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2. 1. Briefing stage
2. Designing stage
3. Tendering stage
4. Construction stage
5. Commissioning stage

3. This stage is also called the ‘Report stage.’ It is the
stage where ideas originated by individuals are studied
with regard to cost and benefits so as to establish the
economic viability or social utility of a project.
Purpose :
The purpose of the briefing stage is to enable the
client/owner to specify project function and permissible
costs so that engineers, architects and other members of
the construction team can correctly interpret the
owner’s wishes and provide a likely estimate of costs.

4. i) To appoint a project steering committee, if necessary.
ii) To appoint a project manager who will have a
continuing responsibility to the client through out the
construction process.
iii) To carry out technical and non-technical investigation
so that alternative proposals may be given due
consideration.
Ex. Geological survey, site investigation such as soil
sample and ground water levels from bore holes.

5. It is very important stage in the field of
construction because any modification in the project
after this stage would prove expensive.
Purpose :
The purpose of this stage is to complete the project
summary and determine the method of construction and
estimated costs so as to obtain necessary approvals
from the client. Its purpose of also includes.

6. i) To develop the project summary for the final adoption
of the most suitable alternative.
ii) To carry out technical investigation such as,
- Soil investigation
- Topographic investigation
- Materials surveys
- Market surveys, etc.
iii) To prepare detailed design, working drawing,
specifications, bill of quantities, final cost estimate
and preliminary construction progemme.
iv) To obtain the owner’s final approvel of the project
summary.

7. During this stage tenders are invited and the
contract is awarded at the best available terms agreed
mutually between the owner’s term and the contractors.
Purpose :
The purpose of the tendering stage is to appoint a
contractor or a member of contractors who will
undertake the construction work on the most suitable
terms and conditions of quality, cost and completion
time.

8. Activities :
i) To invite tenders from the contractors for the
construction work and to award the contract.
ii) Pre-qualification of contractors involves an
investigation of the potential of contractor’s financial,
managerial and physical resources, contractor’s
experience of handling similar projects, etc.

9. The construction stage involves the execution of
construction work as per the design, drawing and
within agreed limits of time, cost and specified quality.
Activities :
The construction stage consists of a member of
inter – related activities. The failure or delay in one
activity may disrupt the entire construction schedule.

10. a)The construction planning includes the preparation of:
-construction schedule
-manpower schedule
-material delivery schedule
-Plant and equipment schedule
b)The control of site operation includes:
-Supply of materials and equipment
-Supervision for quality control
-Co-ordination among sub-contractors
-Supply of necessary drawings

11. It is stage in which the performance of the
structure is evaluated and the proposed nature of
maintenance and repair are considered.
Purpose :
The purpose of this stage is to ensure that the
construction work has been carried out as per the
drawing and specifications, and all the facilities
developed function properly an envisaged in the
design.

12. Activities :
i) To keep various records of actual work.
ii) To inspect the construction work thoroughly and
have any defects rectified.
iii) To prepare operating instruction and maintenance
manuals.
iv) To carry out tests for performance, such as water
tightness, strength etc.

13. For successful completion of a project four basic
resources (4-M) required are,
 Manpower
 Money
 Materials
 Machinery
In addition to this planning, organising, directing,
controlling and co-ordinating are also the key
elements for the success of a project.

14. 1. Improper planning of a project.
2. Defect in the survey carried out before
implementation of a project.
3. Excessive increase in the project cost.
4. Sudden increase in materials and labour rates in the
market.
5. Defective structural design.
6. Poor quality of construction at site.
7. Use of inferior quality of construction materials.
8. Lack of technical skill of supervisors/engineers.

15. 9. Inexperienced contractor.
10.Insufficient finance with the contractor.
11.Insufficient plants, equipments and manpower.
12.Poor relations among owner, engineer and labours.
13.Lake of co-ordination between various deparments
like administration, engineering, account, materials
store etc.
14.Inadequate water, electricity and appraoch road.
15.Change in government policies / laws.
16. Lack of planning for maintenance after completion of
the project.