1. Q.6 (c) Gender bias.
Ans: Definition : It is defined as the
systematic, unfavourable trèatment of indivi
duals on the basis of their gender, which denies
them rights, opportunities of resources.
Causes :
Men dominating mentality
Various social and religious belief
Lack of strong profest by women
2. Family rituals
Physical factor (treating woman as
gender)
Workplace discrimination
Effects of Gender bias :
Abortion
Female foeticides
Decrease in sex ratio
Dowry
Domestic violence
Sexual violence & rape
Economic inequality
Inequality & harassment
At workplaces, schools
Changing
The veryfirst thing to stop gender bias
is equality.
The main weapon which can be used
to stop gender bias is education.
Government should strictly implement
alllaws and make sure the safety of woman
from allthis crual acts.
3. Ans: Functions of the family
1.
The fämily is the vital social institution.
It carries out certain functions in the society.
It imparts love and affection.
2.
3.
4.
Q.6 (c) Functions and problems of
5.
family.
6.
Sexual satisfaction between husband
and wife.
It promotes procreation.
It helps in upbringing the children.
It promotes religion.
It helps the children to become socially
fit in the society.
4. Inorder to meet these function, the
family should have the following facilities.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Healthy parents.
Healthy children.
m
Goodand comfortable house facilities.
f
Jobs for the parents.
F
Education of the parents.
Healthy neighbour hood.
9. Good nutrition.
Good recreation.
10.
11. Good Environment.
Good standard of living.
Problems of the Family :
Following are the some of theproblems seen
in the Families.
Good health care facilities.
1. Problem of adjustment between the couple
2. Problem of social adjustment.
3. Marriages are base on love.
4. Problems of broken marriage.
5.Problems of working women's.
6. Laxity of family control.
7.Conflicts and strive in family.
8. Lower birth rate.
9. Dowry system
5. 2
1.
Close Institution : It is a
converted
prisonbuilding and security is
provided
when necessary. But
the gates remain
open and large part of the
activities are
such
carried outside the walls
Open Institution : It is a
camp or
in open
country or place with
no surrounding walls.
The training is
different for boys and
engineeringfor boys and laundry, cooking and
girlssuch as mixed
farming, building and
household work for girls.
building
The period or term of
borstal is 2 - 3
years. The date of
release is
dependent upon
the conduct and progress of deliquent and
also it is decided by the Borstal authorities
as probation officer or Borstal
Associate, Borstal
schools are situated in
Madras, Bengal, Bombay, Mysore states.
Juvenile Jail is in Bellary for Juvenile
offenders underthe age of 21.
Q.6 (b)Urban society.
Ans: Refer to Model Paper-VI, Section-C.
Q.No. 6(e).
Q.6 (c) Social problems.
society".
Ans: Definition
According to "Lundburg a social
problem is any deviant behaviour in a
disapproved direction of such a degree that
II exceeds the tolerance limit of the
community".
According to Green :
"A socialproblem is a set ofconditions
Which are defined as morally wrong Dy ne
majority or substantial majority within a
Nature of
Social Problems
1.
SociaI problems are
situations or
conditions which are
regardedby
Society as
threats to its
established
ways or to its well being or
therefore
need to be
eliminated.
Social situations are
deplored by many
people.
Social problems are sy
symptoms of social
mal adjustment
dissatisfaction, suffering and misery.
which cause
Societies are not always harmonious.
They face one another with hostility
and suspicion, therefore several cases
Causes of Social Problems :
95
No social problem is due to a single or
simple cause. Each problem has a complex
history and is.usually not due to one reaction
but due to many causes which are sometimes
even difficulttodetermine. Ex: war, poverty,
crime, unemployment. Sometimes one
problem is prostitution interwoven with other
Ex: To control crimne, one must first
control poverty and poverty cannot be solved
without solving the problem of illiteracy.
A problem may be due to a combination
of biological, physical, mental, social
and cultural factors or any one of them.
Nohard and fast rule can be laid down
about causes of social problems.
However, social problems may affect
differs people in a different way.
Classification of social problems
Harold. A. Phelps classification :
Economic causes
Poverty
Unemployment
Dependency etc.
of
maladjustments present themselves
in the society.
problem that cannot be solved separately.
6. 8
Q.21 Caste system.
