2. Year 1992:
Characterized by land clashes in most parts
of the country, but especially the RV;
Two main presidential candidates – Moi and
Odinga;
Emergence of many civil society
organizations;
Formation of political parties under newly
introduced era of multi-particism;
Most unpopular voter result;
Voter buying and bribery

3. Characterized by rigging, albeit to a
lesser extent;
Characterized by ethnic/tribal voting;
Violence in Rift Valley (Burnt Forest);
Coast (Kilifi, Mombasa)
Most crowded presidential race;
IPPG initiative with minimum reform
package negotiated by different political
parties

4. Vote counting at polling stations;
Crowding of CSOs in terms of active
roles in the electioneering process;
Coalition of parties against Moi [KANU];
Electorate/popular protest vote against
incumbent president Moi;
Characterized by massive activism;
Fear and despondency;
Successful media strategy

5.  Deaths of prominent leaders in NARC;
 Expanded freedom of expression;
 Fall-out among NARC leaders (hence the BIRTH and
DEATH of the NARC dream;
 Political groupings and re-alignments (the orange and
banana politics);
 A vibrant opposition politics – even from the Government
side;
 A very competitive, parked and charged political
atmosphere fanned by constitutional referendum results;
 Compounding insecurity – and emergence of militia
groups like Mungiki in Central and SLDF in Mt. Elgon, etc;
 Dubious 9th Parliament and a murky era of reforms;
 Emergence of new corruption cases: anglo-leasing, etc

6.  A rigged/stolen election?
 Sporadic violence across most of the Country especially Rift
Valley, Nyanza, Western, Coast – opposition [orange]
strongholds leading to Over 1,300 deaths; Massive destruction
of property (in Kshs. Billions); Over 300,000 IDPs in Camps;
 Economic decline (Negative publicity – tourism; poor harvests
hence current food shortages, escalating commodity prices,
etc);
 Social/Political instability;
 International intervention (Koffi Anan; Panel of Eminent
Personalities);
 Signing of National Peace accord;
 Establishment of a coalition government [with appointment of
a Prime Minister with a power sharing deal];
 Enactment of Commissions: Krigler Commission; Waki
Commission;
 Disbandment of the ECK; Establishment of the new IECK;
 National reconciliation and peace building forums

7. Kriggler Commission;
Waki Commission;
Passing, Promulgation and enactment of Katiba;
Reforms incl. establishment of IEBC
Indictment of Suspects to ICC
ICC Confirmation of Charges
IEBC and Boundaries Politics
Party Fall-Outs/Re-allignments
Electioneering Politics (Incl. Controversy over
election date)