This document provides an overview of splinting of traumatized teeth. It discusses the history, definitions, rationale, principles, indications, objectives, and classifications of splinting. Various splint types are described in detail, including wire ligatures, arch bars, composite and wire, orthodontic wire and brackets, fibre, titanium trauma splints, and more. Flexible splints that allow physiological movement are preferred to rigid splints. The optimal duration of splinting depends on the specific injury but is typically 4-6 weeks. Longer immobilization can lead to bone loss from periodontal issues.

1. SPLINTING OF
TRAUMATIZED TEETH
Presented by,
Swapnika.G.
(1 MDS)
Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• History
• Terminologies
• Rationale of splinting
• Principles of splinting
• Indications
• Objectives of splinting
• Classification
• Various splints in detail
• Case reports
• Conclusion
• References

3. INTRODUCTION
With advances in the understanding of healing processes of
the periodontium, pulp and alveolar bone following various
injuries, the role of splinting has become relatively well
defined.

4. HISTORY
• A Phoenician mandible from 500BC discovered near the ancient
city of Sidon demonstrates anterior teeth elaborately bound
together with gold wire.
• Remains from Egyptians [3000 to 2500 BC] have shown the use
of ligature wire (gold wire).
• And in 600 A.D. the Mayans inserted shells directly into the
jawbone to replace missing teeth.
• Extensive reconstructions replacing missing teeth were placed
on broken diseased roots- “golden traps for sepsis”.

5. DEFINITIONS
• According to American Association of Endodontists. Glossary of Endodontic
Terms. 8th ed a splint has been defined as ‘an apparatus used to support,
protect or immobilize teeth that have been loosened, replanted, fractured or
subjected to certain endodontic surgical procedures’.
• According to Glossary of Periodontic Terms 1986 a splint is “an appliance
designed to stabilize mobile teeth”.

6. • According to AAP (1996), a splint has been defined “as an apparatus, appliance, or
device employed to prevent motion or displacement of fractured or removable
parts.”
• The Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms, 9th ed defines splint as “a rigid or flexible
device that maintains in position a displaced or movable part; also used to keep
in place & protect the injured part.”
• Dawson defines splinting as “the joining of two or more teeth for the purpose of
stabilization”.

7. RATIONALE OF SPLINTING
• Stabilization of mobile teeth for masticatory comfort.
• Control of forces of para- functional habits.
• Stabilization of mobile teeth during surgical, especially regenerative therapy.
• Stabilization of severely periodontally compromised tooth when more definitive
treatment is possible.
• Preservation of arch integrity and Cross arch stabilization
• Restoration of vertical dimension of occlusion
• Redistribution of forces along the long axis of tooth

8. PRINCIPLES OF SPLINTING
• The main objective of splinting is to decrease movement three dimensionally.
• This objective can be met with the proper placement of a cross arch splint.
• Conversely, unilateral splints that do not cross the midline tend to permit the
affected tooth to rotate in a faciolingual direction about a mesiodistal linear axis.

9. INDICATIONS OF SPLINTING
• According to Smukler and Lemmer; spinting is indicated only when the mobility
of teeth is sufficient to hinder function or cause discomfort.
• EXTRUSION
• LATERAL LUXATION
• INTRUSION
• AVULSION
• AUTO TRANSPLANTATION
• ROOT FRACTURE
• ALVEOLAR BONE FRACTURES

10. Current IADT recommendations for splinting time and type for various types of
injuries

11. REQUIREMENTS OF IDEAL SPLINT
• Be simple and easy to construct
• Economic, Stable and efficient
• Hygienic and Nonirritating
• Not interfere with treatment
• Esthetically acceptable
• Not provoke iatrogenic disease.
• Allows pulp testing and endodontic treatment
• Easy to remove

12. OBJECTIVES OF SPLINTING
• Rest is created for the supporting tissues giving them a favorable climate for
repair of trauma.
• Reduction of mobility immediately and hopefully permanently. In particular
jiggling movements are reduced or eliminated.
• Redirection of forces - redirected in a more axial direction over all the teeth
included in the splint.
• Redistribution of forces - ensures that forces do not exceed the adaptive capacity.
Forces/received by one tooth are distributed to a number of teeth.
• Restoration of functional stability - functional occlusion stabilizes mobile
abutment teeth.

