2. Definition
ī¨ According to Harold Koontz, "Management is
the art of getting things done through and with
people in formally organised groups.â
ī¨ According to Henri Fayol, "To manage is to
forecast and to plan, to organise, to command,
to co-ordinate and to control."
3. Management - Art
According to Mary Parker,â management is an art
of getting things done through others.
Management enables a manager to get thongs
done through employees.â
âĸ Management performs non programmed and non
routine work using creativity and innovations
âĸ Management accomplishes any job within time
and budget to achieve organizational goals with
ease.
âĸ Managerial activities are practices by using
knowledge, ability and skill to solve the problems.
4. Management - Art
âĸ Managers must posses practical knowledge
not only theoretical acquired from experiences
which helps in working according to situation
âĸ Managers apply their interest, ability and skills
for solving contemporary issues through
decisions which ignite their creativity. They
can use their skills in field of job performance,
solving exceptional issues, forming objectives
etc.
5. Management - Science
âĸ Management as a science, it has systematized
body of knowledge, concept and principles.
Management deals different problems and issues
by using quantitative models and decision making
techniques and issues by using quantitative
models and decision making techniques to arrive
at right decisions. As a science management
contains concepts, hypothesis, theories,
experimentation all verified and tested
accordingly to clarify about cause and effect
relationship between many facts or events
6. Management - Science
âĸ Management is systematic body of knowledge
with theories, concepts, principles,
experiments and functions which are
systematically and logically analyzed
âĸ The theories related to management are
applicable and used in all types of organization
irrespective of size, type, capital and so on.
However, the usage and method may vary
according to the situation of organization and
time.
âĸ Management is not a pure science but a social
science
7. Management - Science
âĸ All the managerial knowledge and practices are
developed through various observations and
experiments which are researched and experiment
based
âĸ Tests of management theories are applied in
situational and judgmental cases which help in
prediction of future events.
âĸ Management relates itself to cause and effect
relationship. Results of modern management are
acceptable to all employees. Good and efficient
management system enhances the purity in
organization.
8. Management - Profession
âĸ Profession means occupation. Occupation is
rendering service. Similarly management is a
distinct profession backed up by specialization. As
a professional activity all management efficient
people should have academic qualification and
personal qualification from any body. Here
profession is not only an occupation of specialized
skill but these skills should be applicable in large
scale and interest of society as a whole.
âĸ Management is a separate discipline which
includes research, observations and practice
âĸ Management requires formal education and
training with updates of professionalism.
9. Management - Profession
âĸ Professional managers must be joined in an
association that follow rules and regulation
according to the objectives set.
âĸ A professional association requires code of conduct
to maintain self discipline ethical behavior. Violation
of code must be punishable
âĸ Organizations should be responsible towards
society. An organization gets its birth in a society,
lives and grows in a society and finally liquidates or
dissolves in a society. Thu, an organization has
responsibility towards members of society such as
consumer, investors, employees and shareholders.
12. S.No.
Bases of
Difference
Entrepreneur Manager
1 Motive
The main motive of an entrepreÂneur is
to start a venture by setting up an
enterprise. He understands the venture
for his personal gratification.
The main motive of a manager is to
render his services in an enterprise
already set up by someone else i.e.,
entrepreneur.
2 Status
An entrepreneur is the owner of the
enterprise.
A manager is the servant in the
enterprise owned by the entrepreneur.
3 Risk Bearing
An entrepreneur being the owner of the
enterprise assumes all risks and
uncertainty involved in runÂning the
enterprise.
A manager as a servant does not bear
any risk involved in the enterprise.
4 Rewards
The reward an entrepreneur gets for
bearing risks involved in the enterprise
is profit which is highly uncertain.
A manager gets salary as reward for
the services rendered by him in the
enterprise. Salary of a manager is
certain and fixed.
5 Innovation
Entrepreneur himself thinks over what
and how to produce goods to meet the
changing demands of the customers.
