UNWOMEN Report .3

Survey in the City of Sulaimani: Perceptions of Levels of Harassment of Women FINAL REPORT
id:rc and AUIS Page 22
3.3 Survey Tool Design
Based on the feedback received during the FG sessions, and the literature that was reviewed on the
subject, a survey tool was developed that addresses the following.
Demographic Information: to enable the team to conduct comparisons based on age group, educa-
tional levels, employment, and marital status.
• Where do you live?
• What is your Age?
• What is the highest level of education you have completed?
• What is your Occupation?
• What is your marital status?
Knowledge and Understanding of the Meaning of Harassment and Exposure to It: to understand
the extent to which respondents have been harassed, and to understand where and how it happens
the most.
• Exposure to harassment in the past year
• Location of harassment
• What kind(s) of harassment faced
• Time(s) of the day mostly faced
• 3 most places were usually harassment occurred?
Forms of Harassment, Frequency, Places, and Countermeasures: to better understand what are the
most common types of it, how it impacts and restricts victims, how victim react and how they per-
ceive it, and what countermeasures could be implemented by the Government to make the city safer.
• Age when first exposed to it
• Frequency of street harassment experiences
• Restriction of movement due to street harassment
• Perceptions on whether the female is the cause for harassment? And reasons
• Who are the offenders and what are their characteristics
• How harassment makes victims feel
• Whether victims react, why/why not, and how
• Reaction of by-standers, if any
• Awareness of laws
• Precautionary measures to ensure their safety
• What should the government do to prevent and respond to street harassment?
• What should the government do for men to stop street harassment on the streets
A copy of the final survey tool both in English and in Kurdish is included in the Appendix.

Survey in Sulaimani: Perceptions of Levels of Harassment of Women FINAL REPORT
3.4 Sample Size and Locations of Data Collection
For the purposes of this survey, the sample unit (i.e., the entity that represents one data point) was
taken as a female resident of Sulaimani above the age of 15 years. With this in mind, the population
(sample frame) was taken as the total number of females in Sulaimani that meet this age criterion.
The Study Sample Size was defined as the minimum required number of sampling units that are
needed to build sound statistical conclusions and inferences about the issues to be assessed in this
study. Two important criteria for such determination are the level of significance (which was taken at
95%) and the confidence interval (which was taken at 5%). The minimum sample size required to
draw inferences on the households was calculated using the following formulae:
2
2
c
p)x(p)x(1Z
SS
−
=
Where:
SS = sample size;
Z = Z-value (e.g. 1.96 for 95% confidence level);
p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal (0.5 used for sample sizing purposes);
and
c = confidence interval, expressed as decimal (e.g., 0.05 = ±5);
The sample size was further corrected to account for the Finite Population using the following formu-
la:
Population
1SS
1
SS
SSNew
−
+
=
To apply the above formula, the above data were used based on information from the Department of
Statistics:
Overall population of the city = 1,600,000 inhabitants
Male to female ratio1 = ~1:1
Ratio of population above 15 years old = 60%
Target population = 480,000
Applying the above formulae to the female population of the city of Sulaimani resulted in a minimum
required sample size of 385 respondents. Based on the feedback received during the FG sessions and
other discussions with UNWomen, the following sites were used for the conduct of interviews:
Study locations as per feedback from FG Additional Proposed Locations
Salim Street
Bakhtari Street
Sarjinar Street
A’qari Street
Comaniah Nozad Area
Bar Mahkama area
Tuimaleek Street
Azidi Park
Kani Korda
Bazar
Mawlawi and the surrounding streets
Near Mzgawty Gawra
Asihaba Spi
Zher Prdaka
Sar Prdaka near Daboka in mawlawi Street

