Effect Of Terrorism On Pakistan Economy

Effect of Terrorism on Pakistan Economy
ECONOMIC COST OF TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN
Arshad Ali *
The world is currently confronting terrorism in different manifestations. After the 9/11 terrorist events, the phenomenon of terrorism has abruptly
changed the socioeconomic and geopolitical situation of the world. Terrorist groups have linkages with each other and are utilising each otherвЂџs
areas for recruitment and training, exchanging illegal weapons, engaging in joint planning and ventures, and also providing administrative and other
logistic support. Pakistan is also facing the menace of terrorism which is eroding the countryвЂџs social structure, economic development and political
system. The acts of terrorism are threatening PakistanвЂџs law and order situation,...show more content...
Humanitarian aid. Conflict affectees, IDPs and refugees.
Fiscal costs. Including the impact on revenue and programmes for growth and to rebuild society. Economic costs. Reduced investment, flight of capital
and lower growth rate.
Social costs. The impact on living standards, including health, education and wider aspects of vulnerability, taking into account the fact that conflict
often harms the poor most. Cultural costs. and long–lasting. Impact on social conventions and structures, which is often severe
Source: "Estimating Conflict Cost: The Case of North West Frontier Province and Pakistan (Draft for Discussion)", cppr.edu.pk/download
/Estimating%20Conflict%20Cost%20–2009–08–20.pdf
There are some other factors as well which must be taken into account, including compensation to the aggrieved parties and destroyed private
infrastructure and expenses. Moreover, the cost of dislocation of population and missed opportunities, along with the psychosocial cost, trauma, loss of
loved ones and mental illness must also be factored in such cost assessments.
Consequences of terrorism

The burden on a State managing a terrorism problem may be enormous, serious and unmanageable and has severe consequences on its economic
outlook. Nevertheless, some of the economic consequences of terrorism are tabled below:
Economic Dimension Economic growth.
Effect
Negative, sometimes falls dramatically.
Exports.
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Past Present And Future Of Pakistan Essay
Pakistan (Past, Present & Future)
Pakistan, a country which was created to protect the rights of the Muslims living in the sub–continent. There have been many sacrifices made to turn
Qaid e Azams vision into reality. This country has been through different phases of development in its 67 years. It has seen both ups and downs.
Pakistan is famous for many of its natural resources be it man power, minerals etc. Its army is ranked at number 8 in the world. However, Pakistan is
not doing good when it comes to international relations. There are numerous reasons to support this statement but the main reason is terrorism.
Fighting the war on terror, Pakistan has been labeled as a terrorist country, a country that is against world's peace. Before getting into further detail, one
should know the history of Pakistan.
History: (How...show more content...
They should promote their own private sector instead of importing goods from other countries. Pakistan imports are more than its exports which simply
shows a trade deficit. In order to change this deficit into a trade surplus, Pakistan domestic industry should be promoted.
Poverty: Poverty in Pakistan is the main reason why people are demotivated, they fail to utilize their talent to its full capacity as they know that in
the end they won't be paid enough to live a happy life. Government should provide people with good jobs and with a decent salary. The government
should also give pensions to people above 60. Government should subsidize basic commodities so that poor people can afford them. Education should
be free so that people can send their children to schools instead of sending them on roads to beg.
Overpopulation: People of Pakistan should be educated about the damage which overpopulation causes to a developing country like Pakistan. The
government should impose laws like once child policy in order to stop this problem of

