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2013 AFS Sustained Noise Effects_Christa Woodley
- 1. The Application of the FIT Model to Sustained Noise CHRISTA M. WOODLEY, MARK A. WEILAND, ALLISON B. COFFIN*, MICHELE B. HALVORSEN, THOMAS J. CARLSON September 15, 2013 1 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory *Washington State University, Vancouver AFS, Preparing for the Challenges Ahead, Little Rock, AR
- 2. Soundscape: Aquatic Ecology September 15, 2013 2 AIRPLANE GRASS & WIND BIRD ECHO OF AIRPLANE WIND WAVES
- 3. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 133, 2586 (2013) Underwater Soundscape
- 4. Perspective on SPL Oil-prospecting, air guns, lightening 260 Cargo Ship 192 Tissue Damage 170 Instant Perforation of Eardrum 160 Jet at Takeoff 140 Threshold of Pain 130 Threshold of Discomfort 120 Front Row of Rock Concert Large Orchestra 100 Vacuum Cleaner 80 Busy Street Traffic Normal Conversation 60 Wind Blowing Quiet Library 40 Whisper 20 Rustling Leaves Threshold of Hearing 0 ESTIMATED Sound Pressure Level (dB) Coastal Pacific Ocean waves (80-108 dB)
- 5. Hearing Capabilities 2009 Nat. Geo. 5 Lateral Lines + Otoliths
- 6. Sound Stressor - Loudness (dB) - Spectral Content (frequencies, amplitudes, range) - Temporal Content (millisecond or hours, mo.s) Environment - Temp., DO, Light, Season, Turbidity - Habitat stability - Chemical or Predator presence - Intraspecific reaction Physiological and Behavioral State - Activity State - Foraging State - Reproduction State - Age - Exposure and Experience Perception of Sound
- 7. Sustained Noise Knowledge Drilling/fracking noise can be +55 dB at setback distance 1067m The compressor stations are constant and semi-permanent sound sources No current estimates dB or spectral content Current regulations are based on single source estimates Fail to sum the various processes together Few regulations on proximity to neighboring water bodies No current monitoring of noise effects on neighboring water bodies 7
- 8. Effects of sustained sound: Is there evidence of sound effects: on development to describe the onset of effects sub-lethal and lethal effects Woodley et al. 2013 8
- 9. Hatchery steelhead have fewer neuromasts #ofneuromasts Brown et al. 2013 PLoS One
- 10. Onset of effects- tidal turbine noise 10 SPL(dBre1µPa) Frequency (Hz)Halvorsen et al. 2013 in review Halvorsen et al. 2013 in review Halvorsen et al. 2013 in review
- 11. MORTAL INJURY Rank Wt Dead or moribund 1 5 Damage: Liver 2 5 Damage: Kidney 3 5 Embolism: Heart 4 5 Hemorrhage: Heart 5 5 Hemorrhage: Liver 6 5 Hemorrhage: Kidney 7 5 SIGNIFICANT INJURY Rank Wt Embolism: Kidney 8 3 Damage: Swimbladder 9 3 Damage: Spleen 10 3 Hemorrhage: Spleen 11 3 Hemorrhage: GI Tract 12 3 Hemorrhage: Swimbladder 13 3 Damage: Vent (Prolapse) 14 3 Hemorrhage: Fat 15 3 Embolism: Swimbladder 16 3 Hemorrhage: Capillaries 17 3 Hemorrhage: Isthmus 18 3 Hemorrhage: Gill(s) 19 3 Hemorrhage: Eye(s) 20 3 Hematoma: Heart 21 3 SLIGHT INJURY Rank Wt Hematoma: Liver 22 1 Embolisms: Fat 23 1 Hematoma: GI Tract 24 1 Hemorrhage: Caudal Peduncle 25 1 Hematoma: Swimbladder 26 1 Hematoma: Fat 27 1 Hemorrhage: Dorsal Fin 28 1 Hematoma: Vent 29 1 Hematoma: Operculum 30 1 Hemorrhage: Fins 31 1 Hematoma: Caudal Peduncle 32 1 Hematoma: Fins 33 1 F.I.T. (Fish Index of Trauma) Reduced to 33 injuries Ranked by physiological costs Ranked for severity of injury (~8400 observations) Grouped by “Mortal”, “Significant”, “Slight” Woodley et al. 2013
- 12. 24 hrs sustained noise exposure 12 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 Proportionofinjuryoccurance (unweighted) CONTROL BASS EXPOSED BASS Halvorsen et al. 2013 in review
- 13. 13 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 Proportionofinjuryoccurance (unweighted) CONTROL SALMON EXPOSED SALMON Halvorsen et al. 2013 in review 24 hrs sustained noise exposure
- 14. Summary Sustained noise evidence of effects: Hatchery raceway Development variation Possibly attributed to sustained noise Tidal turbine 24 hrs exposure TTS, no PTS Tissue trauma Expect results to vary species, soundscape, and sound spectra Woodley et al. 2013 14