3.5 Training of Data Enumeration Team
Once the survey tool was finalized, and the sample size and data collection location determined, the
study team conducted a training activity for the data enumerators. This was done to ensure a thor-
ough understanding of the purpose of the survey as well as the details of the questionnaire. The
enumeration teams underwent full training to familiarize them with the elements of the survey tool
and the specific questionnaires, in order to guarantee the integrity and the quality of the data.
The training was govenered by a Survey Guide, which is included in the Appendix, and the enumera-
tion teams’ training consisted of three phases as follows:
a) The first phase was the “Survey Tool Training”; where the team management spent half a day to
discuss the objectives of the survey and the tool proposed. In this phase, the goal was to get all
data enumerators comfortable with the survey tool.
b) The second phase of training, was the “Data Collection Platform Training” to introduce the Mag-
Pi application. In the training, we guided teams through the application where they got to use the
mobile device themselves. We conducted live training on the devices during mock interviews.
c) The third phase addressed exercises on the survey tool, communication skills and how they
should deal with respondents when they approach them, introducing themselves, how to comfort
respondents to trigger participation, and how to deal with awkward situations.
Structuring the training as described above ensured that enumerators would be comfortable with the
survey tool before being introduced to the medium of data capture. This focused the second phase on
one goal, to master the operation of the mobile application. The following are the main guidelines
that were followed in the training:
a) Training was conducted in an organized space at the AUIS campus.
b) Training examples were distributed prior to the training.
c) Copies of the survey tool were made for all participants.
d) The entire group read through the survey tool together, out loud, from beginning to end and
the trainer explained the purpose of each and every question, what it is meant to measure,
and the possible responses as per the survey tool.
e) The trainer explained how questions are to be asked. They were instructed and taught to be
impartial; she must ask the question without passing judgment. The enumerator must not
make interpretation of the answer; just obtain a straight answer.
f) In-class and field exercises was administered such as:
i. Everyone did a single survey together: one person was nominated to be the subject of
the interview. Each participant took a question in turn.
ii. Enumerators paired up in groups of two, so they can interview each other.
iii. Field exercise where the team duplicated all the conditions of the real field survey,
but in an area that doesn't fit in the sampling. Enumerators were asked to follow the
sampling selection process, go out on their own, choose people to interview, and
complete several interviews.
iv. After this exercise, everyone was asked to share his/her experience in class together.

Explaining the interviwer guide to the enumerators (held at the AUIS under UNWomen supervision)
Guiding the enumerators through the survery tool in both laguages (Kurdish and English)

3.6 Pre-Testing
With the survey tool and sampling method finalized. The id:rc team conducted pre-tests of the sur-
vey tool to finalize the survey tool, and the data management system. This was done through testing
it on a small number of respodents to check for problems in the questionnaire design that do not be-
come apparent until the questionnaire is actually tried.
In general, the field-testing of the questionnaire was divided into two stages. The first stage (pre-
testing) involved trying out selected modules of the questionnaire on a small number of respondents,
to obtain an approximate idea of how well the draft questionnaire sections worked. When conduct-
ing the pre- test, surveyors used the digital and the hard copy of the Questionnaire. This was to dou-
ble check the accuracy of the proposed methodology. The second stage (pilot test) was a more com-
prehensive field test of the entire questionnaire, involving more respondents to test the survey tool
and the data collection system.
The pre-test and pilot test of the Questionnaire aimed to test for:
• The time needed to complete the survey.
• To get the data enumerators to try the system out in the field
• The format of the Questions.
• To see if all the questions are easy to understand and follow by the respondents
• The nature of answers.
Generally, there were no issues with the survey tool, and a workplan was developed based on the
times needed to conduct interviews. The workplan aimed to
• Allocate the various teams to the various areas according to a clear time table identifying the
areas to be covered in specific time periods (rotation of interviewers to minimize biases will
be taken into consideration)
• Addresses the details of all logistics (transportation, communication, etc.)
• Include periodic internal staff meetings to assess how smoothly the fieldwork and data entry
are proceeding.

