Plague And People Summary

Plague And People Summary
Disease and plague, something that has been with man since the beginning, always challenging them, forcing them to adapt and change. Plagues and
Peoples by William H. McNeill is a book explaining the hardships, facts, and evidence of how plagues caused man to adapt and move. Documented
encounters with disease, ranging from the height of the Chinese empire, to the medieval kingdoms in Europe and Spain, as well as the colonization
of the Americas, and the great genocide of the native peoples of South America. The illusory idea that man had won the battle in 1974 was quickly
proven wrong yet again, for man may never win the battle against disease, and forever be in a constant battle. McNeill's claim of fact as well as Ethos
allowed him to write a consistent story including rhetoric devices, showing the true purpose of the informative book and conveying his main point of
how plagues shaped the course of humankind development. An authors claim of fact must be backed with solid evidence...show more content...
McNeill has this said drive, writing his book in a way that would explain what he is trying to say, which is how plagues have always, and will always
be part of mans evolution. "Infectious disease which antedated the emergence of humankind will last as long as humanity itself, and will surely remain,
as it has hitherto, one of the fundamental parameters and determinants of human history" (295). He states here exactly what he was trying to convey
throughout the whole book. This shows control over the story and that McNeill knows what he wants people to hear, and what they should do with it.
McNeill really gets the reader to think about plagues as a whole and their role in humanities evolution and adaptation. It gives people a broader
understanding and opens up new doors to which they can learn from. This shows his claim of authority, or Ethos, of the
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What Is The Difference Between Opinion And Fact?
CHAPTER 1: What is an Essay? 1. What is the difference between opinion and fact? A: An opinion is a belief on what seems true and probable. It
is an idea or judgment based on a subject and is not based on positive knowledge. On the other hand, a fact is something that is true and can be
proven with positive knowledge. A fact cannot be used as the main topic of an essay whereas an opinion can. 2. How important are facts in an
essay. A: Facts are crucial in an essay; especially those with a specialized subject. The facts are the solid information which proves your idea
/opinion. Although some subjects may need a little more or less facts, every essay needs solid information to support one's belief. If an essay is
only based on your thoughts, then no other source will be available to support your ideas. Therefore, all essays with the motive to persuade are
crucial to have evidence to back one's judgment of a subject. 3. Is one opinion as good as another? Explain your answer. A: Some opinions are
better than another. Depending on many factors, one opinion can be better to write an essay than the other. First of all, opinions which demand a
more detailed response is better than those with a simple "yes" or "no" answer. Also, good topics should have a lot of people opposing to your idea.
(There should be a lot of controversy from the other side.) If everyone agrees with your opinion, then you know it isn't a great topic to write an essay
about. 4. Assuming that the writer has

Appearance Discrimination Essay
In an attempt to provide a solution on the issue of appearance discrimination, the Harvard Law Review Association published an article in 1987
proposing policy change. The article is divided into three distinct parts that each state a separate claim. Part I is a claim of fact that describes the
problem of appearance discrimination in a number of contexts, with particular reference to employment. It concludes that it is human instinct to
discriminate against people because of their appearance. Part I argues that while this is useful in some situations, it is ineffective in areas where
certain criteria are not permissible bases of selection. Part II is a claim of value which discusses the effectiveness of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. It
uses the act as an example of how having laws to...show more content...
Part III is a claim of policy which explores how the employment process can be restructured to alleviate appearance discrimination. It states that as
long as hiring is based on face–to–face interviews, physical appearance will inevitably have an impact on impressions. It proposes to eliminate this
problem by restructuring the hiring process to eliminate or reduce the information about an applicant's appearance during hiring or evaluation. Part III
concludes that the most ideal way to deal with appearance discrimination is to restructure the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 to make it illegal. While the
article is useful for those attempting to write in proposition of outlawing appearance discrimination in employment, it is even more crucial for the
opposition because it provides claims filled with holes. In Part I, The article admits to clear scientific reasoning without backing up a rebuttal, "To be
human is to discriminate. Humans constantly evaluate people, places, and things and choose some over others. People in our society often have a
visceral dislike for individuals whom they find

