Obstetrics and gynaecology for medical students.

1. OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY
• OBSTETRICS
• LABOR
Dr. Chongo Shapi, (BSc. HB, MBChB)
Medical Doctor
10/3/2022 1
Dr Chongo Shapi, BSc. HB, MBChB.

2. INTRODUCTION
• Labor is when there are Painful, regular
uterine contractions more than increasing in
frequency and intensity with progressive
cervical dilatation & effacement & fetal
descent.
• False labor; Painless, irregular contractions
without cervical dilatation & effacement
(Braxton Hicks).
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3. INTRODUCTION CONT’
• Signs that Labor is within a Few Weeks or Days:
1) Lightening (the mother is relieved when the
fetus is engaged).
2) Bloody show (Loss of mucus plug).
3) Rupture of membranes
4) Nesting (a burst of energy that a woman has
while she is pregnant).
5) Effacement.
6) Dilation.
7) Consistent Contractions.
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4. STAGES OF LABOR
• There are mainly, 3 stages of labor
a) 1st Stage
b) 2nd Stage
c) 3rd stage
• First stage is divided into the latent and active
phases.
• See table on next slide for summary of all
stages.
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6. STAGES OF LABOR
• In stage III, uterine
contractions is
responsible for
placenta separation
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8. MECHANISMS OF LABOR (CARDINAL
MOVEMENTS OF LABOR)
• The cardinal movements that occur involve the passive
movement the fetus undergoes in order to negotiate
through the maternal bony pelvis
• They include;
1) Engagement
2) Descent
3) Flexion
4) Internal rotation
5) Extension
6) External Rotation
7) Expulsion.
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11. UTERO-FETAL ORIENTATION
• This basically focuses on the anatomical
relationship between the fetus and the maternal
body.
a) Lie
b) Presentation
c) Position
d) Attitude
e) Station
f) Synclitism
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16. THANK YOU.
• Have confidence in yourself, your abilities and
your God given talent. When people fail to
attain this level of consciousness, they’ll tell
you its impossible by doubting you, just to
satisfy their ego. To them, it’d bother them to
see someone achieve what they deemed
impossible. I trust you!
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