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Generalizing Scientific Machine Learning and Differentiable Simulation Beyond Continuous Models
- 1. Generalizing Scientific Machine Learning and Differentiable Simulation Beyond Continuous Models Chris Rackauckas VP of Modeling and Simulation, JuliaHub Research Affiliate, Co-PI of Julia Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, CSAIL Director of Scientific Research, Pumas-AI
- 2. How do we simultaneously use both sources of knowledge? Scientific Machine Learning is model-based data-efficient machine learning Good Predictions
- 3. Core Point: Differentiable Simulation is hard, but itβs worth investing more development time in.
- 4. Universal (Approximator) Differential Equations Rackauckas, Christopher, Yingbo Ma, Julius Martensen, Collin Warner, Kirill Zubov, Rohit Supekar, Dominic Skinner, Ali Ramadhan, and Alan Edelman. "Universal differential equations for scientific machine learning." arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.04385 (2020).
- 5. Universal (Approximator) Differential Equations
- 6. Letβs dive in a bit! Standard Machine Learning: Learn the whole model uβ=NN(u) trained on 21 days of data Can fit, but not enough information to accurately extrapolate Does not have the correct asymptotic behavior More examples of this issue: Ridderbusch et al. "Learning ODE Models with Qualitative Structure Using Gaussian Processes."
- 7. Universal ODE Replace Unknown Portion Replace Unknown Portion Infection rates: known From disease quantities Percentage of cases known to be severe, can be estimated Exposure: Unknown
- 8. Universal ODE -> Internal Sparse Regression Sparse Identification on only the missing term: I * 0.10234428543435758 + S/N * I * 0.11371750552005416 + (S/N) ^ 2 * I * 0.12635459799855597 Replace Unknown Portion Replace Unknown Portion Sparsity improves generalizability!
- 9. Scientific Machine Learning: Improving Predictions with Less Data Dandekar, R., Rackauckas, C., & Barbastathis, G. (2020). A machine learning-aided global diagnostic and comparative tool to assess effect of quarantine control in COVID-19 spread. Patterns, 1(9), 100145. Acquesta, E., Portone, T., Dandekar, R., Rackauckas, C., Bandy, R., & Huerta, J. (2022). Model-Form Epistemic Uncertainty Quantification for Modeling with Differential Equations: Application to Epidemiology (No. SAND2022-12823). Sandia National Lab.(SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States).
- 10. Accurate Model Extrapolation Mixing in Physical Knowledge Automated discovery of geodesic equations from LIGO black hole data: run the code yourself! https://github.com/Astroinformatics/Sc ientificMachineLearning/blob/main/ne uralode_gw.ipynb Keith, B., Khadse, A., & Field, S. E. (2021). Learning orbital dynamics of binary black hole systems from gravitational wave measurements. Physical Review Research, 3(4), 043101.
- 11. SciML Shows how to build Earthquake-Safe Buildings Structural identification with physics-informed neural ordinary differential equations Lai, Zhilu, Mylonas, Charilaos, Nagarajaiah, Satish, Chatzi, Eleni For a detailed walkthrough of UDEs and applications watch on Youtube: Chris Rackauckas: Accurate and Efficient Physics-Informed Learning Through Differentiable Simulation
- 12. The UDE formulation fairly generally allows for imposing prior known structure
- 13. UDEs Effectively Recover Nonlinearities of Epidemic Models Use SciML knowledge to constrain the interaction graph, but learn the nonlinearities!