13. A) ACCORDING TO THE PERIOD OF STABILIZATION
a) Temporary Stabilization: worn for less than 6 months.
• REMOVABLE -Occlusal Splint with wire
-Hawley appliance with arch wire
• FIXED
• INTRACORONAL- Amalgam
-Amalgam & Wire
-Amalgam , Wire & Resin
-Composite Resin & Wire

14. • EXTRACORONAL -Stainless steel wire with resins
-Wire & Resin with acid etching
-Enamel etching & composite resin
-Orthodontic soldered bands, Brackets & Wire
b) Provisional splinting: to be used for months up to several years.
- Acrylic splints, Metal band etc.
c) Permanent Splints: used indefinitely
-Removable/Fixed
-Extra/Intracoronal
-Full/Partial veneer crowns soldered together.
-Inlay/Onlay soldered together.

15. B) ACCORDING TO TYPE OF MATERIAL:
- Bonded composite resin splint
- Braided wire splint
- A- splints
C) ACCORDING TO LOCATION ON THE TOOTH:
• Intracoronal - composite resin with wire
- inlays
- onlays
• Extracoronal - Night guard
- tooth bonded plastic and welded bands

16. According To Goldman, Cohen And Chacker:
a)Temporary splints
• A. Extra coronal type -Wire ligation
-Orthodontic bands
-Removable acrylic appliances
-Removable cast appliances
-Ultraviolet-light-polymerizing bonding materials

17. B. Intracoronal type -Wire and acrylic
-Wire and amalgam
-Wire, amalgam, and acrylic
-Cast chrome-cobalt alloy bars with acrylic, or both.
b) Provisional splints
-All acrylic
-Adapted metal band and acrylic

18. According To Ross, Weisgold And Wright:
A) TEMPORARY STABILIZATION: -Removable extra coronal splints
-Fixed extra coronal splints
-Intracoronal splints
-Etched metal resin-bonded splints
B) PROVISIONAL STABILIZATION: -Acrylic splints
-Metal band and acrylic splints
C) LONG- TERM STABILIZATION: -Removable splints
-Fixed splints
-Combination removable and fixed splints

19. SUTURE SPLINTING
• Simplest type
• Suture placed over incisal edge from
palatal gingiva to buccal gingiva.
• Preventing repositioned incisors from
extruding.
• Auto transplantation- premolars sutures
palced over occlusal surface.
• Suture splints have been found to improve
prognosis when compared to rigid splints.
Gharechahi, Maryam & Shojaeian, Shiva. (2016). Management of Traumatized Permanent Incisors
Revascularization and Delayed Replantation. The New York state dental journal. 82. 40-44.

20. ARCH BAR SPLINTING
• Rigid splint
• Cause considerable damage to the injured
teeth.
• There may also be physical damage from
the ligature wires to the gingival tissues
and the integrity of the cemento-enamel
junction.
DeAngelis AF, Barrowman RA, Harrod R, Nastri AL. Review article: Maxillofacial emergencies: dentoalveolar and
temporomandibular joint trauma. Emerg Med Australas 2014;26:439– 445.

21. COMPOSITE AND WIRE SPLINT
• Composite and wire splints are perhaps the most commonly used in clinical
practice and are flexible splints when the wire has a diameter of no greater than
0.3–0.4 mm. (26- 28 gauge wire).
Functional splinting with an orthodontic
0.016inch stainless steel wire and composite
resin.
Biagi, Roberto & Cardarelli, Filippo & Storti, Ennio & Majorana, Alessandra & Farronato, Giampietro. (2013). Multiple traumatic injury to
maxillary incisors in an adolescent female: treatment outcome with two years follow-up. Annali di stomatologia. 4. 212-7.

23. Following an avulsion and subluxation injury to the central incisors.
In this case the left central incisor was not replanted as the tooth was lost. An aesthetic
splint was provided.
Oikarinen K. Comparison of the flexibility of various splinting methods for tooth fixation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg
1988;17:249–252.

24. COMPOSITE AND FISHING LINE SPLINTS
• An alternative to wire is, where fishing line replaces wire and the line is secured
with composite resin.

25. An interesting alternative at St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, utilizes nylon attached to
the teeth with coloured composite resin (Ultradent; flowable purple).
The coloured composite provides a guide for the removal of the splint to minimize
damage to enamel.

