Historical Development of Unions
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Historical Development of Unions
- 1. 1 The Development and Evolution of Unions Historical Perspective: Analyze the Evolution of Unions HRM7003-8 Week: 2 Courtney Cavall Northcental University February 2014February 2014
- 2. Unions: Worker Representation In The United States Union: Created organized groups allows for Stronger bargaining power larger the group the more power Job protection: legal representation Professionalism: group to represent a professional group of specified labor Early Labor Unions 1869 Knights of Labor Skilled and unskilled 1886 American Federation of Labor Craft unions were more exclusive than the Knights of Labor The Rise of Labor Unions & Collective Bargaining. Collective bargaining purpose in the union supported 2 U.S. Department of Labor (2012) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
- 3. 3 American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organization
- 4. 4 1800s- 1900s Strikes Strikes: one of the most powerful methods to create changes in the labor movement. Wikipedia, (2015) photo of Teamsters wielding pipes fought with police in the roads of Minneapolis in a 1934 strike. 1894 Pullman Strike. •Debs's union announced that if a switchman was fired because he refused to move Pullman cars all the union members would walk off the job •Pullman workers went on strike without authorization of their union the workers most union members belonged to the American Railroad Union (ARU) which was established by Eugene V. Debs who protested for low wages, workers were injured on the job, and the 30 men who were killed due to unsafe equipment (Brendel, 1994) Wikipedia, (2015) two women tailors shown in the image on strike in New York City in February, 1910. ! Female!tailors!on!strike,!New!York!City,!February,!1910! ! Teamsters,!wielding!pipes,!clash!with!armed!police!in!the!streets!of!Minneapolis!during! a!1934!strike.! ! ! Female!tailors!on!strike,!New!York!City,!February,!1910! ! Teamsters,!wielding!pipes,!clash!with!armed!police!in!the!streets!of!Minneapolis!during! a!1934!strike.! ! 4
- 5. 1 1800s & 1900s Human & Civil Rights Violation Child Labor violations •The photo of a young girl to the right named Estelle Poiriere, 15 year-old an employee of Doffer Granite which was the number one mill in Massachusetts •The image from the 1900’s shows a covered laceration on her index and middle finger, after being tangled in a card machine while working •This is one example of devastating times had on children. Violations •Historically women, children, and different racial groups had minimal say prior to the war with regards to labor rights. •No welfare •6- day work weeks and 12-hour days Photo is from the U.S. Department of Labor (2012) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division 5
- 6. In 1914 Henry Ford doubled the average wage for employees and paid his workers $5 per day, this started a period of tremendous growth in the US economy. His motives were about retaining his best workers during a time when there was heavy turnover (Weingarten, 2014). 1914 Henry Ford From the article by Weingarten (2014) an image of a 1910 Model T Ford, Salt Lake City, Utah. The photograph is for an advertisement, and taken by Harry Shipler of Shipler Commercial Photographers in 1910. (Image Source: Wikipedia Commons/Harry Shipler) 1913 President Taft Creates Labor Department President William Howard Taft signed the Organic Act creating the U.S. Department of Labor, on the last day of his presidency after much opposition; he did not want the bill to pass in his term of being president. U.S. Department of Labor (2015)President William H. Taft signing the Act into law on March 4, 1913 6
- 7. 7 Labor Union Shifts In The 19300’s This stance in the 1930s shifted after public policies changed its direction to offer unequivocal mechanisms to facilitate employee business matters and at the same time provide protection for these groups once they were set in place (Gallaway, 2010). The Great Depression, which occurred in 1929, started the beginning of changes marked in public policy. In the 1930s wages fell at a rapid pace due many factors but the outcome lead to the depression (Gallaway, 2010). President Hoover revolted demanding there had to be a better method to deal with fluctuating business changes and wage variations. His philosophy was the high-wage doctrine was suggested by President to alleviate low wages and unemployment rates, his philosophy of the economy and wage rates reflected an ebb and flow concept (Gallaway, 2010). Library(of(Congress,(Prints(and( Photographs(Collec/ on( 1930’s(LABOR(UNION(SHIFTS( U.S. Department of Labor (2012) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