- 15. Next steps Assess sound levels in neighboring water bodies Assess the biota of the water body Determine if there are effects How to regulate or mitigate for such effects 15Halvorsen et al. 2013 in review
- 16. Questions? 16
Editor's Notes
- A soundscape is a sound or combination of sounds that refers to both the natural acoustic environment including animal vocalizations to sounds of water moving, weather,and other natural elementsEnvironmental sounds created by humansare often disruptive to these natural acoustic environments results in noise pollution.Acoustic Ecology as newerfield of study focuses on the relationship between soundscape and the listener/receiver; and thus puts it squarely into the centerof ecological thinking.The noise soundscape, such as this mountain lake, can often be very low; estimated 16 times lower than in an average suburban area.
- Underwater soundscapes are just as noisy and reflect both the sound generated on land as well as on top and within the waterSpectrograms and time series showing acoustic arrivals of wave groups (a and b) from the mooring off the Oregon coast during a period of average wave heights Hs = 2.74 m. A decibel (d B) is one tenth of a bel (B), i.e., 1B = 10dB. The decibel is commonly used in acoustics as a unit of sound pressure level.
- So lets look at normal activities sound levels, often referred to as SPLs, that is the sound pressure levels, into perspective. Something like whispering is about 20 db. While a vacuum cleaner “on” is about 80 db, and at jet plane taking off 140 db, while a cargo ship near the source is 192 db.The middle section with the green font are examples of noise levels that we know can, depending on the species, cause behavioral through startle responses in fish, and even TTS or PTS in fish.
- Fish have quite sensitive hearing given their ability to rely on lateral lines as well as actually hearing via the ototliths.The frequency of a sound is the number of cycles of a sound wave in one second. The unit of measurement is hertz (Hz).The higher the frequency, the more high-pitched a sound is perceived. The sounds produced by drums have much lower frequencies than those produced by a whistle, as shown in the following diagrams.
- 55 dB to put into perspective is about the same as a dishwasher running which is constant over 3-14 daysThe compression stations are located every 40-100 miles depending on the size of the operation, these are constant sound of noiseI do not have a noise dB rating for youNeighboring water bodies such as these are esp. vulnerable to low frequency sound from fracking activities
- Our co-author Alison Coffin at WSU started examining this every question… how much sound is needed for “normal” development.A portion of a her study examined the gross morphology-sensory, neuromasts, number. The lateral line is a system of sense organs found in aquatic vertebrates, chiefly fish, used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water. The sensory ability is achieved via modified epithelial cells, known as hair cells, which respond to displacement caused by motion, movement and transduce these signals into electrical impulses via excitatory synapses.
- Juvenile Chinook salmon and largemouth bass hearing is sensitive enough to hear tidal turbine noise up to about 350-400 Hz, which is also the frequency range (100-400 Hz) that contains most of the turbine noise energy. Furthermore, this figure illustrates the ability of tidal turbine noise to mask the audition in these fish species.
- Due to impact of over-pressurization wave with body surfacesMost commonly involve air-filled organs and air-fluid interfacesSwimbladderFat along swimbladder GI tractGastrointestinal tractCapillariesMesenteric ischemia from gas embolism may cause delayed rupture of large or small intestineIntestinal barotrauma more common with underwater air blast Solid organ injury less likely--