26. ORTHODONTIC WIRE AND BRACKET SPLINT
• This splint, which is extensively employed by paedodontists.
• Involves orthodontic brackets bonded to the teeth with a resin-based cement and
connected with a light 0.014 NiTi flexible wire.
patient has sustained traumatic injuries to the maxillary
right central and lateral incisors and the maxillary right
central incisor.
Dawoodbhoy I, Valiathan A, Lalani ZS, Cariappa KM. Splinting of avulsed central incisors with orthodontic wires: a case report. Endod Dent
Traumatol 1994;10:149–152.

27. • Orthodontic bracket splints allow teeth that have been intruded or not repositioned
correctly to have the occlusal relationships modified at a later date.
• However, care must be taken that orthodontic forces do not develop stress that
disturbs the healing phase of an injured tooth.
• While this type of splint was found to be irritating to the lips when compared to
composite and wire splints, and titanium trauma splints, this is generally not considered
to be a clinical problem as any lip irritation can be avoided with the application of wax.
Filippi A, von arx T, Lussi A. Comfort and discomfort of dental trauma splints–a comparison of a new device (TTS) with three commonly used
splinting techniques. Dent Traumatol 2002;18:275–280.

28. FIBRE SPLINTS
• Fibre splints use a polyethylene or Kevlar fibre mesh and are attached either with an
unfilled resin such as OptibondTM FL (Kerr, USA) and/or with composite resin.
• Materials such as Fiber-Splint, RibbondTM (Ribbond Inc., Seattle, USA) or EverStick
(Stick Tech Ltd, Turku, Finland), which is a silinated E-type glass fibre, are commercially
available.
An example of a Fibre-Splint following an avulsion
injury of the maxillary left central and lateral incisor
teeth.

29. In a study of 400 root-fractured teeth by Andreasen et al., fibre splints were associated with the
highest frequency of favourable healing outcomes.
Samantha S, Mondal D, Maiti A, Mukherjee S. MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURED TEETH WITH FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE SPLINT. 2013.

30. TITANIUM TRAUMA SPLINTS
• The titanium trauma splint developed by von Arx is a flexible splint made of
titanium, 0.2 mm thick and 2.8 mm wide (Medartis AG, Basel, Switzerland).
• It has a rhomboid mesh structure which is secured to the tooth with flowable
composite resin. A disadvantage of this splint type is its relatively high cost.
Von Arx T, Filippi A, Buser D. Splinting of traumatized teeth with a new device: TTS (titanium trauma splint). Dent Traumatol 2001;17:180–184.

31. (a) Radiograph of an arch bar secured by wire ligatures.
(b) The arch bar and ligature splint has been replaced with
a titanium trauma splint. Gross gingival irritation caused
by the arch bar splint is evident
(courtesy of Dr Rob Hazlewood).

32. WIRE LIGATURE SPLINTS
• Wire ligature splints are sometimes used
by oral surgeons in clinics where dental
splinting materials may not be available.
• These splint types are generally rigid and
impinge on the gingival tissues with
resulting inflammation.

33. COMPOSITE SPLINTS
• Resin composite applied to the surfaces of teeth is a rigid
splint and accordingly is not recommended in the IADT
guidelines.
• An example of a composite resin splint applied to the labial
surfaces of the maxillary right central incisor and adjacent
teeth.
• Composite splints that are bonded interproximally to
adjacent teeth are also reported to be prone to fracture.
• Furthermore, composite splints resulted in greater gingival
irritation when compared with wire and composite, an
orthodontic bracket splint or the titanium trauma splint.Oikarinen K. Tooth splinting: a review of the literature and consideration of the versatility of a wire-composite splint. Endod Dent
Traumatol 1990;6:237–250.

34. • A splint for medical emergency departments, An innovative
approach in splinting developed by Dr Peter Foltyn is the use
of Stomahesive (ConvaTec Inc.), a skin barrier adhesive material
used for superficial skin trauma.
• This material can crudely hold teeth in the socket and cover
coronal fractures to reduce sensitivity when patients are seen
in emergency medical departments out of hours of routine
dental practice.
• However, this approach could require further repositioning
with subsequent splinting in a dental office. A Stomahesive splint placed at the Royal Brisbane
Hospital Emergency Department. (b) The Stomahesive
splint
removed to reveal a crown-root fracture of the maxillary
right central incisor and uncomplicated crown fractures of
the left central and lateral incisors.