- 8. 1 The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 or the Wagner Act was amended by the Taft-Hartley Act 1964 Congress passed Public Law 88-352. •The United labor relation’s framework was established to prohibited actions of unfair labor practices Assured coverage of workers rights to giving them to right to organize and join labor movements as well as; choose representatives, bargain collectively, and to strike (A+E Networks, 2015). •Controlling or interfering in the formation of a labor unions (A+E Networks, 2015). •Restraining interference of any employee who selects to engage their rights to participate in an organization/labor union and bargain collectively (A+E Networks, 2015). •Executing special conditions on an employment to encourage or discourage union membership are prohibited (A+E Networks, 2015). •Dismissing or discrimination against an employee one of their employees (A+E Networks, 2015) U.S. Department of Labor (2012) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division 8
- 9. 1 Influential People Connected To The Union 1948 A Man of Action Maurice Tobin He began his 25 years as a politician he was one of the main supporters of this action. The Fair Employment Practices Bill passed as named as A Man of Action, prohibiting discrimination based on race, religion or national origin 1953 The Plumber President Eisenhower Known originally as a odd man out and a plumber who was an apprentice who worked his way up to become president of his union. 1972 A Man of Ideas John T. Dunlop The award was given to Harvard University professor John T. Dunlop advised all further presidents starting with President Roosevelt to President Clinton. He served as secretary of labor only a year before he resigned in office due to the fact that he protested an order of the executive branch choice limiting union demonstrations. His work as both as a economic counselor and chair to The National Commission on Productivity and the Construction Industry Stabilization Committee. U.S. Department of Labor (2012) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division 9
- 10. 10 Hild’s Essay: American Historical Review, 2008. Radicalism: Revolutionary Alternative In the 1930s public policy shifted its direction to offer explicit methods for the facilitation of worker organization, which created the present era for public protection in labor unions (Hild, 2008). Hild’s (2008), research paper review on a collection of books gave information to demonstrate that radicalism was essential in the reconstruction and core identity of us labor pool. The article also shows that standing changes in US history have been associated with unions and southern radicalism, which was key to promote social equality (Hild, 2008). Organizations challenged existing power structures and the theme in southern history behind many radical protests (Hild, 2008). The alliance of the democratic parties supported the common interests of the common people (Hild, 2008). 10
- 11. Table 3. Panagopoulos and Francia (2008)The Gallup Poll question: Are you for or against labor unions? (for/against/no opinion) and Are you in favor of labor unions? (yes/no/no opinion) (p. 138). Disapprove=D and Approve =A Polls Trends: Labor Unions in the United States Panagopoulos and Francia (2008) The Gallup Poll Year A(%) D (%) 2005 58 33 1991 60 30 1981 55 35 1972a 60 26 1961a 67 21 1953 75 18 Year A(%) D (%) 1951b 67 20 1941c 61 30 1940c 68 22 1937c 73 21 11
- 12. 1 Table 1. Panagopoulos and Francia (2008) The Gallup Poll question: Are you a member of a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union (p.139). 2005 13 15,685,000 2004 13 15,472,000 2002 13 16,146,000 2000 14 16,258,000 1998 14 16,211,000 1996 15 16,269,000 1994 16 16,748,000 1992 16 16,390,000 1990 16 16,740,000 198 8 17 17,002,000 198 6 18 16,975,000 198 4 19 17,340,000 198 2 22 19,571,000 198 0 23 20,968,000 197 8 25 21,756,000 197 6 28 22,153,000 197 4 28 22,165,000 197 2 29 21,205,000 1970 30 20,990,000 1968 30 20,017,000 1966 30 18,922,000 1964 30 17,597,000 1962 30 16,893,000 1960 29 15,516,000 1958 30 15,570,000 1956 31 16,446,000 1954 32 15,808,000 1952 32 15,632,000 1950 32 14,294,000 1948 32 14,271,000 Year % of U.S. Labor that are union members that year Total Union Members NOTE.—CPS/BLS, Current Population Survey/Bureau of Labor Statistics (Panagopoulos & Francia, 2008, p 139). Panagopoulos and Francia (2008) The Gallup Poll 12