FUTURE OF TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN
1.The threat of terrorism which existed prior to 9/11 got accentuated and transformed into a potent, dynamic and multi–dimensional phenomenon. As of
today, few countries in the world are threatened by such diverse forms and manifestations of terrorism as we are; both in the present and futuristic
context. There are external influences and there are internal dissentions. While the vested interests of the regional and global players denote one facet,
the socio–political fault lines that exist within, constitute the other dimension of the problem. Finally a large array of foreign and Pakistan based
terrorist organizations with varying agendas; add yet another angle to this complex matrix. The threat of terrorism is thus, dangerous and challenging,
but by no means insurmountable. It simply merits realism in analysis, craft and far sightedness in working out the response and boldness in execution.
2.This paper will provide a definition of terrorism, then it will explore the evolution of terrorism and its future prospects within Pakistan, will carry out
the analysis of counter terrorism strategy of Pakistan and finally recommend the way forward.
3.. Terrorism is an old phenomenon, yet it remains undefined to date. United Nations itself has not been able to come up with a definition for the term
terrorism and as such the international body at best has been using the word very loosely. As per JR Global security resources (2007), thereare

Internal Threats to Pakistan
EMERGING DYNAMICS OF INTERNAL THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY
Introduction
1.The multifarious threats to the security of Pakistan whether external or internal, have intensified in the 21st century. Unfortunately, no threat posed to
the security of this country since the time of her inception has ever been fully controlled or eradicated. According to Quaid–e–Azam, "Pakistan was a
cyclic revolution without parallel or precedence in history". He wanted to make it a State that was united and powerful, a State where Muslims of the
Subcontinent would live and breathe freely and practice the principles of Islamic social justice. The creation of Pakistan, he repeatedly emphasized,
had limitless possibilities for its people. However, during the...show more content...
The Muslim leaders made it unambiguous to both the Hindus and the British that Muslims were a separate nation. The Pakistan Movement succeeded
on the basis of Islamic ideology and it was only then that the Muslims of the Sub–Continent were able to carve out a separate state for themselves.[2]
Psychosocial Environments At The Time Of Independence
7.Since the time of independence, Pakistan has confronted many dissentions within the society, which emerged out of the following psychosocial
environments existing at that time: –
a.Ideology.Pakistan came into being on the basis of two–nation theory. The clash of nationalism in India was based on a psychological conflict that was
equally fought on the fields of politics as well as in the minds of the Muslims.[3] The hopes, aspirations and desires of the Muslims of India were to
build Pakistan on the basis of Islamic ideology. b.Religious Diversity. Religion was the strongest unifying bond between the Muslims of India at the
time of independence. However, after independence, contrary interpretations of Islam were adopted in different regions. Bengalis at the time of
independence saw Islam in a liberal perspective. The West Pakistanis considered Islam as an integrating force and the main reason for independence.[4]
The differences between East and West Pakistan, the 1953 religious frictions and the recent sectarian violence are all part of a tragic story, which
continue to haunt

Pakistan by virtue of its geographic location started its international collaborated in 1990s during the Afghan war. After the war ended, it had to face
the post war consequences as a burden of more than 3 million Afghan refugees, ever growing drug trade in neighborhood as well as Federally
Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) ofPakistan. Indeed the militia which fought against erstwhile USSR in Afghanistan was abruptly abandoned who
found safe haven along Pakistan Afghan borders. After 9/11 the situation got complicated, Pakistan was to be fighting against those who were once
trained in collaboration with CIA. Despite worst domestic pressures, Pakistan continued its commitment to international community in its counter
terrorism efforts. Beside others, Ramzi Yousef and Mir Amal Kansi, the prime perpetrator of terrorists' attacks on World Trade Center and United States
embassies in Africa were apprehended by Pakistan. "Despite being the victim of terrorism itself, Pakistan has been cooperating with the international
community and the US in counterterrorism efforts" . After 9/11 China sought cooperation from Pakistan for counter terrorism and Sino–Pak
cooperation and 'combating terrorism, separatism and extremism' agreements were signed in 2005 and 2006. Meanwhile, Pakistani forces killed Hasan
Mahsum, head of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement and captured many suspecting to carry out terrorist attack in China. Role of Pakistan in its
collaborative efforts fighting terrorism