35. FLEXIBLE SPLINTS
• Berthold et al. reported in an in vitro study that composite and wire splints where
the wire was 0.41 rectangular orthodontic wire or 0.45 multistranded flexible
orthodontic wire and the titanium trauma splint were flexible splints.
• A wire composite splint consisting of three stranded wires measuring 0.8 mm x
1.8 mm was found to be rigid.
• Four resin composite splints were also tested and found to be rigid. It was also
reported that composite splints may break during the immobilization period and
were difficult to remove.
• In a further study Berthold et al. found that the wire length influences rigidity and
these authors recommended splinting only one uninjured tooth bilaterally.
Berthold C, Auer FJ, Potapov S, Petschelt A. Influence of wire extension and type on splint rigidity–evaluation
by a dynamic and a static measuring method. Dent Traumatol 2011;27:422– 431.

36. •
• In the study by Berthold et al. teeth were set in an acrylic resin model and periodontal
mobility was mimicked with a soft silicon impression material.
• To avoid this limitation, Kwan et al used a human cadaveric model.
• The results of this study also found composite splints and composite and wire splints
where the wire diameter was greater than 0.4 mm were deemed to be rigid splints.
• These authors considered a wire thickness of 0.4 mm as the clinical threshold for flexible
and rigid splints.
• The use of nylon fishing line with a 20-pound test strength also allowed for physiologic
movement and provided the advantage of a more aesthetic appearance than a metal
wire bonded across the anterior teeth.
• These authors also found that there was no benefit from extending the splint to more
than one adjacent firm tooth.
Kwan SC, Johnson JD, Cohenca N. The effect of splint material and thickness on tooth mobility after extraction
and replantation using a human cadaveric model. Dent Traumatol 2012;28:277–281.

37. LUXATION INJURIES
• A study of 172 luxation injuries immobilized with rigid splints
consisting of cap splints, ligature wires +/- acrylic coverage
reported that the fixation period was a significant variable for
loss of alveolar bone. The mean duration of immobilization in
this study was 52 days. longer periods of immobilization
resulted in bone loss from periodontitis associated with oral
hygiene difficulties.
• In a study of 140 intruded teeth, the type of splint (i.e. flexible,
semi-rigid or rigid) and the length of splinting time (shorter or
longer than 6 weeks) were not significant in healing outcomes
on teeth that were surgically repositioned.Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Andreasen FM. Traumatic intrusion of permanent teeth. Part 3. A clinical study of the effect of treatment
variables such as treatment delay, method of repositioning, type of splint, length of splinting and antibiotics on 140 teeth. Dental
Traumatology. 2006 Apr;22(2):99-111.

38. CONCUSSION AND SUBLUXATION
• Importantly, where multiple teeth have had more severe injuries, adjacent teeth
with either subluxation or concussion injuries can be splinted without damage to
the periodontal ligament.
• In a study of 637 luxated teeth, teeth with concussion or subluxation injuries were
splinted only if there were other injured teeth.

39. EXTRUSION
(a) Photograph of the extruded maxillary right
central incisor.
(b) Photograph of the composite splint and
gingival laceration.
(c) A radiograph showing open apices of the
maxillary central incisors at the time of splint
placement.
(d) A 12-month review radiograph showing
continued maturation of the traumatized
tooth (courtesy of Dr Jeremy Jansz).
a c
b d

40. LATERAL LUXATION AND INTRUSION
(a) An intruded maxillary left central incisor where the tooth has also been rotated to show
the palatal surface. An extensive gingival laceration has occurred as a result of the trauma.
(b) (b) The intruded tooth has been repositioned and splinted with composite resin and
fishing line.
The gingival laceration has been sutured (courtesy of Dr Derek Lewis).

41. AVULSION
• The type of splint and fixation periods were not significant variables in a multivariate analysis
for pulp and periodontal healing outcomes in a study of 400 replanted teeth.
a) Splint on avulsed tooth using
composite and 0.014" or 0.4 mm hard
stainless steel wire
b) Replanted tooth after 16 months
Ize-Iyamu I N, Saheeb B. Reimplantation of avulsed dry permanent teeth after three days: A report of
two cases. Niger J Clin Pract 2013;16:119-22

42. • In another study of 128 replanted teeth, the fixation period was not a significant variable
on healing outcomes. The type of fixation was not disclosed.
• In an experimental study on the effect of splinting upon periodontal healing after
replantation of permanent incisors in monkeys, the authors reported that in teeth
replanted after 18 minutes, the frequency and extent of replacement resorption was
significantly lower in non-splinted teeth compared to the splinted teeth. A limitation of this
study is that the teeth were splinted with an orthodontic band-acrylic splint and the rigid
nature of this splint may have also accounted for the extent of the resorption.
Andreasen JO, Borum MK, Jacobsen MK, Andreasen FM. Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 2. Factors related to pulpal
healing. Endod Dent Traumatol 1995; 11: 59– 68.