- 13. A+E Networks. (2015). Labor Movement - Facts & Summary. A&E Television Networks, LLC., pp. 1-9. Retrieved February 12, 2015 from http://www.aenetworks.com/) Barbash, J., (1975). Chapter 6, Unions and Rights in the Space Age. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved February 12, 2015 from http://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/ Brendel, M. (1994 December). The Pullman Strike. Ogden Elementary School, Chicago, Illinois History. Illinois Periodicals Online (IPO). Retrieved February 12, 2015 from http:// www.lib.niu.edu/1994/ihy941208.html Gallaway, L. E. (2010). Unions, the high-wage doctrine, and employment. CATO Journal, 30(1) 197-213. Kniffin, K. M. (2011). Organizing to organize: The case of a successful long-haul campaign for collective bargaining rights. Labor Studies Journal, 36(3), 333-362. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Retrieved February 12, 2015 from www.trumanlibrary.org 13 References
- 14. References Hild, M. (2008). Class and the color line: Interracial class coalition in the Knights of Labor and the populist movement. American Historical Review, 113(3), 837-838. History.com Staff. (2009). Labor Movement. A+E Networks, History.com. Retrieved February 6, 2015 from at http://www.history.com/topics/labor Hogan, A. (2014). Union Power in the States: Lost Pay, More Taxpayer Debt. Union Watch, pp. 1-8. Retrieved February 12, 2015 from http://unionwatch.org/union-power-in-the-states-lost-pay-more-taxpayer-debt/ Panagopoulos, C., & Francia, P. L. (2008). The polls – trends: Labor unions in the United States. Pynes, J. (2009). Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations: A Strategic Approach. Third (3rd) Edition. Retrieved February 12, 2015 from http://www.dol.gov/100/timeline/#48 U.S. Department of Labor, (2012). The U.S. Department of Labor Historical Timeline. Department of Labor. Retrieved February 12, 2015 from http://www.dol.gov/100/timeline/#48 14
Editor's Notes
- Presentation: The director of a company requested for me to hold a meeting for all staff and review the historical evolution of labor unions within the United States. Within your organization, there has been talk about potentially forming a union. However, many are not sure of the need or really what the term “unionizing” is all about. Presentation will remain neutral and unbiased for or against a union. Hold a meeting for all staff that reviews the historical evolution of labor unions. Attendees: staff members and line production employees The presentation is structured to inform and explain The union movements Address benefits and issues with a union shop. Evolution of labor laws to coincide with union progress. Historical perspective of unions
- Unions formed strategic alliances in efforts to move towards the common goal for workers rights and drove for the protection and expansion in a high majority of labor rights movements, advocating for the interests of all workers. Labor unions typically acted in line with other advocacy groups in order to fight for the common interest of peoples labor rights, acting as an ally with other non-bargaining agents for worker representation (A+E Networks, 2015). Labor movement shows a clear distinction of old verse new movements in the workforce rules and structures (A+E Networks, 2015). Wages/conditions Self-insurance Legal enactment Workplace rights Adequate form of worker representation
- Randolph (2015). American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organization. Information retrieved from about the http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/
- 1820s Collective Bargaining: Unions negotiated for improved wages and benefits. Process of collectively barging to represent the workers and labor unions have agents that which collectively barging (A+E Networks, 2015). In the collective bargaining process everyone is covered by the same terms and conditions of employments (A+E Networks, 2015). Workers rights even today are consistently violated by US employers, mistreatment of worker comes in The labor movement arose from the initial need to protect the common interest of workers from trades’ workers otherwise known as artisan working in a free wage-labor market (A+E Networks, 2015).
- 1865-1900The Age of Industry. After the Civil War, American capitalism was encouraged by scientists, inventors, and entrepreneurs, transforming US government, transformed the U.S. into an frontrunner in comparison to other industrial countries. Many different forms of violations occur with regards to human & civil rights violation eventually by the end of World War II over 12 million workers became union members and equal rights for fair treatments to all racial groups and races was strengthened by the unions and its members (A+E Networks, 2015).