Pakistan Essay
Pakistan: Foreign Policy
Pakistan, a land of many splendors and opportunities, a repository of a unique blend of history and culture for both the East and West has been the
cradle of one of the oldest civilizations. The Indus valley, is the ninth most populous Area in the world, with 134 million tough, conscientious, hard
working people wishing and striving hard to enter into the 21st century as equal partners in the community of the different developed nations. During
the last 20 years Pakistan's economy has been one of the fastest growing in the world–the seventh fastest in Asia (www.forisb.org/fpolicy).
Pakistan's economy has been becoming large on a worldwide scale, with the annual gross domestic product growing at more than six...show more
content...
Pakistan now has a highly developed financial sector consisting of local as well as foreign commercial banks, investment banks, leasing companies,
mutual funds and varies other fund companies. Besides providing working capital and long–term financing to the investors, these banks offer a number
of facilities such as remittance of profits/dividends and maintenance of foreign currency accounts (www.mofa.com). Now because of this, various cities
in Pakistan have developed stock exchanges with major corporations in the U.S.
Security in Pakistan has been a major issue since the origins of the country and its controversial creation.
The overriding objective of Pakistan's foreign policy is the safe guarding of its sovereignty, security and territorial integrity. This is underpinned by its
firm adherence to immutable principles of interstate relations.
The violence accompanying the partition leading to the emergence of the two independent states of Pakistan and India generated hostility, which
continues to afflict relations between the two countries, mainly because of the unresolved issue of Jammu and Kashmir. The issue is the source of
continuing tensions and conflict, and shaped the unstable and tense security environment in the region. The historical

Uprooting terrorism in Pakistan Essay
Policymaking
Decision–making process in antiterrorism has gone through a long way in Pakistan. From being merely a national initiative to one that weakens
bilateral and international responsibilities of a state. The definition of terrorist acts has also broadened over the years and so has the legal implements
to prosecute such acts. Legally the state is well equipped to deal with the terrorism, but due to incompetency in infrastructure, resources and friction
between stakeholders, it has been unsuccessful in uprooting terrorism.
The major inconsistencies in Policymaking exist between the military regimes and the democratic governments. Military regimes followed a more
"mono–faceted approach" that relied exclusively on the use of force....show more content...
The role of civil society and media in showing viability of anti–terrorism efforts in Pakistan has yet to be utilized to its full potential. The actions
carried out by governments are often labeled as means to gratify the external powers, specifically the U.S. Thus the dilemma remains how to suffocate
terrorists politically, morally, socially and legally?
Role of the Urban Planner
In the realm of urban planning, anti–terrorism struggles need rational prioritization. These efforts include elements of design, structural hardening,
technology and operational policies, to help prevent, mitigate and facilitate a desired response in the event of a terrorism attack (Coaffee, 2003;
FEMA, 2003; Kozlow and Sullivan, 2000; Nadel,2004). The analysis by which security needs are defined is referred in many sources as risk
assessment. Which consist of; (1) threat analysis which defines the level of threat to a facility by evaluating the intent, motivation, and possible tactics
of potential offenders;(2) asset analysis that identifies and prioritizes the asset to be protected according to its nature, value, location and how, when,
and by whom it is accessed and used; and (3) vulnerability analysis which defines the weaknesses of a facility in its design, construction, operation and
location (AIA, 2001). The foundation to the modern crime prevention

Impact of Terrorism in Pakistan
Impact of Terrorism in Pakistan
In lieu of unlawful violence to inculcate fear and increase coercion, terrorism has become a trending topic in the world today. Pakistan, a country in
South Asia bordered by Afghanistan and India has been a country worthy of speculation due to the rate ofterrorism and tribal wars that have quickly
taken over the country. The sporadic effects of these attacks have begun to shatter what used to be one of Asia's fastest growing economies.
Impact on GDP
Pakistan's GDP has been one of the main economic factors that have been affected by the terrorism exposed to the country. Consumers who were used
to going out on a regular basis and purchasing high volumes of merchandise have been afraid to do in the...show more content...
A nagging perception in some quarters in the West, especially the US, that Pakistan is not "doing enough".
Solutions:
In fact, no military solution from the air or ground will ever be found to solve the deplorable conditions – grinding poverty and benign neglect – that
breed violence, hatred and rebellion.
Obama should avoid Bush's Policies of use of force to avoid further military and financial losses.
Involving UNSC & OIC would be in the interest of US to minimize anti US sentiments in the Muslim world.
Interfaith dialogue can clear the misconceptions against each other.
Solution of issues like Kashmir and Palestine The Muslims should discourage extremist groups in their social life. Madressa reforms Positive role of
world media

