERGENCE OF BASEL IV
Changes from Basel III to Basel IV
Higher minimum leverage ratio
Internal Models: risk
weightings generated by banks
Revised approach to the
Liquidity Coverage Ratio
(LCR)
Pillar 2 capital add-ons: capital
conservation and counter-
cyclical capital buffers
Greater disclosure by banks

POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS FOR BANKS
Significant higher capital requirements
• combination of higher minimum leverage ratio
• restrictions on internal models based calculations
• imposing stress test
• Pillar 2 cushion above minimum capital requirements
Capital Management Requirements by banks
Less risk-sensitive approach to both capital ratios
and internal modeling
• banks to re-examine the balance between lower and higher
risk businesses

Transitional Arrangements in India:
Basel III implementation will begin on April 1, 2013 and
will be fully phased in on March 31, 2018 as indicated
below in % terms:

CONCLUSION
It is natural to fear the
unknown
Despite Basel III's
shortcomings, we are yet to
hear of a better solution
than combining RWAs
with a good strong,
leverage ratio
RWAs can help bank
examiners identify exactly
what risk exposures banks
have, and they can then
We require good, uniform guidelines
for banks to follow and inputs need to
be disclosed to the public
In most guidelines, the Basel
Committee has been reiterating the
need for transparency
The need is for market discipline and
to force banks to comply with its
disclosure requirements
We already have all the major the tools
to reform banks, we just have to use
them
If we use the tools to reform the banks
judiciously and transparently, we must
hope that banks in particular, will be
better prepared against any major
financial crisis in future

RECOMMENDATIONS
The new Basel III package affords the financial industry
more clarity on the regulatory front
Countercyclical capital buffer would be activated by
national authorities
Multiplicity of regulatory reforms under way – the
‘more and more of everything’ approach to regulation
Banks need to consider the combined impact of Basel
III and of moves towards Basel IV

RATES as on 01 July 2020
Policy Repo Rate: 4.00%
Reverse Repo Rate: 3.35%
Marginal Standing Facility Rate: 4.25%
Bank Rate: 4.25%
CRR: 3%
SLR: 18.00%
Base Rate: 7.40% - 9.00%
MCLR (Overnight): 6.70% - 7.45%
Savings Deposit Rate: 2.70% - 3.50%
Term Deposit Rate > 1 Year: 5.10% - 5.65%

Banking Structure in India: An Overview

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