- President William Howard Taft did not want the bill to pass in his term of being president. He did not see the need for a new department to be created without a reorganization of every department in the government and a redistribution of the bureaus. He did not see the need for a new department to be created without a reorganization of every department in the government and a redistribution of the bureaus. Reserve Board member Ben Bemanke was quoted in 1989 as stating "Higher real wages may have paid for themselves in the broader sense that their positive effect on aggregate demand compensated for their tendency to raise costs" (Gallaway, 2010, p. 18) An important paradoxes in the economy right now is that laborers in any company can help save their jobs if they would just accept wages which are lower and at the same time companies in this economy can cut wages and also higher more people who are on unemployment (Gallaway, 2010). Increasing minimum wage creates a wealthier and contests “inequality” and raises individual incomes of people in the US government sanction (Weingarten, 2014)
- 1927 Fair Pay for Longshore and Harbor Workers. The longshore and Harbor Workers Compensation Act gave both longshore and harbor workers a like compensation that was equal to that given to state workers. It also compensates for lost wages, medical benefits, and rehabilitation services to longshore, harbor and other maritime workers who are injured during their employment or who contract an occupational disease related to employment. 1930 BLS Begins Collecting Unemployment Data. The Bureau of Labor Statistics is only agency collecting information for employment data in the 1930s, so congress authorizes BLS to collect unemployment data as well to record the highs and lows. 1935 National Labor Relations Act Codifies Worker Protections. The National Labor Relations Act defines unfair labor practices and protects workers' rights to strike and collectively bargain. The National Labor Relations Board is created to enforce the new law.
- 1935 National Labor Relations Act Codifies Worker Protections. The National Labor Relations Act defines unfair labor practices and protects workers' rights to strike and collectively bargain. The National Labor Relations Board is created to enforce the new law. 1935 National Labor Relations Act continued unchanged for 10 years. In 1947 it the National Labor Relations Act was amended by the Taft-Hartley Act which became law (Hogan, 2014). The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 Now the Wagner Act United States unlike most other industrial democracies, which are advanced, is unique in its labor relation’s framework. The Wagner and Taft–Hartley Acts, does not allow managers or supervisors to bargain collectively (Givan, 2007). Represented legislative changes for which are still reflected in todays present era for the protection of public of labor unions (Gallaway, 2010). The AFL-CIO served important functions to fight discriminatory actions in place by the then present day legislation, in 1964 for civil rights, unions anticipated that legislation might protest against them (A+E Networks, 2015).
- 1962 The Negotiator Arthur J. Goldberg Was general counsel for the United Steelworkers of America and is the chief legal counsel for the AFL-CIO merger in 1955 and served as secretary of labor, known for backing the civil rights and raising minimum wage, as well as intervening for steelworkers strike to negotiate a deal. 1973 The Worker Peter J. Brennan Once an apprenticeship that eventually becomes the lead for union worker 2001 The Achiever Elaine L. Chao Pursued regulatory and legislative reforms to keep labor union financial disclosure regulations up to date, she also assisted on the revision of white-collar regulations under the Fair Labor Standards Act.
- Although the Knights of Labor and the Populist parties collapsed after the nineteenth century, the parties both perpetuated change and showed that through the representation of shared interests coalitions formed and changed occurred due to concepts related to boundary crossing and the failure of structures to organize (Hild, 2008).
- The survey results conveyed in Panagopoulos & Francia (2008) research paper were based on information that was obtained from the iPOLL Databank and resources offered through the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at the University of Connecticut. Research on the polls suggest there is a Confidence Gap as seen in the past, there was little confidence in unions and union leaders, yet the public held a positive regard for evaluations of labor unions to ensure the protection of workers to avoid suffering mistreatment at the hands of their employers (Panagopoulos & Francia, 2008). .
- Table 1. Panagopoulos & Francia (2008) current population survey from the Bureau of Labor Statistics poll question to the American public asking if there were a member of a labor union or a similar employee association like the union (p.138). The results showed that in 2005 only 13 percent of U.S. Workforce stated they were members of a union (or associated labor group) where as in 1948 there was 32 percent of the workforce that were Union Members. Despite drops in union membership as Labor unions ability to win has picky backed on public sympathy but for the most part Americans tend to be pro-capitalist and this may possibly be why there is a drop in union membership (Panagopoulos & Francia, 2008). Since the thirties American people approve of the union despite that dropping rate of membership of the years. Even thought the data from the polls results indicated that Americans may be skeptical in there views of leaders of the union, Americans do recognize sufficient need for unions for the overall protection of workers rights (Panagopoulos & Francia, 2008). Recent developments have suggested labor unions declining but the research on organized labor has suggested that the support from the pubic still remains strong in its positive perception of the union. Even though membership has dropped Americans approve of the union overall.