"There is no silver bullet that can address global terrorism in all its complexity," writs
Maleeha Lodhi in "The Threats of all Threats".
Every continent has seen acts of terrorism. Perpetrators belong to diverse backgrounds, ethnicities and faiths.
She proposed a broad–gauge counter–terrorism strategy based on nine 'Cs'.
1) Comprehensiveness: A comprehensive, multifaceted strategy is needed that encompasses law enforcement, political, social, cultural, financial and
diplomatic measures.
2) Consensus at the global level is required on a strategy

Cause And Effect Of Terrorism In Pakistan
TEERORISM AND ITS EFFECTS ON PAKISTAN ECONOMY
1. Gen. In the world Pakistan is a county that is facing one of the most critical conditions of terrorism. Pakistan is on an urge of war against the
terrorism since more than 15 years that has been killed thousands of innocent citizens and several hundred of soldiers and law and enforcement
agencies' personnel during fighting against terrorism. This irritation has not only affected the peoples of Pakistan, but it has been also very bad effects
upon the economy of Pakistan. These things have made the economic situation of the state unsteady and unsecured.
2. Causes of Terrorism. There are many causes of terrorism in Pakistan but main cause of terrorism is poverty and unemployment. Rising poverty is
generating disorder in the brains of deprived. The public stratification and category variation is growing. Resultantly usurpation and aggression are
populating in the people of Pakistan. People could be gotten without any problems, and thus terrorism turned into out of control....show more content...
The real threat to Pakistan economy is from banned organizations like Tahreek–e–Taliban and Lashker–e–Jhangvi etc those create unsecured state
Pakistan to investors. Provincial cards like Sindhi, Balochi, Pathan, Saraike and
Mohajir etc. give the impression leading the idea of nationalism. Kuram, Para chinar, D.I. Khan, tribal belt and Southern Punjab are areas that are
affected by this sectarian terrorism. Attacks on educational institutes, railway tracks gas pipelines and banks are some other examples of home
grown–up terrorism, because these terrorist perform this on exterior support either by no states or anti state

Us War Against Terrorism Essay
Stephen Blank another American writer has a perspective that that US should be consistent in its process of combating against terrorism and other
ills in the region with other regional organizations as he says "U.S. policy in Central Asia is embattled and under siege. Moscow and Beijing, as well
as to a lesser degree Tehran, view America's political and strategic presence in Central Asia with unfeigned alarm. Indeed, Russia and China suspect
America's desire for bases there. Despite Russo–Chinese protestations of support for the U.S. war on terrorism, in fact they wish to exclude America
from the area and fear that it means to stay there militarily, and in other ways, indefinitely. In this campaign, Moscow has taken the lead, with Chinese
...show more content...
On the other hand China is seen to propose the development of inter–SCO Development Bank in 2010 as a smaller regional regional version of the
World Bank and the International Monetary Fund which means that SCO plans to overcome monetary dependence which is run by the U.S.which will
ultimately lead to developing Russia and Chinese dominance in the region. The proposal is however pending but there are indications that Russia may
be more willing to cooperate with China moving forward. (Albert. E 2015)
Findings and Dissemination
From recent developments it is becoming increasingly evident that SCO's activities are extended beyond its original mandate. China recent military
exercises with Russia and its support for Uzbekistan leadership against US military presence ominous signs for western alliances. These indicate a
growth in military cooperation and scope. Given that the Eurasian heartland is incredibly rich in natural resources competing powers will continue
seeking dominance in the region. It appears that SCO is a vital platform through which Russia and China seek to counterbalance the influence of US
and its politico–economic instruments such as NATO, IMF, World Bank etc in the region. Pakistan is an important strategic neighbor of China and
with the current development of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and accession of Pakistan into SCO create a serious