Ans: Caste Stratification
Cast is a unique social institutions of
Indian society, originated from the varma
system, described in the Vedas.
There are more than 3000 casts and
subcasts in our India.
Definitions :
1,
2.
1.
Main features of caste
2.
3.
4.
5.
According to Mac Iver and Page,
"When status is wholly predetermined
sothat men are born to their lot in life,
without any hope of changing it, then
class takes form of caste".
1.
According to C.H. Cooley "Caste is a
closed lass", When a class is some
what strictly hereditary. We may callit
as "caste".
The members of a particular caste
cannot marry people of other caste.
There are sone rigid restrictions on
eating, drinking with members of other
caste.
There are fixed occupations for many
castes.
Birth determines a man's caste for life
long. Unless he is expelled for violation
of its rules.
There is some hierarchical gradation of
casts, eg. Brahmins at the top and
Shudras at the lowest level.
Main characteristics of caste system
Caste is innate: The membership is
determined by birth. A person remains
the member of the caste into which he
is born and his membership does not
undergo any change even if changes
take place in his status, occupation
education, wealth etc.
BehaviouralSciences, Psychologyand SociologY
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
Restrictions of food and social
intercourse: AIlcaste have detailed rules
and regulations regarding what to eat
and what not to eat. Even the type of
utensils used for cooking and eating
also restricted by caste rules.
Hereditary occupation: Each castehas its
own hereditary occupation laid by the caste
rules. This gives a continuity to intergroup
relationship like "Jajmani System".
Endogamy : Strict endogamy is
practised by caste groups, the members
are forbidden to marry people from
other castes.
Hierarchy : It is the arrangement of
different caste groups in a relationship
of superiority and inferiority to one
another. In caste system all casts and
subcastes are arranged in such a way
that the Sudhras form the base and
Brahmins the apex. AIlother castes are
allocated intermediary position. Even
sub castes also have hierarchical
position.
Privileges and disabilities : Different caste
groups have different privileges and
disabilities. The upper cast people like
Brahmins have alH the privileges, where as
the Daliths or Shudras are denied some
privileges such as entry into the -temples,
and they are treated as untouchables. They
cannot sit along with Brahmins and higher
caste people. They are not allowed to
participate in social gatherings along with
higher caste people.
Segmental Division : The caste system
has divided and sub divided the society
into numerous segments. In the beginning
there were only 4 castes, but as time
went on, divisions and sub divisions of
the caste also continued. At present there
are more than 3000 divisions in Hindu
society in India.
7. 1.
148
2.
Mining & Quarrying :
AGRICULTUREALRESOURCES:
3.
It is also an inportant oceupation of our
country. Coal is obtained in large quantity
inseveral places, and this forms a major
sources of energy.
Others are limestones, oil, iron ore,
manganeseore & phosphate ore found in
large quantities in our India.
Agricultural resources include cultivators as
wellas agricultural labor.
INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES:
The agriculturalresources are farming crops
of rubber, cocoa, tea, coffee, spices, soya
bean, sugarcane etc.
In our India our common agricultural
resources are rice, wheat, jowar, maize,
cane crops etc.
Ours industries are classified into three
major grOups, namely,
Smallscale industries
Medium size industries
Large scale industries
These industries are providing employment
toa large number of people.
The public and private sector agencies and
industries helps to prevent unemployment
and underemployment.
Industries like aircrafts, manufacture, air
transport ship building, iron and steel
plantation, generation and distribution of
electricity, telephone, telegraph etc.
Q.6 (c) Domestic violence.
Ans: Domestic violence is abuse that happens
ina personal relationship. It can happen
between past or current partners,
spouses,or boyfriends and girlfriends.
Domestic violence affects men and
women of any ethnic group, race. of
religion, gay or straight; rich or p0or,
teen, adult, or elderly. But most of its
Victims are women. In fact, Iout of 4
women will be a victim at sorne point.
The abuser may use fear, bullying and
threats to gain power and control over
the other person. He or she may act
jealous,controlling, or possessive. These
carly signs of abuse may happen s0on
after the start of the relationship and
might be hard to notice at first.
After the relationship becomes more
serious, the abuse may get worse.