An Example Of A Cause And Effect Claim
1.An example of a fact claim would be that World War I was one of the most devastating wars of all times. 2.An example of a cause and effect
claim would be because factories put of fumes and fumes pollute our ozone layer, factories are to blame for the damage to our ozone layers. 3.An
example of a value claim would be it is inhumane to take part in euthanasia because murder is wrong no matter in what form. 4.An example of a
procedure claim would be to should I turn in my unfinished homework or finish it tonight and turn it in tomorrow? You should tell the teacher and ask
if you could turn it in tomorrow and just have a little late paper deduction instead of a 0 in the gradebook. If she says yes, finish the paper and thank
your teacher for

Reflective Essay: Rhetorical Reading And Writing
Rhetorical reading and writing refers to all the skills a writer or speaker might use to influence readers or listeners and adjust their understanding of a
subject. Rhetorical writing contains judgements, evaluations, agreements, disagreements, doubts, and criticisms. I have learned that when the reader is
engaged they look for rhetorical strategies that the writer uses to make their point. Therefore, after the reader reads the source a person can summarize
and paraphrase the source. Summarizing helps make sure an individual understands the main idea and paraphrasing helps someone put the author's
argument into their own words. Some tips I've used to identify the structures of the text is to pay attention to the title, skim the text before...show more
content...
Claim of fact, value, and policy has changed how I evaluate the main point, main, idea, thesis, or controlling idea of a text. Factual claims are
those that can be verified through experimentation, observation, or reason. How I see it is claims of fact are often used with terms such as
generally, probably, or as a rule. When someone gives a factual claim one would think about the quality of the evidence that supports the claim.
Valued claims are those that expressed a writer's value system, in other words, what the writer believes is good or bad. Claim of value is to make a
judgement and express disapproval or approval to attempt that something is right or wrong. The reader needs to consider the personal, social, cultural
influences to evaluate a value claim. Lastly, policy claims are those that seek to change people's attitudes and behaviors towards a particular issue. A
tip I use is that claims of policy argue that certain conditions should exist and almost always the terms should, ought to, or must are included in the
claim. Readers must consider the source and the sense of accountability that the writing is hoping to create when viewing a policy

Examples Of Factual Claim
An example of a factual claim found in the film, was on the crime scene in which the detective shot a guy in the blue Mercedes. The detective claim
that he was driving and cut the blue Mercedes off and the driver got mad and started to pulled up beside him waving a gun. However, he said he tried
to leave but the guy fired a shot and he shot back in self–defense. Then when he opened the door the driver fell out dead. The interpretive claim to go
along with it is, when detective Graham (Don Cheadle) asked the officer at the scene were there any witness that could prove the story of the
detective. She said no, so he asked her to see can she can find witnesses as the course of action to described the event in the factual claim.

Felons And The Right To Vote
In the article, "Felons and the Right to Vote," claims of fact, value, and policy are used. The author's first claim sets the subject for the rest of the
piece, "Denying the vote to ex–offenders is antidemocratic, and undermines the nation's commitment to rehabilitating people who have paid their debt
to society." This is a claim of value, stating that not allowing ex–offenders to vote is against the philosophy of our democratic government and
dismisses the time they have served for their crimes. This is a claim of value because the evidence used, later on, argues that the current actions of the
government relating to the suffrage of ex–felons, is morally wrong. The speaker challenges the audience to think about right vs. wrong, good vs. bad.

