2. What is personality
Tischler(2004:82)
- Personality is the pattern of behavior
that is distinctive for each individual.
Contrary to popular beliefs ,there is no peraon
without personality,(walang personalidad).
3.
4. Nature vs. Nurture
Personality is a product of socialization
comes about as a result of the interplay of
various forces, including our biological
inheritance or heredity , the cultural
environment , social group and social
structure , and past experiences.
Sometimes,these factors are raferred to as
nature (biological make-up) and Nurture (the
environment).
5. The biological inheritance provides the stuff
or raw materials from whoch personal ity is
fashioned. Among the raw materials are the
genes, the units of inheritance and the
genetic structures which carry the potentials
for learning, for reaction to time,for energy
level ,or for frustration or tolerance .
6. For almost century , there has been a
comtinuing debate among social scientists
on how much of what we are and who we are
result from heredity (nature) and how much is
determined by our socip-cultural
environment (Nurture ).
7. Frued's Theory of
Personality
Sigmund Frued
-A leading psychoanalyst,formulated the
first comprehensive theory on personality .
Three major systems :
1. id
2. ego
3. superego
8. Three major systems :
Id- is the original system of the personality
and matrix within which the ego and the
superego become differentiated.The id, or
the biological component, consists of
everything psychological ,including instincts
which are inherited.
Ego- is the executive of personality and is the
mediator between the needs of the organism
and the objective world of reality .
9. Superego - or the spcoal component ,is tje
internal representative of tje traditional
values and ideals of society as interpreted to
the child by its parent .
10. Culture and Personality
Cultural anthropologists view personality as
formed through the process of enculturation
or socialization.They believe that personality
development as a result of the transmission
of the culture of a society
11. Symbolic Interaction
The theory of symbolic interaction hasbeen
on outcome of the writings of Herbert Bler,
George Herbert Mead,Charles Cooly,W.I
Thomas- and Robert E. Park.
The term symbolic interactionism was coined
by Herbert Blumer, who focused on human
being taking control of their lives in a
complex of ongoing activities in a society .
12. The Socialization Process
Socialization and enculturation are spcial
learning processes of conforming to the norms
and values of the group , internalizing them and
acquiring a status , and performing the
corresponding role.
As a persons move from one stage to
another,such as from childhood to adolescence ,
from adulthood to old age , or from one group
to another,they discard ways which may be
applicable to the new stage or new group.
13. Socialization is a life long process.At a
various stage of life from infancy, to
childhood , adolescence , adulthood and old
age, the individuals occupies certain social
statuses and plays tje corresponding roles.
14. Development of self
The human infant is born helpless, ignorant ,
and without senses of self.
The self arises on a process of social
interaction and social activity with other
people .
Personality and self-concept are initialy
developed in infancy and childhood .
15.
16. Charles Horton Cooley (1922)expounded on the
development of the self, which he calls the
"looking -glass self",through the use of
language
Three elements are involved in this looking-
glass self:
A. Our own imagination of our own
appearances to the other person ,
B. Our imagination of hos judgment of the
appearance ,
C. Some sort of self - feeling, such as pride or
motification
17. George Herbert Mead extended Cooley's
ideas and provided theoritical basis for the
interactionnist approach .
He viewed society as scene of interaction
where people relate to each other and
exchange attitudes,reactions,views ,and
meaning .
18. Social interaction between baby and parents
start from birth when the baby is held by them.
They become aware of themeselves and talk in
terms of "I" a sign of self-consciousness.
children are taught how to eat properly, keep
their clothes clean ,pray and respect others.
19. Children playfully imitate the roles of the
others, like those of fathers, mother ,brother ,
siater, teacher ,and playmate.
20. This is what Mead terms as the period of the
generalized others"- that is, when children takes
the related roles of all the other members in
asocial situation (Bassis, Galles, and Levine,
1991:97-98).
