Operational Issues in Warship Platform Management
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The document discusses the operational issues in designing the platform management system for the Royal Navy's Type 45 destroyers. It describes how the integrated project team used a user-centered approach to design flexible consoles and software that allow operators to work as a team. The system was designed based on input from Royal Navy operators to match technical capabilities with operational needs and enhance teamwork in controlling the ship.
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Operational Issues in Warship Platform Management
- 1. Operational Issues in the DesignOperational Issues in the Design of Warship Platform Managementof Warship Platform Management FacilitiesFacilities Main Authors:Main Authors: David Carr (BAE SYSTEMS Human Factors Consultancy Group,David Carr (BAE SYSTEMS Human Factors Consultancy Group, UK); Lt. Cdr. Michael Cox; Iain MacLeod; (BAE SYSTEMS Type 45UK); Lt. Cdr. Michael Cox; Iain MacLeod; (BAE SYSTEMS Type 45 Project, UK),Project, UK), In recognition of a team effort, the following are cited as co-authors:In recognition of a team effort, the following are cited as co-authors: Anderson Smith (BAE SYSTEMS Type 45 Project UK), Cdr. FrankAnderson Smith (BAE SYSTEMS Type 45 Project UK), Cdr. Frank Sherlock RN; Mark Alcock; Gordon Duffy; Lt. Cdr. Mark Rowse RNSherlock RN; Mark Alcock; Gordon Duffy; Lt. Cdr. Mark Rowse RN (MoD Defence Procurement Agency, UK); Ian Scott (Warship Support(MoD Defence Procurement Agency, UK); Ian Scott (Warship Support Agency MLS IPT, UK)Agency MLS IPT, UK) Thirteenth International Ship Control Systems Symposium 7 – 9 April 2003
- 2. The Royal Navy’s Type 45 DestroyerThe Royal Navy’s Type 45 Destroyer
- 3. The Integrated Project TeamThe Integrated Project Team PMS Contractor PCO PMS Team DPA IPT Platform IPT PMS IPT Design Authority Process & ProductPlatform Systems & Procurement Operator Knowledge & Experience
- 4. A balanced teamA balanced team RN OperatorRN Operator ExperienceExperience TechnicalTechnical SkillsSkills HumanHuman FactorsFactors The design ethos was toThe design ethos was to match technicalmatch technical capabilities with thecapabilities with the operational needs of theoperational needs of the end user.end user. The design team broughtThe design team brought together the RN customer,together the RN customer, end users and designers.end users and designers. Human Factors specialistHuman Factors specialist expertise ensured theexpertise ensured the integration of people andintegration of people and equipmentequipment
- 5. Equip the man,Equip the man, don’t man the equipment.don’t man the equipment. US Marine Corps
- 6. The Conventional Ship Control CentreThe Conventional Ship Control Centre Layout dictated by bulky,Layout dictated by bulky, hardwired panelshardwired panels Operator roles fixed byOperator roles fixed by where people stand andwhere people stand and what they can reachwhat they can reach Operators face the panels!Operators face the panels! Difficult to work as a team.Difficult to work as a team.
- 7. The Type 45 ‘The Type 45 ‘Teamworking’Teamworking’ conceptconcept Consoles bring theConsoles bring the functionality to the operators.functionality to the operators. Flexible software allowsFlexible software allows functions to be allocated tofunctions to be allocated to meet changing operationalmeet changing operational demands.demands. Layout allows eye contactLayout allows eye contact and verbal communicationand verbal communication between team membersbetween team members
- 8. The User-Centred ApproachThe User-Centred Approach Identify operational Need Identify operational Need Context of use Context of use User Evaluation User Evaluation User-centred solutions User-centred solutions User Requirements User Requirements System meets operational needs System meets operational needs ISO 13407 standardISO 13407 standard approach to user-approach to user- centred designcentred design – Multi-discpline teamMulti-discpline team – User InvolvementUser Involvement – Iterative, prototypingIterative, prototyping approachapproach – Explicit allocation ofExplicit allocation of functionsfunctions
- 9. Design Issues to support teamworkingDesign Issues to support teamworking HCI Software Console Operator Team Ship Compartment Layout Control Locations HCI DesignHCI Design Compartment Layout Compartment Layout Console Type Console Type Screens layout/ navigation Screens layout/ navigation HCI “Views”HCI “Views” Operator Roles/ Tasks Operator Roles/ Tasks