Theabuser may begin making threats,
calling the other person names, and
slamming doors or breaking dishes. This
is a form of emotional abuse that is
sometimes used to makethe person feel
bad or weak.
Physical abuse that starts aslap might lead
to kicking, shoving, and choking over
time.
Asa way to control the person, the abuser
may make violent threats against the
person's children, other family members,
or pets.
Abusers may also control or withhold
money to make the person feel weak and
dependent. This is called financial abuse.
Domestic violence also includes sexual
abuse, such as forcing a person to have
sex against her will money troubles and
problems with drugs or alcohol can make
it more likely that abuse will happen.
Abuse is also common in teens who are
dating. It often happens through
controlling behaviors and jealousy.
Signsof Domestic Violence :
Domestic Violence Guide
Most relationships havedifficult times,
and almost every coupBe argues now
and then. But violenceis different from
common marital or relationship
8. Q.6 (d) Drug addiction.
(Ans: Definition : The expert committee of
the "World Health Organization" de fined
drug addiction as astate of periodicor
chronic intoxication determined to the
individual and to the society produced
by repeated consumption of a drug
either natural or synthetic.
Stiea
Thecharacteristics of drug addictionare:
1.An overpowering or compulsive desire
to continue the use .of drug.
2.Adopting any method to ptocure it.
3.The tendency to incrase the dose.
4.A psychic and often physical
dependence on drugs.
Drug abuse has reached an alarming
proportion in recent years "culture is fast
making in roads into the lives of young
people from all walks of life.
A
drug addict exhibitsthe following criteria.
1.Psychologicaldependence-There is an
Over powering desire (compulsion) to
take the drug and obtain it by any
means.
2. Physical dependence - When a drug is
shows
the patient
withdrawn,
withdra wal synptoms.
3.
Development oftolerance - There is a
dencyto increase the dose.
P
9. 0.6 (b)Natural resources of our
country.
Ans: Resources of the Country:Aresource
(or) the wealth of the country is an
important factor for the economical
development. The important resources of
the country are following:
10. 1.
2.
3.
NATURALRESOURCES:
5.
Natural resources include everything that
is given to us by nature on above and under
surface of the earth. Natural resources
include
Earth & Rocks
Minerals & energy sources of earth
Soil
Surface & underground Water
Air, Atmosphere
Sunlight
Radiation
Natural resources are extremely important
for economic development.
Our natural resources may be classifiedinto
the following major groups:
Land resources
Forest resources
Water Resources
4.. Mineral resources
Energy resources
F
11. Q.6 (c) Marriage and types of marriages.
Ans:
According to Malinowski : Marriage is
contract for the production and maintenance
of children.
Types ofMarriage
There are two types of marriage in
Indian society. They are
1.
2.
Exogamy.
Endogamy.
Exogamy :Aman marries in other cast
or class. Here society does not put any
restriction on such marriage.
Endogamy : In this system society puts
restriction on a man to select a girl from his
OWn caste or class.
a
Forms of Marriage : There are two
forms of marriage in our Indian society.
Monogamy and polygamy and rarely group
marriages.
Monogamy : In this type of marriage a
man or a woman can have only one mate at a
time.
It is universally recognized type of
marriage.
If is confined in all societies.
It leads to healthy and intelligent off
springs.
Polygamny : In polygamous marriage a
man marries more than one woman. This type
of marriage is prevalent among the societies
where the no. of one sex is greater than that of
other. The marriage by a male with more than
one female is called "polygamy".
Biogamy: In this type of marriage one
man marries tWo women.
Polyandry : In this form one women
marries many men and lives with them as their
wife. This system is practiced among tribal
communities and it is also influencedby cultural
factors. This practice still prevails in some
Northern parts of India.
12. Treatment :
Denddictioncannot be achieved unless
the individual is willing to come forward
and attend the deaddiction programme.
Unfortunately most alcoholics arc not
motivated to undergo trcatment.
ldentification of risk factors is essential
for prevention.
Long term treatment is not only a
medical problem and it also needs the
cooperation of psychologists and
sociologists as wel.
There is also the problem of high relapse
rate with alltreatment methods.
Q.6 (e) Characteristics of
community.