Root Cause of Terrorism in Pakistan
Root Causes of terrorism In Pakistan : Not only Pakistan but the whole world is facing the problems of prevailing terrorist activities in one or some
other form. These activities and attacks are prevailing like the cancer in the whole world that may be the most developed nations or the third world
countries. In Pakistan Some attribute the terrorism and these terrorist activities to the political instability, economic conditions, standard of lives of the
masses. yet others attribute it to the religious extremism of portion of the masses of Pakistan. There is another school of thought that say that the
injustices done by World super powers towards the third world countries and Muslim countries have led the world to this situation and yet...show more
content...
The religion of Islam (Submission), advocates freedom, peace and mutual agreement and admonishes aggression. The following verses make it very
clear.
"And do not aggress; GOD dislikes the aggressors". (Quran 5:87)
"You shall resort to pardon, advocate tolerance, and disregard the ignorant". (Quran: 7:199)
The relations of Muslims (Submitters) with others are based primarily on peace, mutual respect and trust. The theme in the Quran is peace, unless
there is oppression or injustice that cannot be resolved by all the peaceful means available. The true religion of Islam forbids the killing of innocent
people, irrespective of the cause, religious, political or social beliefs.
"...You shall not kill * GOD has made life sacred * except in the course of justice. These are His commandments to you that you may understand."
(Quran 6:151)
"You shall not kill any person * for GOD has made life sacred – except in the course of justice." (Quran17:33)
In Islam, an amazingly powerful emphasis is laid on developing love for mankind and on the vital importance of showing mercy and sympathy towards
every creature of Allah Almighty, including human beings and animals. For indeed, love and true sympathy is the very antidote of terrorism.
Injustice is one of the foremost factors

The War Against Terrorism Essay
The War Against Terrorism
On August 2nd 1990, Iraq invaded the small oil rich country of Kuwait on its southeastern border. Iraq claimed that Kuwait was a long time province
from the 1800's and early 1900s', whose lands belonged under control of Iraq, a so–called province. Saddam Hussein also argued that Kuwait was
pumping oil from an oil field that was on the border of the two countries and belonged to Iraq. Upon gaining control of Kuwait, Hussein was able to
eliminate his previous debt to Kuwait and gain it's substantial oil wealth, roughly 10% of the worlds oil supply. Regardless of the motives behind Iraq's
invasion, under international law, none of Iraq's claims against Kuwait justified its invasion of that country.
The...show more content...
In the aftermath of the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11th, the world has had a sobering look at worldterrorism. Led mainly by the
United States, and supported by the United Nations, a new war on terrorism has begun. Overwhelming support worldwide has surfaced as President
Bush has vowed to punish those who decide to commit terrorist acts, as well as those who harbor or condone these activities. So far Bush has
followed through on his promise with the war in Afghanistan against the Taliban regime. Others are also displaying their understanding of the situation
and are treading a great deal lighter in search of their causes to avoid being labeled as terrorists, as shown by the latest disarmament and return to the
negotiating table by the Irish Republican Army. As the world watches, President Bush is now faced with enormous pressure to gain control of the
Arab–Israeli conflict.
However, this situation is a difficult one. With Israeli's continual attempt to occupy more land in the disputed settlements, Palestinian anger only grows.
With Yasir Arafat's inability to control, or unwillingness to control, such militant groups as Hamas and Islamic Jihad, chances of the two sides reaching
a piece agreement dwindle.

