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EBM.ppt
1. EYE BLINK MONITORING
SYSTEM (EBM)
Project to prevent accident due to drowsiness
“Driving to save lives, time, and money in spite of the conditions around you and the actions of others.”.
2. PROJECT GUIDE
Under The Guidance Of : R.KARTHI KUMAR
Designation : Assistant Professor
4. ABSTRACT
Now-a-days there are perceptible road accidents occurring due to many reasons. Carelessness of driver is one of
the important reasons for accidents particularly due to drowsiness during nights. The main objective of our project is to
design a system which monitors the driver and acknowledges him/her, if he/she was sleepy while he/she is driving a
vehicle. This project provides Eye Blink Monitoring System (EBM) that will alert the driver in drowsiness. A system for
monitoring eye movements would be useful in warning drivers when they fall asleep. The driver’s eye is continuously
monitored using an IR sensor. The eye is illuminated by an IR LED, which is powered by the +5V power supply and
the reflected light is recorded by an IR photo diode. The IR photo diode converts this reflected light into electrical
signal and given to Op-Amp. The output of Op-Amp depends on the intensity of light received by the IR photo diode.
The micro-controller drives the buzzer according to output of Op-Amp. The digital display provides various messages
to the user. When the eye is open, maximum amount of light will be reflected from the eye because our eyeball is
transparent, while minimum of light will be reflected from the eye, when it is closed as skin part of eye is opaque. The
normal eye blink rate will have no effect on the output of the system. If Driver fell asleep, then IR sensor receives
abnormal blinking rate and an alarm will ring, steering will vibrate and error message will be displayed in the particular
console to wake him/her up advice to drive safely. It can be used on day time as well as night time also with real time
data.
6. INTRODUCTION
Vehicle accidents are most common if the driving is inadequate. These happen on most factors if
the driver is drowsy or if he is alcoholic. Driver drowsiness is recognized as an important factor in the
vehicle accidents. It was demonstrated that driving performance deteriorates with increased drowsiness
with resulting crashes constituting more than 20% of all vehicle accidents. But the life lost once cannot
be re-winded. Advanced technology offers some hope avoid these up to some extent.
This project involves measure and controls the eye blink using IR sensor. The IR transmitter is used
to transmit the infrared rays in our eye. The IR receiver is used to receive the reflected infrared rays of
eye. If the eye is closed means the output of IR receiver is high otherwise the IR receiver output is low.
This to know the eye is closing or opening position. This output is give to logic circuit to indicate the
alarm.
7. This project involves controlling accident due to unconscious through Eye
blink. Here one eye blink sensor is fixed in vehicle where if anybody looses
conscious and indicate through alarm.
A car simulator study was designed to collect physiological data for validation
of this technology. Methodology for analysis of physiological data, independent
assessment of driver drowsiness and development of drowsiness detection
algorithm by means of sequential fitting and selection of regression models is
presented.
8. BASIC SYSTEM
The block diagram depicts the total blue print of the proposed project. The
total essence and the functioning of the project is represented in a single block
diagram. The block diagram mainly consists of 4 parts. They include
LM358 Comparator
Eye Blink Sensor
LCD
8051 Micro-controller
Buzzer
10. PARTS OF THE SYSTEM
IR Sensing Circuit
Buzzer
LM358 Comparator
AT89C51 Microcontroller
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
POWER SUPPLY
Micro vision Keil
12. Infrared transmitter is one type of LED which emits infrared rays generally called as IR Transmitter. Similarly
IR Receiver is used to receive the IR rays transmitted by the IR transmitter. One important point is both IR
transmitter and receiver should be placed straight line to each other.
The transmitted signal is given to IR transmitter whenever the signal is high, the IR transmitter LED is
conducting it passes the IR rays to the receiver. The IR receiver is connected with comparator. The comparator is
constructed with LM 358 operational amplifier. In the comparator circuit the reference voltage is given to
inverting input terminal. The non inverting input terminal is connected IR receiver. When interrupt the IR rays
between the IR transmitter and receiver, the IR receiver is not conducting. So the comparator non inverting input
terminal voltage is higher then inverting input. Now the comparator output is in the range of +5V. This voltage is
given to microcontroller or PC and led so led will glow.
When IR transmitter passes the rays to receiver, the IR receiver is conducting due to that non inverting input
voltage is lower than inverting input. Now the comparator output is GND so the output is given to
microcontroller or PC. This circuit is mainly used to for counting application, intruder detector etc.
14. A buzzer or beeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles, household
appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most commonly consists of a number of switches or
sensors connected to a control unit that determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed,
and usually illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the form of a
continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was based on an electromechanical
system which was identical to an electric bell without the metal gong (which makes the ringing noise).
Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as a sounding board. Another
implementation with some AC-connected devices was to implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise
loud enough to drive a loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more
popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually
these were hooked up to "driver" circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.
16. The LM358 consist of two independent, high gain, internally
frequency compensated operational amplifiers which were designed
specifically to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of
voltage. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the low
power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power
supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifier, DC gain
blocks and all the conventional OP-AMP circuits which now can be easily
implemented in single power supply systems.