- 14. Universal Differential Equations Predict Chemical Processes Santana, V. V., Costa, E., Rebello, C. M., Ribeiro, A. M., Rackauckas, C., & Nogueira, I. B. (2023). Efficient hybrid modeling and sorption model discovery for non- linear advection-diffusion-sorption systems: A systematic scientific machine learning approach. Chemical Engineering Science
- 15. Universal Differential Equations Predict Chemical Processes Santana, V. V., Costa, E., Rebello, C. M., Ribeiro, A. M., Rackauckas, C., & Nogueira, I. B. (2023). Efficient hybrid modeling and sorption model discovery for non- linear advection-diffusion-sorption systems: A systematic scientific machine learning approach. Chemical Engineering Science Recovers equations with the same 2nd order Taylor expansion
- 16. Julia Computing Confidential Scientific Machine Learning Digital Twins: More Realistic Results than Pure ML Physically-Informed Machine Learning Using knowledge of the physical forms as part of the design of the neural networks. Formulation: Koopman + SIREN + Physics Smoother, more accurate results ln(x) ex
- 17. Neuroblox: UDEs in Psychopharmacology
- 18. Many other SciML Methods can be rephrased as UDEs
- 19. Solving Semilinear Parabolic PDEs (Nonlinear Black-Scholes) by Learning Structured Stochastic Differential Equations β’ Semilinear Parabolic Form (Diffusion-Advection Equations, Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman, Black-Scholes) β’ Make (ππππ π»π»π») π‘π‘, ππ a neural network. β’ Solve the resulting SDEs and learn πππππ»π»π» via: Simplified: β’ Transform the PDE into a Backwards SDE: a stochastic boundary value problem. The unknown is a function! β’ Learn the unknown function via neural network. β’ Once learned, the PDE solution is known. Solving high-dimensional partial differential equations using deep learning, 2018, PNAS, Han, Jentzen, E
- 20. Solving Semilinear Parabolic PDEs (Nonlinear Black-Scholes) by Learning Structured Stochastic Differential Equations Solving high-dimensional partial differential equations using deep learning, 2018, PNAS, Han, Jentzen, E
- 21. Solving Semilinear Parabolic PDEs (Nonlinear Black-Scholes) by Learning Structured Stochastic Differential Equations β’ This is equivalent to training the universal SDE: β’ Solves a 100 dimensional PDE in minutes on a laptop! β’ As a universal SDE, we can solve this with high order (less neural network evaluations), adaptivity, etc. methods using DiffEqFlux.jl. Thus we automatically extend the deep BSDE method to better discretizations by using this interpretation!
- 22. Extending the Method: Learning Nonlinearities While Solving?
- 23. Does doing such methods require differentiation of the simulator?
- 24. 3D simulations are high resolution but too expensive. Can we learn faster models? High fidelity surrogates of ocean columns for climate models Ramadhan, Ali, John Marshall, Andre Souza, Gregory LeClaire Wagner, Manvitha Ponnapati, and Christopher Rackauckas. "Capturing missing physics in climate model parameterizations using neural differential equations." arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.12559 (2020). (Update going online in the next month)
- 25. Derive a 1D approximation to the 3D model Incorporate the βconvective adjustmentβ Only okay, but why? Neural Networks Infused into Known Partial Differential Equations
- 26. Good Engineering Principles: Integral Control!
- 27. The adjoint methods (start skipping from here) Method Stability Stiff Performance Scaling Memory Usage BacksolveAdjoint Poor Low. O(1) InterpolatingAdjoint Good High. Requires full continuous solution of forward QuadratureAdjoint Good Higher. Requires full continuous solution of forward and Lagrange multiplier BacksolveAdjoint (Checkpointed) Okay Medium. O(c) where c is the number of checkpoints InterpolatingAdjoint (Checkpointed) Good Medium. O(c) where c is the number of checkpoints ReverseDiffAdjoint Best Highest. Requires full forward and reverse AD of solve TrackerAdjoint Best Highest. Requires full forward and reverse AD of solve ForwardLSS/AdjointLSS/N ILSS Chaos Not even comparable: expensive. Super duper high OMG.
- 28. The adjoint equation is an ODE! How do you get z(t)? One suggestion: Reverse the ODE Timeseries is not stored, therefore O(1) in memory! Machine Learning Neural Ordinary Differential Equations Chen, Ricky TQ, et al. "Neural ordinary differential equations." Advances in neural information processing systems. 2018.
- 29. Rackauckas, Christopher, and Qing Nie. "Differentialequations. jlβa performant and feature-rich ecosystem for solving differential equations in julia." Journal of Open Research Software 5.1 (2017). Rackauckas, Christopher, and Qing Nie. "Confederated modular differential equation APIs for accelerated algorithm development and benchmarking." Advances in Engineering Software 132 (2019): 1-6. βAdjoints by reversingβ also is unconditionally unstable on some problems! Advection Equation: Approximating the derivative in x has two choices: forwards or backwards If you discretize in the wrong direction you get unconditional instability You need to understand the engineering principles and the numerical simulation properties of domain to make ML stable on it.
- 30. Problems With NaΓ―ve Adjoint Approaches On Stiff Equations Error grows exponentiallyβ¦ π’π’β² π‘π‘ = ππππ(π‘π‘), plot the error in the reverse solve: Kim, Suyong, Weiqi Ji, Sili Deng, and Christopher Rackauckas. "Stiff neural ordinary differential equations." Chaos (2021). How do you get u(t) while solving backwards? 3 options! 1. 2. Store u(t) while solving forwards (dense output) 3. Checkpointing Unstable High memory More Compute Each choices has an engineering trade-off!