Essay On Fact Checks
The fact checks have provided a unique opportunity to think critically about what candidates say and to check if they are telling the truth. The fact
checks also made me aware of what claims can actually be checked and the important things to look for when checking a claim. Even if I do not
write another fact check in my life, I can still go through the process in my head whenever I hear a claim, and that is more than most people can do.
The community based follow ups were important for putting the fact checks into context, but they mostly turned into data visualizations instead of
conversations with affected community members. This was fine and made the burden of community follow ups much easier, but in the future if you
want to see the full impact of the fact check, make it mandatory to interview at least one person who feels the effects of the fact check. Fact checking
never stops since politicians continue to need to be held accountable, but people seem to care a little bit less about the checks when there is no election
coming up. That being said, I would...show more content...
Once we were able to meet, however, the fact checks went smoothly and working with Cara was really easy. In the future, I would recommend that
students know the extent of the follow–ups and are aware of the sources they should have on hand. I had most of my sources ready and my fact checks
did not take that long. Had I not come prepared, two hours for six pieces could have easily turned into six hours. If deadlines were a bit more
heavily enforced, then I would know exactly what to work on and when it had to be done by. Yes, there are different factors at play such as revising
the fact checks and then following up, but if that whole process was contained to about a week for each assignment, they may be finished and published

Debates On Global Warming
I. Global Warming: Fact or Fiction
A. Background of the debate on the perceived global warming phenomenon 1. Temperature increase 2. Disparity and the reasons why
B. Arguments for the perceived fact of human influence on global warming 1. The greenhouse effect 2. Global disaster C. Arguments that human
influence on global warming is fictitious 1. Amount of CO2 2. Natural reasons for global warming
One of the most longstanding and most passionately debated topics in the scientific community today is based on conceptions of global warming. The
one aspect that the scientific community seems to agree on is the fact that since the mid to late 19th century, just prior to the Industrial Age, theearth
has increased its annual median temperature. Some scientific theories, however, state that this effect has largely to do with humanity's propensity for
burning fossil fuels, and speculate that this tendency will wreak devastating consequences on the earth due to this fact. On the other side of the debate
lies those who state that these perceived effects of global warming is a hoax, as is the effect of humanity on the earth's average median temperature,
Proponents that claim global warming is a fact that is largely in response to mankind's penchant for burning fossil fuels since the advent of the 20th
century back up this assertion by alluding to the greenhouse effect. According to this greenhouse theory, the fossil fuels that are released into the earth's

Extracurricular Activities Essay
Extracurricular Activities
Research was performed on the claim of fact that students involved in extracurricular activities receive higher grades than those not involved in
activities. This topic was studied because high school budgets are meager, and the administrations of these schools want to spend the money efficiently.
Consequently, funding for extracurricular activities may be decreased. This report examines the correlation between extracurricular activities and
academic performance.
Scope
The scope of the investigation only includes high school students and the relationship between their involvement in activities and their academic
performance. Some collegiate level studies were used since the benefits of...show more content...
The first paper entitled "High School Extracurricular Activities and College Grades" by Mary Rombokas studies the relationship between high
academic marks and involvement in extracurricular activities. This article includes a survey performed by Rombokas on this subject. The second
article referenced was "Student Perceptions of the Intercollegiate Athletic Program at a Community College" by Judith S. Berson. This is a study on
how participating on a collegiate level softball team affected the team members' grades.
Key Points
The key points that will be made in this claim of fact are that students involved in extracurricular activities receive better grades than those who are not
involved in extracurricular activities. In addition, activities improve the overall student. Therefore, they help students to receive better grades by
teaching them character building lessons, teaching them lifelong skills, saving some at risk students who would possibly drop out of school, and
helping students develop social skills.
Academics
Mary Rombokas performed a study of college–aged students who were involved in extracurricular activities in high school to discover if there was in

fact a correlation between involvement in activities and academic achievement. She concluded after questioning two hundred ninety–two college