Essay on The war against terrorism
Is war the right way?
Why do people resort to such violent acts as bombing, assassinations, and hi–jacking? How do individuals and organizations justify these acts of terror?
These acts can be described as terrorist actions. Terrorism is a growing international problem. During the last twenty years, new terrorist groups have
sprung up all over the world. Governments have had little success in their attempts to resolve issues in which terrorism is used.
A major problem in discussing terrorism is establishing a generally accepted definition. Terrorism can be described as the unlawful use of fear or
force to achieve certain political, economical, or social aims. Because it is so hard to define, organizations like the United Nations have had...show more
content...
In some cases it may be right but to fight terrorists with war is the wrong way. It is only showing that our country is worse than they are. By
committing war we are only embracing the thought that fighting and killing is the only way to go. This war that we are creating against these
people and their actions is not justified in any manner. We are only creating more of a war in our own country than we are in the country of the one
we are trying to fight. We have created such a war that people can even go places they normally go without being check by an officer or being
suspected by someone that u are a terrorist. As we further bomb and shoot at these terrorists we they will further come back as if they have lost nothing.
We see these terrorists in the news every day and we see that they are not even moved by the actions we are doing to them. They just brush it off as if
it where nothing and had nothing to lose. In this case they don't lose anything but there husbands or wives or maybe their children, they can't lose a
home because most of them don't have homes and if they do they are very dirty and small.
One's gut reaction to any kind of attack is to get revenge, but much like a tango, it takes two to wage war. And frankly, we Americans should stand
our ground! Show everyone that terrorism will not be tolerated! ... and show it peacefully. Once someone drops a nuclear bomb in this day and age,
the world, as we know it, will come to an

The Consequences of Terrorism Essay
The people of Pakistan have been living in a situation that has been imposed on them, with no doings or contributions of their own. Day in and day
out facing the music of the "war against terrorism", the term, again, imposed on the people of Pakistan who live the "term" as their reality,
disinterested in the background an origin of the term. The western contrived term was first used by used by the American President, George W. Bush,
during tenure trigger of the "war against terrorism" happened. At Camp David George W. Bush in his speech said "This crusade– this war on terrorism
– is going to take a while, ... " and that was the beginning of the frequent use of the term to legitimize and justify the actions taking place that had larger
and...show more content...
the breakdown of the casualties since 2003 is as follows.
Since 2001, Taliban's have been operating in South–Asia, untiringly, firming their ground and hold over several cities and agencies, manipulating their
routine or working, into something that suits the Taliban establishment. in the name of religion Taliban have been attacking schools, have been killing
innocent people in the name of Jihad, spreading terror among masses.
The people of Pakistan consciously and sub–consciously have fallen into the passively and actively imposed lifestyle by the Taliban, controlling the
masses by the power of terror.
The Taliban, following the footsteps and believing in the "Khwarijites" school of thought have been operating the same way, dominating and
controlling the people through fanatic religious ideas and extremist approach towards implementing "sharia" and spreading the word of faith.
"Fanaticism and terrorism have no place in Islam"
–Feisal Abdul Rauf
(American Sufi imam and author and activist whose stated goal is to improve relations between west & Muslim world)
TALIBAN: THEIR EVOLUTION AND STRATEGIES
The intense unrest caused in Afghanistan by the soviet invasion in 1979 and its subsequent spilling over into the neighboring country Pakistan, led to
a series of events that were all part of a larger picture that no one was able to foresee. After the soviet withdrawal, 'Taliban'