21. Children thus get to understand their position
in the group in relation to the other members
and values and attitudes they hold often ,
they identify with persons who have been
influential or important in shaping their self
image.These persons are sometimes called
the "significant others".
22.
23. Mead points out that self-awareness is
learned when one learns to distinguished
between "I" and "me."
"I "- refers to unsocialized infant who has a
number of spontaneous wants and desires.
"Me"- refers to the social self.
24. Philipchalk(1995-41)
self-concept
- refers to our thoughts or ideas about
ourselves
self as an object
- as well as our ongoing experience in
percieving,thinking ,remembering and
acting,our "self-as-doer."
26. The various person and institutions play an
important role in shaping
They are primary in the sense that they are
fundamental in forming the social nature and
ideals of the individual.
they are also called the ``NURSERY OF
HUMAN NATURE " BY Cooley
28. The family is the main link between the
individual and society
The child gets oriented into culture of the
groups, its norms, types of consensus and
sanctions.
Exerts a great influence on the formation of
the child's Attitudes, norms, values, and
standards of right and wrong.
29. Performance of socially accepted behavior is
rewarded .
Performance of socially undersirable behavior
is punished .
The child start to learn gender role
expectations in the family.
30. The family is an ever-pervasive influence on
the individual's behavior, even up to
adulthood , more especially in simple and
agriculture society
The family is the first, the closest, and the
most influential social group in the Childs life .
The Filipino child is usually reared not only by
the parents but by other members of the
extended family
31. • the iniatory rites of baptism among the
christian churches and a similar rite among
the Muslims at the age of twelve there is the
rite of confirmation among the catholics .
• The kind of parenting ,whether is
Authoritarian or permisive affects the
individual's norms of behavior and value .
32. Authoritarian parents
-see obedience as an important virtue and
expect the child to strictly comply with the
household rules.
Permissive
-Permissive parents see the important of self
expression as a virtue and they make few
demands for responsibility and orders.
33. The subculture to which a family belongs,
such as a geographical region, a social class,
or a religious group .
35. As children grow older they join groups linked
with their age and interest.
they tend to associate with children of the
same age coming from kin group,
neighborhood ,or school.
This grouping of the two or more members of
more or less the age with loosely organized
structure is called 'THE PEER GROUP, GANG,
OR BARKADA.
36. The peer group is an important milieu for
socialization and had important impact on
personality
peer groups in adulthood are formed in
places of work ,politics, or religion.
peer relationship is egalitarian so there is
more or less equality in status and more give
and take.
37. The children gain some freedom when they
join a play groups
This is where children learn to make decisions
as they are introduced to a world often in
conflict with the adult word.
The peer group influences the norms and
values, interests, and activities of its
members.
38. They develop a strong attachment and
loyalty to the group, getting support and
security in times of uncertainty , stress ,and
strain.
Peer groups become especially influential
when parental guidance, affection and
attention are lacking
40. The school is the primary agent for weaning
children from home and introducing to the
larger society
The teachers who replace the parents as
authority figures are more demanding
children get their formal instruction, acquire
skills in reading, writting, and arithmetic, and
develop cognitive ability.
41. School includes the basic cultural values, the
recreational and intellectual skills. and
selective knowledge that they will need to
participate in the society to which they
belong.
Upper class children often attend elitist or
high standard schools
Lowe class are left to attend low standard
institutions.
44. In modern societies mass media, which
include newspaper, periodicals and journals,
radio, television and movies , are another
agent of socialization.
*Their functions are primarily to inform,
entertain, and entertaining as well as
informative.
• The television programs have become a
surrogate parent to the children.
45. children are influenced by what they see and
this results in the lack of critical thingking
46.
47.
48. They also have shorter
attention spans and
experience increasing
irritability and instability.
Whether television
influence for good or bad ,
it should not replace the
role of family, peer and
school and socialization.