Claim Of Fact Essay: San Jose
Claim of Fact Essay: San JosГ©
In 1968, Dionne Warwick famously harkened back to a time before moving to Los Angeles and sang, "Do you know the way to San Jose? I'm
going back to find some peace of mind in San Jose" (Bacharach & David, 1967). San JosГ© residents who have lived here for decades and still call
San JosГ© home, would agree; in a city taken over by technology, finding peace of mind is the holy grail of daily life in what was once a bucolic
agricultural town. Certainly, for all but the fortunate few; the worst thing that ever happened to San JosГ© was when the farmers left town and
technology moved in.
The Valley of Heart's Delight
Founded on November 29, 1777 as El Pueblo de San JosГ© de Guadalupe, San JosГ© was California's first civilian...show more content...
First, the climate is one of the best in the country. Second, residents can be in Santa Cruz, Monterey, San Francisco, and the riches of Napa Valley's
wine country, in less than an hour's drive. Last, with Stanford University, UC Berkeley, Santa Clara University, and an abundance of community
colleges nearby, residents of Santa Clara are highly educated. According to the Education Research Information Commission (2014), 41% of the county
population has a Bachelor's or higher–level degree, compared to 27% statewide. Certainly, the high percentage correlates with technology, as the area
attracts the brightest individuals to work at companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook, and other technology giants. However, the benefits end there,
as many without a degree and those outside the tech world, have been left behind to suffer at best, the anxiety of simply surviving, or at worst, living
with poverty and homelessness. In 2012, there were 18,000–28,000 unduplicated individuals counted as homeless. This averages to 7,067 individuals
living on the street on any given night (County Welfare Directors Association, 2012). In addition, the Public Policy Institute of California (2013) stated
poverty rates continue to soar in the aftermath of the economic crisis, with 10.6% of Santa Clara County residents living below the federal poverty
threshold.

Why Facts Don T Change Our Minds Summary
Fact vs. Fiction: Does it Affect Reasoning? Regardless of whether or not a person may know the facts behind a situation, predisposition trumps
knowledge learned later on; just as instinct trumps what has been taught. It is human nature to believe in what one thinks is correct, even if there are
facts that prove otherwise and one will go to the necessary lengths to prove themselves so. In Kolbert's article, Why Facts Don't Change Our Minds,
various studies are put into use to explain this theory. Although multiple studies have been done, the original study presented in 1975 with
undergraduates and suicide notes are the basis for the theory that facts do not necessarily change a person's standpoint on a topic that they strongly
believe in. The students were asked to choose between a real suicide note and a fake suicide note. Without knowing which ones were truly correct,
they were given their scores at the end then asked how they believed they did. Those with lower scores believed that they had done worse than that of
an average student, whereas those with higher scores believed they had done better than an average student. At no given point was it mentioned that if
you scored lower, you did poorly...show more content...
Mercier and Sperber explain this as a beneficial situation to the person in question. If one subject has a specific thought instilled into his head whereas
another subject has the opposite thought instilled, then regardless of the facts given to both, they will argue that they are correct using information that
benefits them and their case. If the information given is not substantial or beneficial, the subject may become more willing to criticize significantly
harshly than a subject who has information that works out in their favor. This is due to the fact that a subject can nitpick an opposing argument but
cannot see faults in their

Global Warming Argumentative Essay
Global Warming: Myth or Fact? The Global Warming theory has become increasingly popular over the past few years. Citizens of the world are being
encouraged to be more environmentally conscious by others including politicians, celebrities, and world organizations. The problem with the theory
lies in the fact that it has become more and more controversial as it gains publicity and attention. The basic concept behind this theory is that the earth
was made with a balance of "greenhouse gasses". These gasses are naturally occurring within the atmosphere and they essentially make the planet
habitable by keeping it warm. When the world became more industrialized, the amount of carbon dioxide that was being emitted into the atmosphere
...show more content...
The more people habituating the planet, the more potential there is for emission of greenhouse gasses. In short, the basis of this argument other than
years of documented research and scientific discovery is what harm could we do by being more conservative in our use of energy and other entities
that produce more than their share of greenhouse gasses? The answer as it stands now is none. The harmful effects of ignoring this crisis are all but
proven fact. The problem that the pro– global warming theorists have created is that of social standing and little else. While there may be scientific
backing to support some of the theory, the media presents the problem with great sensationalism. Global warming and energy conservation has thus
become a trend and losses some of its validity through this. The scare tactics used by the media to "promote awareness" are just that, a linguistic ploy to
gain favor. "Awareness of this global threat reinforced public concern and environmental problems and thereby provided environmental activists,
scientists, and policy makers with new momentum in their efforts to promote environmental protection." (McCright, 2000) This statement draws line
to the potential benefits that would be received if the pro–global warming theorists were to draw enough attention to the issue. Driven by social
empowerment and conviction to environmental protection, these activists misrepresent the actual threat and paint it as being much more