4.0 RESULTS AND FINDINGS
A sample of 485 females were interviewed using the survey tool that was developed. The survey was
administered by a team of data enumerators recruited and trained from the AUIS. This section pre-
sents the key findings from the analyses of the data collected in the field. The findings are presented
in the same order as they were categorized in the survey tool itself.
4.1 Demographic Information
This part of the survey intended to capture the age groups, educational levels, employment status,
and the marital status of the respondents. It also addressed whether they used public transportation
or not as an indirect indication to the economic standing of the respondent given that respondents are
usually hesitant to provide information about their income levels.
The majority of the respondents were between 15 to 39 years old, with the distribution of the sample
comprising of 41% between the ages of 15-25, 36% between the ages of 26 to 39, 18% between the ages
of 40 to 50, and 5% aged over 50
years. Those were the age
groups that had been identified
as the most prone to street har-
assment during the FG discus-
sions that took place. This indi-
cates that the sample is mainly
comprised of females that had
been identified as mostly sub-
jected to harassment. Therefore,
the opinions of the interviewed
sample could be considered as
representative of this vulnerable
group of the society.
The educational backgrounds of
the interviewed sample ranged from illiterate to having a post graduate university degree as can be
seen in Figure 4.2. This is indicative that the sample captures a wide and diverse range of socioeco-
nomic backgrounds, and takes into account voicing the opinions of a diverse range of respondents.
The majority of the sample, however, had an above primary education.
Figure 4.2 Educational Background Distribution of Respondents
The mostly represented educational background categories were Secondary Education (24%), Diplo-
ma (35), and University Degree (31%).
In terms of employment, nearly 20% of the respondents were unemployed, while the remaining 80%
were either employed, a student, or retired. Again, this indicates that the sample captures the opin-
ions of respondents from the various walks of life.
Illiterate
2%
Primary
Education
6%
Secondary
Education
24%
Diploma
35%
First
University
Degree
31%
Higher or
Post
Graduate
Education
2%
Figure 4.1 Age Group Distribution of Respondents
1. 15 to 25
Years
41%
2. 26 to 39
Years
36%
3. 40 to 50
Years
18%
4. More
than 50
5%

Figure 4.3 Educational Background Distribution of Respondents
The majority of the interviewed females were single (49%). Married respondents accounted for 45%,
while widowed or divorced respondents accounted for 3%. Only 3% declined to comment on their
marital status. Of the total sample, 68% indicated that they use public transportation, with the majori-
ty of them (68%) indicating that they use public buses, while the remaining 32% indicating that they
use taxis. As revealed in the FG sessions, public transport means were identified as locations where
harassment occurs. Again, the fact that the majority of the sample interviewed uses public transpor-
tation assures that the majority of the sample lies within the intended target group.
Figure 4.4 Usage of Public Transport
4.2 Knowledge and Understanding of the Meaning of Harassment
An overwhelming majority (80%) of the interviewed respondents indicated that they, or someone
they knew, had been harassed in the past year. Upon being asked as to where they, or the person
they knew, was subjected to harassment, there was a wide range of responses with the “market” be-
Unemployed
18% Self-employed
5%
Public Servant
34%
Private Sector
20%
Retired
2%
Enrolled at
School_School
and University
21%
Decline to answer
0%
Bus
68%
Taxi
32%

ing the highest single identified location with a 20% frequency. Figure 4.5 below shows the locations
that the respondents identified as having been harassed at. Other areas identified by the respondents
included means and facilities of public transport such as bus stops, roadsides, near educational facili-
ties, and public parks. From an urban design and management perspective, most of those identified
areas are areas that are related to municipal governments. In other words, they are areas where
proper mitigaive measures to curtail the occurrence of the problem can be easily implemented and
monitored by the municipality as will be elaborated on in a following section.
Figure 4.5 Places Where Harassed was Experienced
The most common types of harassment were in line with the types of harassment that had been iden-
tified in the FG sessions and included verbal commenting, gestures, whistling, and starring. Some
respondents even indicated that acts as touching and stalking could even be encountered as can be
seen in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6 Types of Harassment Encountered
The above two findings are alarming in the sense of extent of the occurrence of harassment with 80%
of the respondents indicating that it had happened to them or someone they know, and the nature of
the places where it occurs. The fact that most of the harassment occurs in public areas is indicative of
the need to implement measures that improve the perceived sense of safety in the city among vulner-
able groups. Another interesting finding is that the respondents’ perceptions on what constitutes
Road side
15%
Bus stop
4%
Bus
6%
Taxi stop
4%
Taxi
9%
Market
19%
Parks
9%
Mall
6%
Alley
7%
Through
cellular
phones
8%
Dresses
areas
3%
Near school
4%
Near
University
3%
Near Workplace
3%
other Specify
0%
Comments
30%
Whistling
11%
Touching
12%
Staring
23%
Waving
7%
Stalking
17%
Abduction
0%
Other Specify
0%