43. ROOT FRACTURES
(a) Radiograph of a root-fractured maxillary left central incisor where no displacement was noted at
the time of fracture so no splint was placed.
(b) Radiograph taken at an 8-week review showing internal resorption remodelling in both the
coronal and apical fragments.
(c) Radiograph taken at a 7-year review showing extensive calcific reorganization at the fracture site
and intracanal calcification in both the coronal and apical fragments.
a b c

44. (a) Radiograph showing a cervically located root fracture in the
maxillary left central incisor of a 9-year-old female. (b) Panoramic
image taken 5
years later at age 14 showing the previously root fractured left central
incisor and wire/composite splint in position. (c) Proximal view of the
tooth following
extraction. (d) Radiographs taken from the proximal and labial surfaces.
(e) Sagittal histological section in a labio-palatal plane showing pulp
and hard
tissue deposition between the fractured segments, Van Giessen stain.
Heithersay GS, Kahler B. Healing responses following transverse root fracture: a historical review and case reports
showing healing with (a) calcified tissue and (b) dense fibrous connective tissue. Dent Traumatol 2013;29:253–265.
ed
cba

45. a) A high cervical root-fracture of the maxillary
central incisor.
b) A functional composite resin and light wire
splint placed on the day of injury
following a high cervical root fracture of the
maxillary left central incisor.
(c) At the 6-week follow-up, a hygienic rigid
splint was placed on the palatal
surfaces of the incisor teeth.
(d) Radiograph taken at a 4-year review.
(e) Photograph of the hygienic splint taken at the
4-year review
a b c
ed

46. a b c
d
e
f
g
(a) A root-fractured maxillary right
central incisor where the coronal
fragment was also avulsed.
(b) Radiograph of the replanted
coronal fragment where the coronal
fragment was splinted with
interproximal composite resin to the
adjacent teeth.
(c) The splint described in Fig. 16b
debonded within hours and was
replaced with a composite and wire
splint on the same day.
(d) A fibre splint was the third splint
placed in a 24-hour period.
(e) At 6 weeks, a gingival swelling
was evident as well as extrusion of
the tooth and stretching of the fibre
splint.
(f) The coronal fragment was
endodontically treated and the
coronal fragment was root filled with
mineral trioxide aggregate.(g) Radiograph taken at the 10-year review. A calcific barrier at the apex of the coronal fragment as
a response to the placement of the mineral trioxide aggregate as well as intracanal calcification of
the apical fragment is evident.

47. (a–i) Showing the clinical
procedures involved in the
application and removal of a
nylon fishing line/GC Fuji Ortho
LC splint.
a
d
cb
hg
fe
i

48. REMOVAL OF SPLINT
• Removing a splint in which composite resin has been used is not
only time consuming, but iatrogenic injury to the enamel is an
inevitable outcome.
• Techniques of composite removal may involve debonding pliers,
handscalers, ultrasonic scalers, tungsten carbide burs, diamond
burs, Soflex disks (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA), rubber wheels
and cups.
• Debonding pliers generate shearing forces that result in
irreversible damage to the enamel.
• Hand and ultrasonic scalers caused distinctive patterns of
enamel detachment.

49. CASE REPORTS
The development of a new and simplified splinting
Regimen:
The principal researcher of the study, Jun-Yi Hu,
developed an experimental model designed to
simulate the dentoalveolar complex which then
allowed standardized, reproducible evaluations of
splinting techniques using several test bonding
adhesives.
Hu J‐Y, Heithersay GS. An evaluation of alternate splinting adhesives in the management of dental trauma. Aust Dent
J 2011; 56: S16.

50. The results of this study identified GC Fuji Ortho
as fulfilling the requirements of an ideal
splinting adhesive material.
Hu J‐Y, Heithersay GS. An evaluation of alternate splinting adhesives in the management of dental trauma. Aust Dent
J 2011; 56: S16.
While GC Fuji Ortho LC has been shown to fulfil the
requirements of an ideal splinting adhesive materia
a practical alternative is GC Fuji 2 which has similar
physical characteristics and handling properties, and
is more commonly used in dental practices.