- 31. Problems With NaΓ―ve Adjoint Approaches On Stiff Equations Error grows exponentiallyβ¦ π’π’β² π‘π‘ = ππππ(π‘π‘), plot the error in the reverse solve: Compute cost is cubic with parameter size when stiff Size of reverse ODE system is: 2π π π π π π π π π π π π + ππππππππππππππππππππ Linear solves inside of stiff ODE solvers, ~cubic Thus, adjoint cost: ππ π π π π π π π π π π π π + ππππππππππππππππππππ 3 Kim, Suyong, Weiqi Ji, Sili Deng, and Christopher Rackauckas. "Stiff neural ordinary differential equations." Chaos (2021).
- 32. Gives about a 10x performance improvement for adjoint calculations on PDEs βAdjointβ can mean many many different thingsβ¦ Ma, Yingbo, Vaibhav Dixit, Michael J. Innes, Xingjian Guo, and Chris Rackauckas. "A comparison of automatic differentiation and continuous sensitivity analysis for derivatives of differential equation solutions." In 2021 IEEE High Performance Extreme Computing Conference (HPEC), pp. 1-9. IEEE, 2021.
- 33. Therefore, any solver you can differentiate can do UDE things
- 34. Improving Coverage of Automatic Differentiation over Solvers https://scimlbase.sciml.ai/dev/ The SciML Common Interface for Julia Equation Solvers LinearSolve.jl: Unified Linear Solver Interface π΄π΄(ππ)π₯π₯ = ππ NonlinearSolve.jl: Unified Nonlinear Solver Interface ππ π’π’, ππ = 0 DifferentialEquations.jl: Unified Interface for all Differential Equations π’π’β² = ππ(π’π’, ππ, π‘π‘) ππππ = ππ π’π’, ππ, π‘π‘ ππππ + ππ π’π’, ππ, π‘π‘ πππππ‘π‘ Optimization.jl: Unified Optimization Interface minimize ππ π’π’, ππ subject to ππ π’π’, ππ β€ 0, β π’π’, ππ = 0 Integrals.jl: Unified Quadrature Interface οΏ½ ππππ π’π’π’π’ ππ π‘π‘, ππ ππππ Unified Partial Differential Equation Interface π’π’π‘π‘ = π’π’π₯π₯π₯π₯ + ππ π’π’ π’π’π‘π‘π‘π‘ = π’π’π₯π₯π₯π₯ + ππ(π’π’)
- 35. Differential Equations Go Beyond ODEs β’Discrete equations (function maps, discrete stochastic (Gillespie/Markov) simulations) β’Ordinary differential equations (ODEs) β’Split and Partitioned ODEs (Symplectic integrators, IMEX Methods) β’Stochastic ordinary differential equations (SODEs or SDEs) β’Stochastic differential-algebraic equations (SDAEs) β’Random differential equations (RODEs or RDEs) β’Differential algebraic equations (DAEs) β’Delay differential equations (DDEs) β’Neutral, retarded, and algebraic delay differential equations (NDDEs, RDDEs, and DDAEs) β’Stochastic delay differential equations (SDDEs) β’Experimental support for stochastic neutral, retarded, and algebraic delay differential equations (SNDDEs, SRDDEs, and SDDAEs) β’Mixed discrete and continuous equations (Hybrid Equations, Jump Diffusions) β’(Stochastic) partial differential equations ((S)PDEs) (with both finite difference and finite element methods) β¦ But if you keep adding solver choices, then youβre okay?
- 36. Unified Interfaces to Partial Differential Tooling Lots of Auto-Discretizers: β’ Physics-Informed NNs: NeuralPDE.jl β’ Finite Difference / WENO: MethodOfLines.jl β’ Neural Operators: NeuralOperators.jl β’ Finite Volume: Trixi.jl β’ Finite Element: Gridap.jl β’ Pseudospectral: ApproxFun.jl β’ High Dimension: HighDimPDE.jl
- 37. New SciML Docs: Comprehensive Documentation of Differentiable Simulation
- 38. SciML Interface Coverage is Growing: Bringing AD to All Solvers by Default LinearSolve.jl 1. SuiteSparse.jl (KLU, UMFPACK) 2. RecursiveFactorization.jl 3. Base.LinearAlgebra 4. FastLapackInterface.jl 5. Pardiso.jl 6. CUDA.jl (automated GPU offloading) 7. IterativeSolvers.jl 8. Krylov.jl 9. KrylovKit.jl β¦ More keep being added (PETSc, Magma, HSL, Hypre, Elemental, CuSolverRF, β¦) NonlinearSolve.jl 1. NLsolve.jl (KLU, UMFPACK) 2. SteadyStateDiffEq.jl 3. MINPACK 4. SUNDIALS (KINSOL) 5. New methods β¦ More keep being added (PETSc, SpeedMapping.jl, etc.)