49. Television exposes children to social worlds
they might not experience ,like foreign
culture and arts ,nature and history in the
making, as well as to world of work and
romance and such complex problems as
alcoholism, crime,prostitution ,and Aids .
51. For God Fearing people , the church is an
important agency of socialization.
The church ,through prayers, rituals and
ceremonies , develops among people a strong
faith in god .
Children learn the norms of conduct and
codes of behavior ser forth by the religious
organization.
53. The employee is socialzed in accordance with
its role expectations.
Some places of work provide formal training
in the form of apprentices , oreintation
sessions, and traning courses.
The employee learn the hierarchy of statuses
and finds their place into it.
55. There is distinction between sex and gender.
Sex refers to biological characteristics that
one is born with genitals ,hormones ,and
chromosomes
sex is classification is in terms of male and
female
Gender refers to social expectations, learned
behavior and beliefs associated with
maleness and femaleness and varies
culturally
56. • Sex is inhereted ,Gender is learned.
• According to Goffman ,sex differences are
assumed to be invariable ,hence ,significant
the process of sex role socialization usually
begins in infancy.
57. thus learning process is called" gender or sex
role socialization."
Learning masculinity or feminitity is essential
to identity formation.
58.
59.
60. The Filipino woman
seems to have her heart
set on being "feminine."
some of the components of
this feminism are the desire
to get married, to have
children, to be subordinate
yet equal, to be seductive
without being seduced ,to
be beautiful, to be
educated.
61. The males are expected
to be macho, that is
showing sexual prowess
and being
dominant,showing
virility ,strength ,and
courage and being
adventurous.
male expected to be a
good providers and
bread winners,the head
and guardian of the
family .
62.
63. In the rural areas ,adult
males or husbands are
given the heavier task
,like plowing the field
and digging trenches
64. preparing the meals,
serving them and
washing the dishes and
clothes are women's
chores
65. The activities like
planting, harvesting
and winnowing are
shared in the rice fields
68. Deviant behavior
One of the dimensions of culture is the body
of standards of behavior which the members
of the society are expected to follow.The
norms prescribe the patterns for appropriate
behavior and standards about what
constitute on ideal person.
69. Deviance
-Refers to a violation of a norm.
Clinard and Meir
- Cite some variations in the definitions of
deviance
For sociologists Deviant behavior is one that
fails to conform to the rules or norms of the
group.
Anthropologists are concerned primarily w/
how themembers of the society jointly reach
consensus about deviance.
70. Deviant is Relative
- what is deviant in one society may be
acceptable in another.
Explanation for the Deviant Behavior
- Sociologists offer various explanations
to the phenomenon of deviance. In his book,
Division of labor in society, Durkheim (1899)
explained the relationship between deviant
behavior and the specific moral code
violated.
71. Anomie –a condition of normlessness.
Robert K. Merton( held that the failure to
achieve goals, copied w/ unequal access to
important environment resources, leads to
deviance.
72. Mentron made the following typology of
deviant behavior and the courses of action taken by
each type to achieve its goals.
73. INNOVATORS RITUALIST
RETREATIST REBELS
The theory of Merton is useful because it
stresses the external cause of deviant
behavior that are within the power of the
society to change and correct. However, it
does not explain the cause ofcertain kinds of
deviance , like the family violence, drug
dependence and juuenile alcoholism.
74. DRUG ABUSE AND DRUG
ADDICTION
A form of deviant behavior which has become
so widespread as to call for priority attention
is drug abuse an adddiction.
Drug addiction is an state of physical or
psychological need of drugs thar results from
its continuous use.
75. TREATMENT OF DRUG ADDICTS
For treatment and rehabilitation, it is better
to takes addicts to a rehabilitation center or
hospital than keep the patient at home.
Rehabilitation involves developing to the
optimum the remaining capability for healthy
life of drug dependent – his/her physical,
emotional, psychological, spiritual,
vocational, and occupational potentials. But
as the saying goes, "it is better to ensure
prevention than to subject he addict to cure.