Ans: The Urban Community :
()
The first difficultywith which we meet
in the study of urban. Community is
regarding in definition of the word 'urban' the
difficulty lies in the fact that the term
community denotes two condition. The
physical condition may not necessarily give
rise to social condition generally by an urban
area. We mean an area with a high density of
population.
urban
Taking up the social aspect of urban
community. The city is a way of life. The
word 'urban' suggests this way of life. It
indicates fashionable living, wide acquantance
with things and people and political manner
of specch.
Features of urban community :
Namelessness : The urban groups
have asbogardus observes, a reputation
for namelessness by virtue of its size
and population, the city cannot be a
primary contact with each other. They
meet and speak without knowing each
other's name. Although superficial
mannerS of politeners and mutual
convenience evolve in the city, they are
(ii)
mechanical. The city dweller dreasts
the strangers he meets as animated
machines rather than an human beings.
A citizen maylive for several years in
acity and may not know the namesof
one third of the people who live in the
same city area.
"The urban world puts a premium on
varied recognition"
In short, urban contact are segmental.
1t is pent of persons, not whole
persons her remark. Anonymity is a
loss of identity in a city teeming with
millions. Many urbnites live ina social
voidor vacuum in which institutional
norms are not effective in controlling
or regulating their social behaviour.
Although they are aware of the
existence of many institutional
organization and many people around
them they do not feel a sense of
belongingner to any once group or
community. Socially they are poor in
the midst of plenty.
Homelessness: Homelessness is
another disturbing feature of city
community. The house problem in a big
city is very acute. Many low class
people pass their nights on pavement.
The middle class people have but
insufficient accommodation, a room or
two and that also on the sixth or
seventh floor. The child does not get
any play space..The city environment
puts a premium on childlessness.
Gii) Class extremes :Class extreme
characterize urban community. In a
city are found the richest as well as
the poorest people rolling in luxury and
having in ground mansions as well as
the people living in ground mansions
as well as the people living on
pavements and hardly getting two meals
a day. The best forms of ethical
13. Behavionral
Siend
'sociology
The
kaowledge
of helps the
nurseto
understandthe
emational
reactioDS ofthe
patients and other
individuals
inthegroupsandto take
care ofthe
patienteffectively.
Italsohelps the nurse to
community.
understand
the needs
herselfand
improvethenursing skills
effectively
accordingto of
the
variouspeopleinthe hospital and
Toprovide
effective motivation,,basing
onattitudesandresponsesorpeopleby
understandingtheir behaviour through
coodinterpersonalrelationships
It belps todevelop work habits and to
improveefficiencyand effectivity,
It helpsthe nurse to make diagnosis of
people's beliefs and practices towards
various diseases.
Toselect suitable health education
methods.
To understand the client and anticipate
inorder to meet the emotional needs of
the client.
To study the social interactions and
social relationships in society, in social
environment in the community.
Tostudy the social problems related to
behaviour and suggest preventive
measures effectively.
To identify and analyse different social
situations which are responsible for the
incidence of illness or disease and
thereby toplan the preventive measure
for morbidity and mortality.
Q.6 (b) Responsibilitiesofindividual.
Ans: The responsibilities are mentioned in
Part IV 'A' offundamental duties of the Indian
Constitution. According to this the following
should be the duty of every citizen in our
democratic country.
Model Paper
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
9.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Every individual must be abiding to the
national flag and national anthem.
Cherish and follow the noble ideals
which inspired our national struggle of
freedom.
16.
Promote harmony and spirit of
common brother-hood among all the
people of India irrespective ofreligion.
language and place.
10. Uphold and protect the sovereignty,
unity and integrity of India.
Uphold the dignity of women.
Preserve and value the rich heritage of
our culture.
Protect and improve the natural
environment like forests, rivers, lakes
and wild life.
Develop scientifictemper, humanism
and spirit of inquiry.
Defend the country and render national
service when called upon to doso.
Safe guard public property and prevent
violence.
Strive towards excellence in allspheres
of life.
Ans:
Every individual who is above 18 years
ofage should participate in the elections.
Women also should take part in
democratic activities.
Minorities should feel secure themselves
in democratic rule.
Religious freedom has to be given to
every,body. No one shouldhate anyother
religion.
Every individual can become a member
ofany legislation parliament etc.
Q.6 (c) Define family and basic needs
of family.
Definition :Family is a group defined
sufficientlyprecise and