- 10. Type 45 Operational RolesType 45 Operational Roles Weapons Management Centre Ship Control Centre ANBCDOANBCDO PMPMDCODCO SMSM Propulsion Supervisor Propulsion Supervisor WMWM WRMWRM WSMWSM Picture Compiler Picture Compiler • Flexible technology allows teamworkingFlexible technology allows teamworking across a distributed, ship-wide Internalacross a distributed, ship-wide Internal Battle Organisation.Battle Organisation. • Team roles and organisation re-shaped toTeam roles and organisation re-shaped to take advantage of technical capabilitiestake advantage of technical capabilities. Weapons Management Centre Ship Control Centre ANBCDO ANBCDO PM PM DCO DCO SM SM Propulsion Supervisor Propulsion Supervisor WM WM WRM WRM WSM WSM Picture Compiler Picture Compiler Operations Room Command Command Advisor Assistant XO (Roving) XO (Roving) Zone Control Posts (1-4) i/c ZCP Op Fire and Flood Repair Parties Fire and Flood Repair Parties Fire and Flood Repair Parties Fire and Flood Repair Parties Mobile Machinery Repair Party Weapons Repair Personnel Medical HQMedical HQ First Aid Parties First Aid Parties First Aid Parties First Aid Parties
- 11. PMS Context Diagram - Issue 5 Machinery Control and surveillance Damage Surveillance and Control Platform Management System Auxiliary Systems Refrigeration Sewage Stabilisers Steering Shafting Bilge & Sullage High Pressure Air Chilled Water Fresh Water Generation Fresh Water (Potable) High Pressure Sea Water Lube Oil Systems Intakes & Exhausts Low Pressure Air Low Pressure Sea Water Fuel Systems Fuel Stripping Fuel Supply Avcat Fuel Fuel Filling & Transfer Weapon Management Centre Combat System Equipment Helicopter Handling Electrical Systems Electrical Power Control and Management System Converted Supplies Distribution Degaussing Emergency Generator System Impressed Cathodic Protection Lighting Low Voltage Distribution Power & Propulsion Electrical Power Management System Power Control Levers Gas Turbine Systems Diesel Generator Systems Data Transfer System (including Ship Information System, Navigation System, PAAMS, Certain Combat Equipment, ) PMS (Built-in Test) Closed Circuit TV (Below Deck Engineering) On Board Training Damage Surveillance and Control Fire, Smoke & Flood Detection Citadel Integrity Doors, Hatches and Vent Openings System Heating, Ventilation and Control Naval Biological Defence System Ship’s Installed Chemical System Ship’s Installed Radiac System Fire Fighting Aqueous Fire Fighting Foam CO2 Systems Special Spray Systems Operating Positions 2 Screen Consoles SCC 1 SCC 2 SCC 3 SCC 4 WMC 1 WMC 2 WMC 3 Single Screen Consoles (Inc. Briefing Screen) ZCP 1 ZCP 2 ZCP 3 ZCP 4 Single Screen Workstations Ops Room Bridge + 91 Plug-in Points around the ship Type 45 PMS Context DiagramType 45 PMS Context Diagram
- 12. WTB 158 WTB 107 WTB 69 Zone 1Zone 2Zone 3Zone 4 PMS Operating Positions 137 PMS Operating PointsPMS Operating Points
- 13. • Multi-function 2-screen displays • Ergonomically optimised • “See over” by 5th percentile RN personnel promotes teamworking • Incorporates stowage for lifejacket and BA SCC Operator’s ConsoleSCC Operator’s Console
- 14. Ship Control CentreShip Control Centre
- 15. Fwd Zone Control PostZone Control Post
- 16. Type 45 Destroyer PMSType 45 Destroyer PMS Designed explicitly to meetDesigned explicitly to meet real-world operationalreal-world operational demandsdemands Operator expertise capturedOperator expertise captured in the design teamin the design team Enhances the capability of theEnhances the capability of the team fighting the Internalteam fighting the Internal BattleBattle
Editor's Notes
- Thank you Mr. Chairman – Good morning everyone. I’m Iain MacLeod and - along with my team-mate and co-presenter David Carr - I’d like to explain how we, as a team, developed the Type 45 Platform Management System – the PMS – using a more “operational” approach. The team approach to developing type 45’s PMS is reflected in the authorship of the paper we’re presenting and I’d like to take this opportunity to acknowledge our co-authors who couldn’t be here today:
- First a bit about the “end-product”: The Royal Navy’s Type 45 Destroyer. Principally it’s role is anti-air warfare but, as with all modern navy ships, Type 45 will be a multi-role vessel. She’ll have a cruising speed of 18 knots and a top speed of 29 knots. And type 45 will the first Integrated Electric Propulsion system on a Naval Vessel We are currently designing HMS DARING - the First of a class of 12, with an in-service target date of 2007. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Weight just over 7,000 tonnes Just over 150m in length with a beam of 21m - it’s considerably larger than the Type 42 it’s replacing BUT (importantly) with a much reduced crew of around 190.