harassment include practices that are not necessarily physical or verbal. The fact the nearly one quar-
ter of the interviewed sample consider improper staring as harassment, is indicative of their under-
standing of what harassment is, and the fact that even such practices make them feel uncomfortable.
While not as controllable as other types of harassment, it does indicate a need for raising awareness
and educating fellow citizens on the psychological pressure such act places on females. In addition,
the fact that it sometimes escalates to touching and stalking is indicative of the need for a reporting
and emergency aid system where the victims of harassment can report it immediately to the proper
authorities.
Examining the periods of the day that respondents indicating having been subjected to harassment
revealed that such actions do not necessarily happen in the evening hours. As can be seen in Figure
4.7 below, the majority of the respondents (41%) indicated that it mostly occurs between noon and
five o’clock in the evening. Another 22% indicated that it mostly happens between 6:00 a.m. and
11:00 a.m. that it. These two groups alone account for 63% of the respondents indicating that such
practice happens in broad day light. This is indicative that the males initiating such practices have a
very low perceived risk of being reprimanded, and also do not seem to view this action as one that
has to be inconspicuously practiced. The times selected by the respondents are times where females
could be commuting to school or work, shopping, or commuting home. A smaller, yet significant,
portion of the respondents (37%) indicated that it happens after 6:00 p.m.
Figure 4.7 Times of Encountering Harassment
In other words, the act of street harassment seems to happen throughout most hours of the day, and
day light does not seem to deter such activities. This indicates that any needed activities to mitigate
this behavior need to take this into account, and different measures need to be implemented for vari-
ous times as explained in a later section in order to help improve perceptions of the city’s safety.
An alarming 38% of the respondents indicated that the first time they were harassed was when they
were less than 15 years old, and another 40% indicated that they were between the ages of 15 to 25.
This indicates that different types of girls are severely subject to it including young students and the
working age group. Again, this indicates the need for educational and awareness programs to edu-
cate youngsters on the seriousness of the problem, and how to deal with it, in addition to ptotective
Mitigative measures to reduce it intensity.
To better understand the characteristics of the harassers, respondents were asked to identify who
harassed them or someone they know. As can be seen in Figure 4.8 below, there is wide range of
males that are reported to have harassed the different respondents.
Morning from
6 to 11 am
22%
During day
from 12 to 5
pm
41%
Evening from
6 to 10 pm
25%
Late of night
after 10pm
12%

Figure 4.8 Characteristics of Harassers
As can be seen in the Figure, the largest single category of male harassers is what the respondents
identified as the unemployed. While there are no means for victims to confirm whether such people
are unemployed or not, this is the term often given to males that spend significant amounts of time
simply hanging out in public areas. This is most probably due to the fact that they are unemployed.
This indicates that employment generation programs or vocational training programs targeting male
youth, could indirectly help mitigate the problem of street harassment. It is believed that if such in-
dividuals spend less time not doing anything on the streets and public places the possibility of them
become instigators of harassment will reduce.
Another critical group identified by the respondents is the drivers of public transport vehicles, with
21% often respondents identifying them as initiators of harassment. This shows that there is a need to
both educate this group to raise their awareness on the inappropriateness of such behavior, and the
need for the municipal government to provide the means of monitoring such public service, and ef-
fectively provide the means to enforce measures to curtail it.
Enforcement and awareness raising is also needed to target the third group comprising of shop keep-
ers and laborers at such shops. Again, continuous proper monitoring and enforcement in public
markets is needed, and awareness programs targeting such group is also needed.
A low, yet alarming proportion of respondents indicated that security forces themselves were often
the initiators of harassment. This means that awareness and proper training for such individuals
have to be designed and implemented by the local government.
With 4% reporting having been harassed by a family member or a relative, there is a need for educa-
tion and awareness among young girls to better educate them about this problem, and how to deal
with it when harassed by a family member. This involves providing the means with which such vic-
tims can report such behavior, and to instill in them that it is not acceptable in any way and should
not go unpunished.
4.3 Frequency and Places of Harassment
This part of the survey tool aimed to the frequency of the occurrence of various types of harassment,
and the places within Sulaimani that they believe harassment occurs the most.
For eight pre-selected types of street harassment, the respondents were asked to indicate the frequen-
cy of its occurrence. The findings are shown in Table 4.1 below. As can be seen in the Table, the per-
ceived frequencies of occurrence differ by the type of harassment. According to the respondents, the
verbal and visual types of harassment are reported to be of high occurrence, with over half of the re-
spondents indicating that it happens every few days or more. The types of harassment of a more
forward inappropriate nature, while reported to occur, seems to rarely happen if not at all.
Colleagues
3%
Policemen and
security forces
4%
Shop owenrs
12%
Workers and
Hand
Craftsmen
11%
Drivers such as
Bus driver Taxi
drivers
21%
Schools or
university
students
11%
Unemployed
32%
Relatives or
friends
4%
Others Specify
2%