Evaluate the claim that "moral values cannot be derived from facts"
The claim that moral values cannot be derived from facts concerns the distinction between facts and values and the difference between what is and
what ought to be.
There are those who argue that the claim is false, such as naturalists, who argue that there are indeed natural facts thus suggesting that moral values can
be indentified as possessing empirical properties. Naturalists suggest that moral truths can be derived from facts about human behaviour for example,
"it is a fact that suffering evokes human sympathy" thus making it a form of moral realism which states that there exists an ethical reality and just as
there is an atomic structure to the world, there is...show more content...
Whereas tautologies cannot be denied without contradiction, it is not a contradiction to say "pleasure is good" so because good cannot be identifies
with please, it cannot be defined as pleasure. Moore argues that because the definition of good is an open question, it is a fallacy to define it in terms of
natural properties, thus disputing the naturalist claim that moral values can be derived from natural facts.
However, Moore's open question argument leads to the fallacy of the fact–value gap. This is because Mill is a utilitarian and uses as his proof that
happiness is desirable and is desired by all people. Yet desirable means "ought to be desired" not that it is desired and the fact that people want
happiness want happiness does not entail that they ought to want it or that possessing is a good thing, which is a value. So ought, which is a value,
does not automatically follow from is, which is a fact.
Hume similarly argues that the claim that "moral values cannot be derived from facts" is true as he suggests facts describe the world and their claims
can be proven true or false while value claims are emotive and expressions of approval or disapprobation. They may evince attitudes yet they are not
characteristics of events themselves thus values are not in the world but are projected onto it. Hume's argument creates

Example Of A Value Claim Essay
Beverly Foster
Professor Watnik
English 103
14 February 2016
Value Claim Outline
Claim
Underage drinking, especially under the age of 21, is not allowed in the United States, because it is unsafe for teenagers. When it comes to health
problems and other dangers, alcohol can be taken under poor situations where it can be overly used or misused. Alcohol is a substance that is very risky
and if used incorrectly or immaturely, the effects can be dangerous to the users and the people around them. Allowing 18 year olds to consume alcohol
would be bad for their health and life. Support
"In one study, 37 percent of eighth grade females who drank heavily reported attempting suicide, compared with 11 percent who did not drink" (NIH)
Lowering the drinking age to 18 would allow more teenagers under the age of 18 to get their hands on alcohol. Survey shows that 18 to 20 year
olds get access to alcohol through their 21 to 24 year old friends, so if the age is lowered to down to 18, 15 to 17 year olds would start drinking
alcohol. Drinking alcohol is not something kids or teenagers should be allowed to drink just because they want to relax or have fun. Teenagers are
more likely to be peer pressured into drinking alcohol because it is the "cool" thing people are doing. Drinking alcohol has serious effects on the
human body and consuming too much can be dangerous to your health and life. From childhood to adulthood is when the body starts to transform and
the...show more content...
18 to 20 year olds are starting to drink now, lowering the drinking age to 18 will provide 15 to 17 year olds the opportunity to start drinking as well.
The human mind does not reach complete intellectual development until between the ages 21–25. So by allowing people younger than the age of 21 to
drink alcohol that would be allowing them to make poor decision that could affect their lives