- Now. A look at the organisation which is developing Type 45. Both David and I come from the Prime Contract Office – the PCO. As the PCO - we are the design authority and so it’s our job to see that an effective PMS is integrated into the ship as a whole. Our partners are: The Platform Integrated Project Team – who are responsible for building the ship. The PMS suppliers – who will provide the PMS to our specification. And most importantly in our case, the customer - The MoD’s Defence Procurement Agency - who have a clear customer requirement for how they want to operate this “lean manned” ship. Our aim as a PCO is to provide that Operability.
- Now I believe, the key goal in our design development - which David will shortly explain - has been: “How to best use the operator knowledge”. Our design team includes the usual wealth of engineers with years of ship building experience. But more importantly, the team includes both serving and former Royal Navy personnel. In addition, two human factors specialists on the team ensured that this PMS would be designed “with the end-user” much more in mind than is traditional. We really did commence this design with a blank sheet of paper. We knew the limited compartment spaces we’d been given and we had a rather lofty contractual requirement to “provide a Ship Control Centre and a Platform Management System”. So, rather than just focus on the equipment, we decided to approach the design from the operator’s perspective and actually started by listing the functions that PMS would be used for. And at this point, I’ll hand over to David Carr who’ll take you through the design development in more detail and it’s emphasis on Human Factors– David?
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- Thanks David. We’ve just thrown this slide up to give a feel for the complexity of the type 45 PMS. As well as the traditional “Machinery Control” roles, the Type 45 system will include management of: Damage Surveillance & Control (including Fire Fighting) and Closed Circuit Television and it will also feature – for the 1st time on an RN warship - both: Weapons Management software and On-Board Training. In deriving this context we’ve again put “Operational Need” at the centre: Rather than just automating for automation’s sake, we’ve looked carefully at which functions will be operated most effectively from central points.
- To highlight the flexibility of the type 45 PMS – this view shows just some of the, over a 100, strategically sited points at which the Platform Management System can be accessed. These include: the 15 PMS workstations - in the Ship Control Centre, Weapon Management Centre, Zone Control Posts, the Ops Room & the Bridge. Many of the main operating points have alternative positions. For example, there is an Alternative Ship Control Centre where the whole SCC/WMC team can evacuate to, and there are alternative positions for each of the four Zone Control Posts. In addition there’s over 120 plug-in points - all over the ship - where a laptop can be connected to give full PMS functionality – limited only by password protected log-on permissions.
- Now, these images illustrate the various stages of the PMS console development. Human Factors expertise was used to determine: firstly, the best ergonomic console design and secondly the optimum ‘team-working’ layout. As you’ll see from these pictures, the team moved from ‘paper & cardboard’ prototypes to full sized mock-ups – using CAD designs for support. In fact, the Ship Control Centre development was actually a ‘furniture moving’ exercise; with the PMS development team and the customers manipulating the main items of PMS equipment around a full size ‘mock-up’ facility, to find the best positions and optimum layout.
- And so to the hub of the PMS; the Ship Control Centre incorporating the Weapon Management Centre design - Shown here at full ‘state 1 manning’ For commercial and security reasons I can’t say too much about this slide. The main point I’d like to highlight here is the co-location, for the first time on a RN vessel, of the Weapons Management Team (here in the WMC on the inboard side) with the Engineering team (here in the SCC). As you’ll see, the majority of operators – certainly in the SCC – all ‘face each-other’ for that maximum primary communication that David referred to earlier. You’ll notice that - due mainly to lack of space - the WMC operators do not face each-other, as preferred. But, the main lines of communication have been catered for: This slide shows the DWEO in his seated position facing aft -away from his team - In reality he’ll be on his feet managing his weapons team and liaising with the MEO (here - POINT) He’ll only use this seated position in slow time. Also, the operator responsible for maintaining services to the weapons systems (here - POINT) sits next to the operator in charge of ship-wide services (here - POINT) - so although the WMC operators are not facing eachother, the lines of communication have been thought through.
- Just to round things off, in this brief run through the type 45 PMS, here’s a zone control post (a ZCP). There are 4 of these posts – one in each of the ship’s damage control zones – and outside of the SCC these are the main PMS operating points – the other two being the Bridge and the Ops Room. This is actually ZCP 1 - and I’d like to point out the console with all required communication devices and reversionary panels - the Fire & Flood panel for example - within easy reach. The ZCPs also feature a separate briefing screen so one operator can be updating the PMS with Damage info while the officer in charge briefs the various associated mobile repair parties.
- So in conclusion, we believe the type 45 is a step change in platform management for the Royal Navy. The PMS has been designed explicitly to meet real-world demands, and this has been achieved by capturing operator expertise within the design process. And we believe the end result will be a significant enhancement in the effectiveness of the warship’s crew in fighting the Internal Battle. Thank you for listening. David and I will now be happy to answer any questions you have.