Table 4.1 Frequency of Occurrence of Types of Harassment
In your opinion, what are the fre-
quencies of women’s street harass-
ment in the form of?
Never happened Rarely Once a month Twice a month
Every few days
or more
Value % Value % Value % Value % Value %
Catcalls, whistles, or stares 26 5.3 86 17.7 46 9.5 54 11.1 272 56
Unwanted attention 112 23 137 28.2 57 11.7 57 11.5 122 25.1
Crude or offensive jokes 140 28.8 155 31.9 58 11.9 41 8.4 90 18.5
Sexist remarks or behaviors 128 26.3 183 37.7 43 8.8 33 6.8 97 20
Seductive remarks or come ons 164 33.7 175 36 25 5.1 40 8.2 80 16.5
Unwanted touching 182 37.4 205 42.2 26 5.3 17 3.5 54 11.1
Pressure to cooperate improperly 333 68.5 119 24.5 6 1.2 20 4.1 6 1.2
Forceful fondling or grabbing 331 68.1 118 24.3 13 2.7 6 1.2 16 3.3
Upon being asked to name the places within the city where they though harassment occurred the
most, the results in Figure 4.9 were obtained. The detailed list of sites identified as locations where
harassment occurs in included in the Appendix.
Figure 4.9 Locations Reported to be of High Harassment Incidents

When asked to rate how street harassment affects the respondents’ ability to restricts their ability to
freely and comfortably move around in the city, the following responses were obtained.
Table 4.2 Perceived Safety as a Result of Harassment
Restriction of movement due to harassment
Strongly
Disagree
(1)
2 3 4 5 6
Strongly
Agree
(7)
I feel safe walking around alone 18 12.4 19.1 12.4 13.5 6.7 18
I would not feel comfortable walking alone in the city 9 14.6 10.1 9 20.2 9 28.1
If I need to go out, I often try to have a male accompany me 30 10.1 7.9 5.6 9 11.2 25.8
I try to avoid certain places in Sulaimania 10 9 11.2 12.4 11.2 6.7 39.3
I feel as safe with a group of girlfriends as I do with a male com-
panion even at night
13 9 15.7 6.7 6.7 9 39.3
• As can be seen in the Table above, there were mixed perceptions on the feeling of safety
walking around the city alone, with 18% strongly agreeing with the statement, and a similar
portion strongly disagreeing with the statement. More respondents tended to disagree with
the statement, however, indicating a general feeling of non-safety.
• More respondents indicated that they do not feel comfortable walking alone, with nearly 30%
strongly agreeing with the statement, and only 9% strongly disagreeing with the statement.
• A higher portion of respondents indicated that they strongly disagreed with the need to have
a male companion accompany them if they need to go out. Still, nearly one quarter of the
sample indicated that they strongly agreed with the need for such practice.
• Nearly 40% agree with the statement that they avoid certain places in Sulaimani on account
of the possibility of harassment with nearly 40% strongly agreeing with this statement.
• Being accompanied by a group of female companions seemed to be more acceptable by
respondents than being accompanied by a male companion with nearly 40% of respondents
strongly agreeing with such practice. This could explain the above trend, and the fact that a
male companion often inhibits privacy of the female.
4.4 Perceptions on Harassment
Nearly 10% agreed that the girl herself is the reason for the harassment. while 57% agreed that she
sometimes could be the reason, and 33% disagreed. The way that the respondents always or some-
times agreeing to this identified as triggers for harassment include those shown in Figure 4.10 below.
Figure 4.10 Ways a Female Could Trigger Harassment
As can be seen in the above Figure, there is a general perception that the appearance of the female
could often trigger harassment. While a sensitive issue in a conservative community, it does reveal a
Wearing
tight clothes
20%
Indecent
behavior
18%
The way
girls walk
13%
Non
compliance
with customs
and traditions
11%
Provocative
make-up
10%
The way girls
talk
12%
Lack of
discipline
10%
Not
conforming
to religious
values with
regard to
appearance
6%