Hence, he acts as an innovator also
called a âchange agentâ
But, what a manager does is simply to
execute the plans prepared by the
entrepreneur. Thus, a manager simply
translates the entrepreneurâs ideas into
practice.
6 Qualification
An entrepreneur needs to possess
qualities and qualifications like high
achievement motive, origiÂnality in
thinking, foresight, risk -bearing ability
and so on.
On the contrary, a manager needs to
possess distinct qualifications in terms
of sound knowledge in management
theory and practice.
15. Characteristics of Management
ī¨ Goal oriented process
ī¨ All - pervasive
ī¨ Multi - dimensional (Management of work,
people, operations)
ī¨ Continuous process
ī¨ Group Activity
ī¨ Dynamic Function
ī¨ Intangible force
16. Difference between Administration
and Management
Basis of Distinction Administration Management
Policy and Objectives Determines policy to be
followed and decide the
objectives to be
achieved.
Implements the policy
and achieve the
objectives
Directing of human
efforts
Not directly involves in
the execution of plan
and achievement of
objectives
Directly involves in the
execution of plan and
achievement of
objectives
Main Functions Planning, Organizing
and Staffing
Directing, Motivation and
Controling
Levels of Executives Top level executives
(Owners and Board of
Directors)
Middle and Lower Level
Executives
Position Acts as a Principal Acts as an Agency
Knowledge Requires administrative
ability more than
Requires technical ability
more than administrative
21. Classical School
ī¨ Originated during Englandâs Industrial Revolution
ī¨ Manufacturers began mass-producing goods
in factories; Textile industry was among the first
ī¨ Allowed production of standardized goods
ī¨ Depended on a constant flow of labor and
materials
ī¨ Owners needed to plan, organize, lead, control
ī¨ Focused on finding the âone best wayâ
23. Classical Scientific School
Fre de rick W. Taylo r : The Father of Scientific
Management
âĸ Pursued four key goals:
âĸ Develop a science of management
âĸ Select workers scientifically
âĸ Develop and train workers scientifically
âĸ Create cooperation between management
and labor
âĸ Determined the quickest ways to perform tasks
24. Classical Scientific School
He nry Gantt
ī¨ Invented the Gantt chart
ī¨ Moved away from authoritarian management
ī¨ Advocated a bonus system to reward workers
ī¨ Classical Scientific School
ī¤ Analyze everything
ī¤ Teach effective methods to others
ī¤ Constantly monitor workers
ī¤ Plan responsibly
ī¤ Control the work and the workers
25. Classical Administrative School
He nri Fayo l
ī¨ Believed specific management skills could be
learned and taught
ī¨ Fayol believed that the managerâs job could be
divided into five functions, or areas, of
managerial responsibilityâplanning,
organizing, command, coordination, and
controlâthat are essential to managerial
success.
26.
27. Classical Administrative School
Mary Parke r Fo lle tt
ī¨ Focused on how organizations cope with
conflict and the importance of sharing goals
ī¨ Emphasized the need to discover and enlist
individual and group motivation
ī¨ The first principle for individual and group
success is the âcapacity for organized
thinkingâ
28. Classical Administrative School
Che ste r Barnard
ī¨ Argued that managers must gain acceptance
for their authority
ī¨ Advocated the use of basic management
principles
ī¨ Cautioned managers to issue no order that
could not or would not be obeyed
29. Behavioral School
ī¨ Recognized employees as individuals with
concrete, human needs, as parts of work
groups, and as members of a larger society
Ro be rt O we n : The father of modern personnel
management
ī¨ The quality and quantity of workersâ output
influenced by conditions on and off the job
31. Behavioral School
Hawthorne Studies : Illumination studies
ī¨ Measured Light Intensity vs. Worker Output
ī¨ Result :
ī¤ Higher worker productivity and satisfaction at all
light levels
ī¨ Conclusions:
ī¤ Light intensity has no conclusive effect on output
ī¤ Productivity has a psychological component
32. Behavioral School
Hawthorne Studies : Relay assembly room study