17. Features:
• Internally Frequency Compensated for Unity Gain
• Large DC Voltage Gain: 100dB
• Wide Power Supply Range: LM358 3V~32V (or ±1.5V~ 16V)
• Input Common Mode Voltage Range Includes Ground
• Large Output Voltage Swing: 0V DC to Vcc -1.5V DC
• Power Drain Suitable for Battery Operation.
19. Microcontroller is a general purpose device, which integrates a number of the components of a
microprocessor system on to single chip. It has inbuilt CPU, memory and peripherals to make it as a mini
computer. A microcontroller combines on to the same microchip:
The CPU core
Memory(both ROM and RAM)
Some parallel digital i/o
Microcontrollers will combine other devices such as:
A timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain time periods.
A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between the controller and other devices such as a PIC or another
microcontroller.
An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for processing.
20. Micro controller is a stand alone unit, which can perform functions on its own without any requirement for additional
hardware like I/O ports and external memory.
The heart of the microcontroller is the CPU core. In the past, this has traditionally been based on a 8-bit microprocessor
unit. For example Motorola uses a basic 6800 microprocessor core in their 6805/6808 microcontroller devices.
In the recent years, microcontrollers have been developed around specifically designed CPU cores, for example the
microchip PIC range of microcontrollers.
AT89C51 is the 40 pins, 8 bit Microcontroller manufactured by Atmel group. It is the flash type reprogrammable
memory. Advantage of this flash memory is we can erase the program with in few minutes. It has 4kb on chip ROM and 128
bytes internal RAM and 32 I/O pin as arranged as port 0 to port 3 each has 8 bit bin .Port 0 contain 8 data line(D0-D7) as
well as low order address line(AO-A7).
Port 2 contain higher order address line (A8-A15). Port 3 contains special purpose register such as serial input receiver
register SBUF, interrupt INT0,INT1 and timers T0 , T1 many of the pins have multi functions which can be used as general
purpose I/O pins (or) Special purpose function can be decided by the programmer itself.
21. Features:
4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory
Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
Three-Level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters
Six Interrupt Sources
Programmable Serial Channel
Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes
22. LIQUID CRYSTAL
DISPLAY
An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass
plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in
between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.
One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These polarisers would rotate the light rays passing through them to a
definite angle, in a particular direction
When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of
the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.
When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays
passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in activating / highlighting the desired characters.
The LCD’s are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCD’s consume less power, they are compatible with low
power electronic circuits, and can be powered for long durations.
The LCD’s don’t generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The
LCD’s have long life and a wide operating temperature range. Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively simple which makes
the LCD’s more customer friendly.
24. POWER SUPPLY
The power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage
regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a steady dc voltage is obtained by
rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc level, and finally, regulating
to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is usually obtained
from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and provides a
somewhat lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input dc
voltage varies, or the output load connected to the dc voltage changes.
25. MICRO VISION KEIL
Keil is a cross compiler. So first we have to understand the concept of compilers and cross compilers. After then we shall learn how to
work with keil.
• IDE (Integrated Development environment)
• Project Manager
• Simulator
• Debugger
• C Cross Compiler , Cross Assembler, Locator/Linker
Keil Software provides you with software development tools for the 8051 family of microcontrollers. With these tools, you can generate
embedded applications for the multitude of 8051 derivatives. Keil provides following tools for 8051 development
1. C51 Optimizing C Cross Compiler,
2. A51 Macro Assembler,
3. 8051 Utilities (linker, object file converter, library manager),
4. Source-Level Debugger/Simulator,
5. µVision for Windows Integrated Development Environment.
26. CONCLUSION
Eye based control will be the future of all types of device control, thus making the
operation so comfortable and much easier with less human presence. Several risk
operations can be easily performed with this type of application and further research and
study on these areas will create a new trend of interacting with machines. Hence, a system
to monitor fatigue by detecting eye blink & head movement was developed using self
developed algorithms.
1. The normal blinking rate of eye is not affected.
2. When the driver is awake, the system will be in standby mode.
3. When the driver tends to sleep, the system sounds an alarm, causing the driver
to wake up & concentrate on driving.
27. ADVANTAGES
• Simple setup.
• Remote detection - no mechanical contact with eye.
• Stray visible and IR light not affected.
• Our system does not require the restraint of the external eyelids.
• Head movement not affected.
• Excellent frequency characteristics (DC to more than 500 Hz).
• Excellent working distance (15-25 mm).
28. DISADVANTAGES
• Difficult to calibrate using common units of eye blink
measurement. (e.g. mm of eyelid displacement)
• The signal is proportional to the exposed area of the eyeball.
Independent measurements of the individual eyelids are not possible
29. APPLICATION
Automobiles.
Security Guard Cabins.
Operators at nuclear power plants where continuous monitoring is
necessary.
Pilots of airplane.
Military application where high intensity monitoring of soldier is
needed.