Persuasive Essay On How To Stop Terrorism
There is no common global enemy more threatening than terrorism; terrorism plagues the world; it threatens the lives and security of millions of
families around the world! However drone strikes are ineffective in eradicating terrorism, drone strikes act as an incentive to unleash monstrous acts on
the world and have high civilian casualties. To stopterrorism we must first stop drone strikes.
Drone strikes prevent us from gaining valuable intel that we get from raids. Unlike manned raids, drone strikes are unable to scout the site in detail. As
a result, they are not able to search for information from laptops and phones, that can be utilized to uncover information regarding other members,
locations, and future activity. According to the Research and Development Corporation "A successful raid will net human and material intelligence that
can flesh out the picture of the enemy network, and thus enable development of a comprehensive strategy that will bring a lasting conclusion to the
battle." In essence, drone strikes can never be effective because no plan to end the war on terrorism has been put into effect. What this means is that
once the drone finds its target it also destroys information about who will succeed him. As a result, we can never truly eradicate terrorism by means of
drone strikes. The Obama administration avoids taking steps to gathering information. There doesn't seem to be an actual plan regarding the future of
using drone strikes to end terrorism. If the

Nationhood and Nationalities in Pakistan
Nationhood and Nationalities in Pakistan
Pakistan is a country inhabited by people belonging to many different nationalities. Hamza Alavi's article focuses on the rising sub–national demands in
the country and how the dominant factions have tried their best to suppress these movements.
Official Nationalism:
Benedict Anderson describes official nationalism as "A national identity that is not spontaneously generated from below, but is imposed from above by
those at the heart of the power structure in the country, in reaction to powerful sub–national movements."
Despite the passing of more than half a century since the inception of Pakistan, we still remain a 'country' rather than a 'nation'. It may not even be
wrong to say that we are...show more content...
So, the people in control in the centre and in military and bureaucracy felt that if these demands were to be fulfilled, it would mean surrendering their
control, which they were naturally reluctant to do. Instead of providing the concept of territorial basis of Pakistani nationhood within which the people
belonging to all ethnicities could be accommodated, they sought refuge in religious ideology, which was used to deny the validity of ethnic identities
altogether. This obviously had disastrous effects which our power hungry rulers had failed to foresee.
Salariat based National movement:
The heart of Muslim nationalism in India was in UP and Bihar, which were Muslim minority provinces. Muslims constituted almost 13 to 15 per cent of
the total population in UP. Due to the installation of the Anglo–vernacular system by the British and the sudden expansion of the size of the salariat,
there was a sharp increase in the non–muslim component in the salariat. According to the statistics the share of Muslims in the highest ranks of
government services dropped from 64 per cent in 1857 to only 35 per cent in 1913. This was a massive downsize in the Muslim representation in the
salariat, hence they began to demand a parity in quota for government jobs. Similar situation was seen in Punjab where Muslims made up 52 per cent of
the population but their representation

Analysis: The Struggle To Define Terrorism
Jazzmen Wall
Professor Killebrew
Counterterrorism 1
27 August 2015
Why It Matters How We Define Terrorism
Why does the way we define terrorism matter? It matters because we can make wrong judgements of a group or individual and not have a clear vision
of what is in store in the future. In the article "The Struggle to Define Terrorism" it says that chaos is that describes the state of things concerning
definitions (Tuman 2). Academics, government, experts all have different definitions of what terrorism is. Even a terrorist has a different definition of
what the meaning of "terrorism" is.
The academic definition of a terrorism according to Martha Crenshaw is a "conspiratorial style of violence calculated to alter the attitudes and behavior
of multitude audiences. Terrorism is not a mass or collective violence but rather the direct activity of small groups" (Tuman 9). Crenshaw is right
when she says that terrorism is to alter the behavior of a large audiences. The fear that is put into the people is of a high magnitude. After September
...show more content...
Whereas the Department of Defense has defined terrorism as a calculated use of violence or the threat of violence against individuals and property,
to inculcate fear, intended to coerce or to intimidate government or societies in the pursuit of goals that are political, ideological or religious (Tuman
10). The law only says that it is politically motivated which is not necessarily true nor false, we do know for sure that it religious based because they
are taking the Qur'an so literal. United Nations advisor A.P. Schmid said that terrorism is an "anxiety–inspiring method of repeated violent action
employed by clandestine persons or groups" (Tuman 23). This is essential to understanding the term because terrorism to produce anxiety and fear in
the people of the

Effect Of Terrorism On Pakistan Economy

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