This presentation, delivered by Dede Rohadi to the Delegation from Ethiopia, outlines the current and historical state of forestry in Indonesia. Topics include forest extent, administration, and policies.

1. Forestry in Indonesia: An Overview
Presented to the Delegations from Ethiopia
CIFOR, 15 January 2015
By. Dede Rohadi

2. Presentation Outline
• Forest Extent
• Forest Administration
• Forest Policies and Practices
• Social Forestry

3. I N D O N E S I A

4. Indonesia:
• Population: + 250 million people (+ 3% growth since
1970) – mostly living in Java.
• Land area: + 187 million ha
• 34 Provinces, 410 districts, 98 municipalities (cities)

5. Forest Extent

6. Definition of Forest?
Forest
Forest Area
Areas with and/or without vegetation
Views:
• Economy
• Ecology
• Legal
State Forest
Private ForestNon-Forest Area
Statistic Bias ?
Source: Sardjono (2007)

7. Forest by Function (MoF, 2013)
Forests Land = 127 million ha
Non Forests Land = 62 million ha
22
12%
30
16%
29
15%
28
15%
18
9%
62
33%
Conservation Forest
Protection Forest
Permanent Production
Forest
Limited Production
Forest
Convertible Production
Forest
Non Forest Land

8. Conservation Forests (millions ha)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Terresterial Marine

9. Forest by land cover (million ha)
Land cover type
Conserv
ation
forest
Protection
forest
Permanent
Production
forests
Limited
Production
Forest
Convertible
Production
Forest
Non Forest
Land
Total
Forested 16 25 20 19 10 9 99
Primary forest 11 15 7 7 5 1 46
Secondary forest 5 9 11 11 5 6 48
Planted forest 0 0 2 0 0 1 4
Non forested 5 7 14 4 11 48 89
Total 21 32 34 23 21 57 188
Percentage (%)
Forested 75 77 59 82 49 15 53
Non forested 25 23 41 18 51 85 47

10. Forest
Administration

11. Central
Government
Provincial
Government
District
Government
President
&
Ministers
Governors
&
Provincial Offices
Bupati/City Mayors
&
District Offices
GovernmentStructures

12. Brief History of Ministry of Forestry
• 1945 : Nation’s Independence
• 1966 : Establishment of Directorate General of
Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture
• 1983 : Establishment of Ministry of Forestry
• 1998 : Establishment of Ministry of Forestry and
Estate Crops
• 2001 : Back to Ministry of Forestry
• 2015 : Ministry of Environment and Forestry

13. Minister of Forestry
Inspector General Secretary General
DG of Forest
Business
Development
DG of
Watershed
Management
and Social
Forestry
DG of Forest
Protection and
Nature
Conservation
DG of Forest
Planning
Agency of
Research and
Development
(FORDA)
Minister Advisers:
1. Industrial Revitalization
2. Economic and International
Trade
3. Environment and Climate
Change
4. Organization Relationship
5. Forest Guard/Security
Center for
Facility and
Logistic
Center for
Standardization
and Environment
Center for
Community
Relation
Center for
International
Cooperation
Center for
Forestry
Development
Center for
Financing
Of Forestry
Development
8 Echelon I
5 Minister Advisers
52 Ec II
172 Ec III
403 Ec IV
Agency of
Extension and
Human
Resource
Development

14. Forest Policies
& Practices

15. Important Forest Policies:
Pre Independence or Colonial Period
Dutch:
‘Domein Verklaaring’ 1870 (state ownership)
Long-term concession (> 75 years)
Policy issues: forest utilization and protection
Japan:
Forest for war (weapons, boats, fortress, etc)
Forest conversion (into agricultural lands)
Military powers rule forests
Source: Sardjono (2007)

16. NEW ORDER REGIME PERIOD
1998
Transition
The 70’s The 80’s The 90’s
Economic
Aspects Ecological
Aspects Social
Aspects
1966
Diagram: Trends and Focus of Indonesian Forestry Policies during
New Order Regime for the Last Three Decades of
Twentieth Century
Source: Sardjono (2007)

17. Forest Policy Characters during
Hegemony of the New Order
Positive
Clearer forestry development plan (annual, mid-
term/5 years, long-term 25 year)
Availability of all needed instruments
(regulations, forest land use, silvicultural system,
hierarchical administration etc.)
Significant leap from first tropical timber exporter
(in the ’70s) to top plywood and sawn-timber
producer (in the ’80’s)
Source: Sardjono (2007)

18. Primary contributor of country revenue from
export (in the ’80’s= USD 200 mill./year; in the
beginning of the ’90s= USD 2.0 bill/year; and
almost USD 20.0 bill. or about 10% total GDP
before monetary crisis 1997)
Source: Sardjono (2007)

19. Negative
Increasing annual deforestation rate (in average
2.8 mill.Ha.) and degraded forests (at least 56.0
mill.Ha. in the beginning of the year 2000)
Insignificant roles in reducing poverty (ranging
35.0 to 40.0 mill. people in the beginning of XXI
C) and limiting living space of local communities
(about 70.0 million people living in and around
forests)
Source: Sardjono (2007)

20. Reform Period (1998 – 2001)
• Chaotic period (highest deforestation occurred)
• Reframing of forest use (Forestry Act No. 41/1999 to
revise the previous Act No.5/1967)
• Autonomy era
Social Forestry? Period (2001 – now)
• Social, rights of people on forest resources
• Environmental (moratorium, climate change)

21. Social Forestry in Indonesia
Social
Forestry
Period
Forest
Management
Period
Forest
Utilization
Period
Pre
Colonial
Period
Colonial
Period
Dutch
(VOC)
Japan
Independence
Period
Dutch
Colony
Period
Transition
Period
Forest
Concession
Period
Timber
Estate
Period
1998-…
SF Dev.
1980s-1997
Adoption of SF
1960s-1980s
Adat community
1967
PP 22/1967
1945-1967
Privatization of
forest outside Java
Djati (Teak) Bedrijft
Teak forest in Java
1990
PP 7/1990
Source: Herawati (2012)

22. Social Forestry in Indonesia
• 1978 : World Forestry Congress II in Jakarta “Forest For
People”
• 1980s : Community Forestry
• 2003 : Revitalization of Social Forestry
• Social Forestry Schemes:
 Community Forest (Hutan Kemasyarakatan/HKm)
 Community Plantation Forest (Hutan Tanaman Rakyat/HTR)
 Village Forest (Hutan Desa/HD)
• Reforestation and Land Rehabilitation Programs:
 National Movement on Reforestation and Land rehabilitation (GERHAN)
 One Man One Tree
 One Billion Tree
 Village Nursery (Kebun Bibit Rakyat/KBR)

23. Thanks for your attention