Fact Check
Google added a new tool on Friday designed to fight the spread of fake news on the web. Fake news includes stories that contain intentional lies or
unchecked rumors. The new "Fact Check" program automatically labels questionable stories in users' search results. It provides links to fact–checking
sites like Snopes and Politifact with these stories. This way, the reader can determine the accuracy of the stories' claims.
Major websites such as Google, Facebook and Twitter have been facing pressure to help stop the spread of "fake news" across the Internet. This issue
was highlighted during the U.S. presidential campaign when several "fake news" stories were spread about candidate Hillary Clinton.
Over the past few years, sites such as Google...show more content...
A network of 115 fact–checking organizations will provide the accuracy assessment for questionable articles. As a result, Google searches based on the
same claim could return different opinions on the story's accuracy or inaccuracy from different fact–checkers. But even with differing opinions on the
truth of a story, Google hopes that the range of opinions from different sources will give users an idea of the "degree of consensus" on any suspicious
claims. The degree of consensus measures how many people who are knowledgeable on the subject agree on something.
Fact Check Tool Is An Important Step
Of course, some fake news readers will likely continue to reject the truth in favor of a fake news article. They will believe claims that seem to support
prejudices they already have. Fact Check won't eliminate the problem of fake news completely. But Forte thinks that Google's new tool is an important
step in fighting the growth of misinformation on the web.
"Asking companies like Google and Facebook to think about these problems and do what they can to address them is a start," says Forte. "But it
doesn't go far enough. We need both technological and social solutions. Both good design and

The Five Types Of Claims
1– The five types of claims include: claims of fact, claims of definition, claims of clause, claims of value, and claims of policy. 2– Claims of fact: Did it
happen? Does it Exist? Claims of definition: What is it? How should we define it? Claims of cause: What caused it? How should we define it? Claims
of value: Is it good or bad? What criteria will help us decide? Claims of policy: What should we do about it? What should be our future course of
action? 3– The first arguments made in response to a new issue–generating situation usually involve claims of fact and definition. The next group of
arguments that occur often result in claims of cause. Next, claims of value occur when people begin to evaluate the goodness or badness of what has
...show more content...
This policy forces any student who received a zero on an assignment to attend tutoring for thirty minutes every day until the grade changes. One
issue that has risen due this policy is the inability of certain students to attend the tutoring, and as a result being punished for it. The two primary
types of claims that have been made are, claims of value and policy. Teachers and principals had to decide whether or not it was good or bad that
students were suffering as a result of not being able to attend the tutoring. They then had to decide how they were going to fix the problem, and
what their future course of action could be. An event that has occurred on the national level is the decision of Donald Trump to build a wall on the
border of Mexico. The issue that has risen is whether or not the wall is in the best interest of the country. Claims of definition, cause, value, and
policy have been made. People are making different claims of definition about what exactly the wall will look like and the scale at which it will be
built. People are also making different claims of cause about why we need the wall or why we don't need the wall. Deciding whether the wall is
good or bad has also been a major claim in this issue. Lastly, claims of policy about how to find the best solution to the problem have been stated as

What Makes An Effective Argument Ineffective?
1.The basic parts of an effective argument are a stated clearly defined issue, makes a claim, and offers support for that claim. Sometimes an argument
may also recognize opposing viewpoints and incorporate them into the argument
2.What makes an argument ineffective is when using emotional appeals to distract a reader from a lack of evidence. Also the use of faulty reasoning,
and inaccurate facts.
3.An issue is a problem, controversy, or an idea that people can have different viewpoints about. The term claim is a point in which a writer is trying to
prove. This is typically the writer's viewpoint on the issue. A refutation is recognizing and auguring against opposing viewpoints.
4.A claim of value focuses on an opinion or judgment about

Claims And Arguments In Critical Thinking
Critical thinking is all about asking questions, the right questions, questions that help you access meaning or significant of claims and arguments.
Building these skills and applying them in your life makes it easy for you to assess evidence, evaluate arguments and adopt your thinking. Therefore,
you will stay switched on and engage in different situations. Critical thinking evolves stepping back from the situation to make you see all the angles
before making judgments or taking decisions.

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Plague And People Summary