- 39. SciML Interface Coverage is Growing: Bringing AD to All Solvers by Default Integrals.jl 1. QuadGK.jl 2. Cuba.jl 3. Cubature.jl 4. Hcubature.jl 5. MonteCarloIntegration.jl Optimization.jl
- 40. Whatβs something thatβs not quite βjust an ODEβ where the UDE technique can give an equation discovery method?
- 41. DeepNLME: Integrate neural networks into traditional NLME modeling DeepNLME is SciML-enhanced modeling for clinical trials β’ Automate the discovery of predictive covariates and their relationship to dynamics β’ Automatically discover dynamical models and assess the fit β’ Incorporate big data sources, such as genomics and images, as predictive covariates DeepNLME is SciML-enhanced modeling for clinical trials
- 42. From Dynamics to Nonlinear Mixed Effects (NLME) Modeling Goal: Learn to predict patient behavior (dynamics) from simple data (covariates) Covariates Structural Model (pre) Dynamics Math: Find (ππ, ππ) such that E ππ = 0 Intution: ππ (the random effects) are a fudge factor Find ππ (the fixed effect, or average effect) such that you can predict new patient dynamics as good as possible Requires special fitting procedures (Pumas)
- 43. We have been using Pumas software for our pharmacometric needs to support our development decisions and regulatory submissions. Pumas software has surpassed our expectations on its accuracy and ease of use. We are encouraged by its capability of supporting different types of pharmacometric analyses within one software. Pumas has emerged as our "go-to" tool for most of our analyses in recent months. We also work with Pumas-AI on drug development consulting. We are impressed by the quality and breadth of the experience of Pumas-AI scientists in collaborating with us on modeling and simulation projects across our pipeline spanning investigational therapeutics and vaccines at various stages of clinical development Husain A. PhD (2020) Director, Head of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Moderna Therapeutics, Inc The Impact of Pumas (PharmacUtical Modeling And Simulation) β Built on SciML
- 44. From Dynamics to Nonlinear Mixed Effects (NLME) Modeling Goal: Learn to predict patient behavior (dynamics) from simple data (covariates) Covariates Structural Model (pre) Dynamics Math: Find (ππ, ππ) such that E ππ = 0 Intution: ππ (the random effects) are a fudge factor Find ππ (the fixed effect, or average effect) such that you can predict new patient dynamics as good as possible How can we find these models?
- 45. From Dynamics to Nonlinear Mixed Effects (NLME) Modeling Goal: Learn to predict patient behavior (dynamics) from simple data (covariates) Covariates Structural Model (pre) Dynamics Math: Find (ππ, ππ) such that E ππ = 0 How can we find these models? Idea: Parameterize the model such that the models can be neural networks, where the weights of the neural networks are fixed effects! Indirect learning of unknown functions!
- 46. From Dynamics to Nonlinear Mixed Effects (NLME) Modeling
- 48. DeepNLME in Practice: Data Mining for Predictive Covariates Automate the discovery of covariate models β’ Train convolutional neural networks to incorporate images as covariates β’ Train transformer models to utilize natural language processing on electronic health records β’ Utilize automated model discovery to prune genomics data to find the predictive subset Utilize GPU acceleration for neural networks Currently being tested on clinical trial data
- 49. Can we generalize Differentiable Simulation beyond continuous models?
- 50. Differentiation of Chaotic Systems: Shadow Adjoints chaotic systems: trajectories diverge to o(1) error β¦ but shadowing lemma guarantees that the solution lies on the attractor β’ Shadowing methods in DiffEqSensitivity.jl β’ AD and finite differencing fails! https://frankschae.github.io/post/shadowing/
- 51. Differentiation of Chaotic Systems: Shadow Adjoints
- 52. Poisson Jump Equations: Stochastic Chemical Reactions Loman, Torkel, Yingbo Ma, Vasily Ilin, Shashi Gowda, Niklas Korsbo, Nikhil Yewale, Christopher Vincent Rackauckas, and Samuel A. Isaacson. "Catalyst: fast biochemical modeling with Julia." bioRxiv (2022).
- 53. ~100x performance improvements in Gillespie SSAs with Catalyst.jl
- 54. New Automatic Differentiation of Discrete Stochastic Spaces? Traditional AD Discrete Stochastic AD Automatic Differentiation of Programs with Discrete Randomness Accepted to NeurIPS 2022!