51. Mazzoleni S, Meschia G, Cortesi R, Bressan E, Tomasi C, Ferro R, Stellini E. In vitro comparison of the flexibility of
different splint systems used in dental traumatology. Dental Traumatology. 2010 Feb;26(1):30-6.
• The aim of the study was to evaluate the flexibility of five different splint systems
[polyethylene fibre-reinforced splint (Ribbond THM, Ribbond Inc., Seattle, WA, USA),
resin splint (RS), wire-composite splint (WCS), button-bracket splint (BS) and titanium
trauma splint (TTS)] commonly used in clinical practice for the treatment of dental
traumatic injuries involving the periodontal supporting tissues.
• Devices with the highest flexibility are the TTS and the Ribbond THM as they exhibit a
lower energy variation needed for splint deformation compared with the other materials
that were examined.

52. CONCLUSION
• Understanding the favourable healing outcomes, always Flexible splint is
preferred over the rigid splint.
• New materials must be tried to splint which do not damage the enamel on splint
removal.
• IADT guidelines must be followed for the time period of splinting.

53. REFERENCES
• Andersen’s dental traumatology 2nd ed, chapter 32 ,pages 842-3.
• Louis Berman, Stephen cohen. A Clinical Guide to Dental Traumatology. 1st edition.
• Oikarinen K. Tooth splinting: a review of the literature and consideration of the versatility of a wire-
composite splint. Endod Dent Traumatol 1990;6:237–250.
• DeAngelis AF, Barrowman RA, Harrod R, Nastri AL. Review article: Maxillofacial emergencies:
dentoalveolar and temporomandibular joint trauma. Emerg Med Australas 2014;26:439– 445.
• Lin S, Emodi O, El-Naaj IA. Splinting of an injured tooth as part of emergency treatment. Dent
Traumatol 2008;24:370–372
• Kahler B, Hu JY, Marriot‐Smith CS, Heithersay GS. Splinting of teeth following trauma: a review and a
new splinting recommendation. Australian dental journal. 2016 Mar;61:59-73.

54. • Berthold C, Thaler A, Petschelt A. Rigidity of commonly used dental trauma splints. Dent Traumatol
2009;25:248–255.
• Berthold C, Auer FJ, Potapov S, Petschelt A. Influence of wire extension and type on splint rigidity–
evaluation by a dynamic and a static measuring method. Dent Traumatol 2011;27:422– 431.
• Kwan SC, Johnson JD, Cohenca N. The effect of splint material and thickness on tooth mobility after
extraction and replantation using a human cadaveric model. Dent Traumatol 2012;28:277–281.
• Mazzoleni S, Meschia G, Cortesi R, Bressan E, Tomasi C, Ferro R, Stellini E. In vitro comparison of the
flexibility of different splint systems used in dental traumatology. Dental Traumatology. 2010
Feb;26(1):30-6.
• Heithersay GS, Kahler B. Healing responses following transverse root fracture: a historical review and
case reports showing healing with (a) calcified tissue and (b) dense fibrous connective tissue. Dent
Traumatol 2013;29:253–265.
• Ize-Iyamu I N, Saheeb B. Reimplantation of avulsed dry permanent teeth after three days: A report
of two cases. Niger J Clin Pract 2013;16:119-22

55. • Andreasen JO, Bakland LK, Andreasen FM. Traumatic intrusion of permanent teeth. Part 3. A
clinical study of the effect of treatment variables such as treatment delay, method of repositioning,
type of splint, length of splinting and antibiotics on 140 teeth. Dental Traumatology. 2006
Apr;22(2):99-111.
• Von Arx T, Filippi2 A, Buser3 D. Splinting of traumatized teeth with a new device: TTS (Titanium
Trauma Splint). Dental Traumatology. 2001 Feb;17(4):180-4.
• Hu J‐Y, Heithersay GS. An evaluation of alternate splinting adhesives in the management of dental
trauma. Aust Dent J 2011; 56: S16.
• Andreasen JO, Borum MK, Jacobsen MK, Andreasen FM. Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent
incisors. 2. Factors related to pulpal healing. Endod Dent Traumatol 1995; 11: 59– 68.
• Dawoodbhoy I, Valiathan A, Lalani ZS, Cariappa KM. Splinting of avulsed central incisors with
orthodontic wires: a case report. Endod Dent Traumatol 1994;10:149–152.
• Samantha S, Mondal D, Maiti A, Mukherjee S. Management of fractured teeth with fiber-reinforced
composite splint. 2013.