ī¨ Manipulated factors of production to measure
effect on output: Pay Incentives; Length of Work
Day & Work Week; Use of Rest Periods;
Company Sponsored Meals
ī¨ Results:
ī¤ Higher output and greater employee satisfaction
ī¨ Conclusions:
ī¤ Positive effects even with negative influences â
workersâ output will increase as a response to
attention
ī¤ Strong social bonds were created within the test
group. Workers are influenced by need for
recognition, security and sense of belonging
33. Behavioral School
Hawthorne Studies : Bank wiring room study
ī¨ Limited changes to work conditions
ī¤ Segregated work area
ī¤ No Management Visits
ī¤ Supervision would remain the same
ī¤ Observer would record data only â no interaction with
workers
ī¨ Small group pay incentive
ī¨ Result:
ī¤ No appreciable changes in output
ī¨ Conclusions:
ī¤ Preexisting performance norms
ī¤ Group dictated production standards - Systemic
34. Behavioral School
Manag e rs disco ve râĻ
ī¨ What employees want from work
ī¨ How to enlist cooperation and commitment
ī¨ How to unleash talents, energy, and creativity
35. Quantitative School
ī¨ Emphasized mathematical approaches to
management problems
ī¨ Examples of tools used in Operations
Management :
ī¤ Inventory models
ī¤ Break-even analyses
ī¤ Production scheduling
ī¤ Production routing
36. Systems School
ī¨ The systems theory emphasizes that an
organization comprises various parts that must
perform tasks necessary for the survival and
proper functioning of the system
37. Systems School
Resources
īą Men
īą Materials
īą Money
īą Machinery
īą Methods
īą Information
Managerial and
Technological
Abilities
īą Planning
īą Organizing
īą Staffing
īą Leading
īą Coordinating
īą Controlling
īą Technology
īą Goods
īą Services
īą Profits and
losses
īą Employee
satisfaction
Inputs
Transformation process Outputs
Feedback
38. Contingency School
ī¨ This theory is based on the premise that
managersâ preferred actions or approaches
depend on the variables of the situation they
face
39. Quality School
ī¨ Quality Management is a management
approach that directs the efforts of
management towards bringing about
continuous improvement in product and
service quality to achieve higher levels of
customer satisfaction and build customer
loyalty.
ī¨ Its roots are in the behavioral, quantitative,
systems, and contingency schools
ī¨ People are key to commitments and
42. Managing Globally
ī¨ Global activities are simplified and encouraged
by trade agreements among nations.
ī¨ As these trends and arrangements encourage
international trade, they increase and change
demands on human resource management.
ī¤ Organizations need employees who understand
the customers and suppliers in foreign
countries.
ī¤ Organizations need to understand the laws and
customs that apply to employees in other
countries.
43. Employees in an International
Workforce
ī¨ Parent-countrynational â employee who was born
and works in the country in which an
organizationâs headquarters is located.
ī¨ Host-countrynational â employee who is a citizen
of the country (other than parent country) in which
an organization operates a facility.
ī¨ Third-countrynational â employee who is a
citizen of a country that is neither the parent
country nor the host country of the employer.
44. Employers in the Global
Marketplace
ī¨ International organizationâ an organization that
sets up one or a few facilities in one or a few
foreign countries.
ī¨ Multinational companyâ an organization that
builds facilities in a number of different countries
in an effort to minimize production and
distribution costs.
ī¨ Global organizationâ an organization that
chooses to locate a facility based on the ability
to effectively, efficiently, and flexibly produce a
product or service using cultural differences as
an advantage.
45. Challenges faced - General
ī¨ Need for Vision
ī¨ Need for Ethics
ī¨ Need for Responsiveness to cultural diversity
ī¨ Globalization
ī¨ Emphasis on Technology
ī¨ Society Expectations
46. Challenges faced â Company
issues
ī¨ Flexibility
ī¨ Family Friendly
ī¨ Conversion of permanent to temporary job
ī¨ Outsourcing
ī¨ Empowering employees