- 55. Infinitesimal Changes -> O(1) Changes
- 56. O(1) changes with infinitesimal probability
- 57. StochasticAD.jl: Unbiased Stochastic Derivatives with Linear Cost Perform AD on Agent- Based models, particle filters, chemical reactions, and more!
- 58. StochasticAD.jl on Agent-Based Models
- 59. But wait, why not PINNs? How does differentiable simulation compare to PINNs?
- 60. Keeping Neural Networks Small Keeps Speed For Inverse Problems DiffEqFlux.jl (Julia UDEs) DeepXDE (TensorFlow Physics-Informed NN) Problem: parameter estimation of Lorenz equation from data On t in (0,3)
- 61. Note on Neural Networks βOutperformingβ Classical Solvers
- 62. Note on Neural Networks βOutperformingβ Classical Solvers Oh no, weβre doomed!
- 63. Stay tunedβ¦ Juliaβs numerical solver is faster by 7,000x Julia: Laptop CPU DeepONet: Tesla V100 GPU
- 64. Code Optimization in Machine Learning vs Scientific Computing Big O(n^3) operations? Just use a GPU Donβt worry about overhead Youβre fine! Simplest code is ~3x from optimized Scientific codes O(n) and O(n^2) operations Mutation and Memory management: 10x Manual SIMD: 5x β¦
- 65. SimpleChains + StaticArray Neural ODEs About a 5x improvement ~1000x in a nonlinear mixed effects context Caveat: Requires sufficiently small ODEs (<20)
- 66. And simulation processes are still improving rapidly.
- 67. New Parallelized GPU ODE Parallelism: 30x Faster than Before Matches State of the Art on CUDA, but also works with AMD, Intel, and Apple GPUs Utkarsh, U., Churavy, V., Ma, Y., Besard, T., Gymnich, T., Gerlach, A. R., ... & Rackauckas, C. (2023). Automated Translation and Accelerated Solving of Differential Equations on Multiple GPU Platforms. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.06835.
- 68. DifferentialEquations.jl is generally: β’ 50x faster than SciPy β’ 50x faster than MATLAB β’ 100x faster than Rβs deSolve , Christopher, and Qing Nie. "Confederated modular differential equation APIs for accelerated algorithm development and benchmarking." Advances in Engineering Software 132 (2019): 1-6. Foundation: Fast Differential Equation Solvers https://github.com/SciML/SciMLBenchmarks.jl Rackauckas, Christopher, and Qing Nie. "Differentialequations.jlβa performant and feature-rich ecosystem for solving differential equations in julia." Journal of Open Research Software 5.1 (2017). Rackauckas, Christopher, and Qing Nie. "Confederated modular differential equation APIs for accelerated algorithm development and benchmarking." Advances in Engineering Software 132 (2019): 1-6. 1. Speed 2. Stability 3. Stochasticity 4. Adjoints and Inference 5. Parallelism Non-Stiff ODE: Rigid Body System 8 Stiff ODEs: HIRES Chemical Reaction Network
- 69. New Parallelized Extrapolation Methods for Stiff ODEs: 2x-4x improvements Caveat: only good for 5-200 ODEs with no implicit parallelism in f Elrod, Chris, Yingbo Ma, and Christopher Rackauckas. "Parallelizing Explicit and Implicit Extrapolation Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations." arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.08135 (2022). Accepted to HPEC 2022!
- 70. SciML Open Source Software Organization sciml.ai β DifferentialEquations.jl: 2x-10x Sundials, Hairer, β¦ β DiffEqFlux.jl: adjoints outperforming Sundials and PETSc-TS β ModelingToolkit.jl: 15,000x Simulink β Catalyst.jl: >100x SimBiology, gillespy, Copasi β DataDrivenDiffEq.jl: >10x pySindy β NeuralPDE.jl: ~2x DeepXDE* (more optimizations to be done) β NeuralOperators.jl: ~3x original papers (more optimizations required) β ReservoirComputing.jl: 2x-10x pytorch-esn, ReservoirPy, PyRCN β SimpleChains.jl: 5x PyTorch GPU with CPU, 10x Jax (small only!) β DiffEqGPU.jl: Some wild GPU ODE solve speedups coming soon And 100 more libraries to mentionβ¦ If you work in SciML and think optimized and maintained implementations of your method would be valuable, please let us know and we can add it to the queue. Democratizing SciML via pedantic code optimization Because we believe full-scale open benchmarks matter