perception that sometimes harassment can be justified. While the authors of this report do not pro-
mote non-compliance with cultural values, it is important to instill the concept that two wrongs do
not make a right. The way a female dresses in such communities, while important, should not give
harassers an excuse to harass. This indicates the need for education and raising awareness both
among males and females. Such awareness should promote compliance with traditions and local cul-
tural values among females, and make them more aware that improper conduct could make them
targets for harassment, but at the same time, it should target males to react differently. This subject
needs further study.
Despite the above trend, nearly 60% of the respondents indicated that there are no excuses that justify
harassment. Figure 4.11 shows the age groups of the males that the respondents indicated are typical
of harassers.
Figure 4.11 Age Group of Harassers
As can be seen in the Figure, the majority of harassing males are between 18 and 39 years old, with
the 18-24 years old group being the largest single age group. Older age groups were also reported.
Those numbers help identify which age groups any awareness campaigns should target, and would
also help design campaigns that are age specific.
4.5 Reactions on Harassment
This section was primarily concerned with documenting the respondent’s own experiences of being
harassed, and their respective reactions on how they dealt with such incidents. Capturing the re-
spondent’s feelings and responses towards assault is of great significance to this study since it better
assesses the females’ overall perception on street harassment and how they choose to deal with it.
The opening question of this section asked the respondents to identify the way they feel about street
harassment. The largest share of the respondents of 27% expressed their anger towards it.
Less than 11
1% 12 years to
17 years
13%
18-24
24%
25-29
19%
30-39
17%
40-49
10%
50-59
10%
60 and more
4%
I don't know
2%

Figure 4.12 Respondent’s Range of Feelings Towards Harassment
Other reactions included fear and disappointment with percentages of 12% and 14%, respectively. As
illustrated in Figure 4.12, the rest of the answers were very close as the respondents expressed various
emotions of shame (7%), anxiety (7%), depression (6%), humiliation (6%), hopelessness (5%), loss of
self-esteem (4%), confusion (4%), guilt (3%) and finally, around 3% expressed their need to talk to
someone about it. It is positive to see that more women are angered and disappointed with harass-
ment than feeling guilty; nevertheless, it is important not to deny the negative self-shaming and de-
pressing self-image perceptions that women develop upon experiencing street harassment.
As a follow up to the previous question, women were asked whether they had ever reacted upon ex-
periencing harassment, and the majority of 58% responded that they did. Moreover, Figure 4.13
shows the various responses indicating the kinds of reactions that these reacting respondents have
taken in response to harassment. As illustrated in the Figure, a large portion of about 45% reacted
verbally, as opposed to 25% that choose to ignore it. A smaller proportion of 13% physically react to
harassment, and another 5% indicated they run away. Nearly 5% of the respondents pointed out that
they use body language as their reaction to assault while only small percentages of them indicated
they would report to the police, call a father/brother or even seek the help of a bystander with 3% for
each category. These low percentages show an interesting trend where less and less women try to ask
for help and choose to deal with it on their own even if it meant ignoring the event or running away
from the situation.
Angry
27%
Afraid
12%
Guilty
3%
Shame
7%
Confusion
4%
Anxiety
7%
Depression
6%
Loss of self
esteem
4%
Feeling of
humiliation
6%
Feeling of
hopelessness
5%
Disappointed
14%
Hope to have
someone to talk
3%
Nothing
2%

Figure 4.12 Respondent’s Reactions to Harassment
As for the 42% that indicated they did not/would not react to harassment upon experiencing it, a fol-
low up question inquired about the reasons that prevented them from doing so. A lot of the responses
were very close as 19% attributed their lack of response, to fear from other people’s reaction whereas
18% did not react because they believed that society blames the woman for harassment. Moreover,
around 16% were worried about the impact a reaction would have on their reputation, and 15% indi-
cated that harassment is a common occurrence, which is why they saw no point in reacting to each
accident. Figure 4.13 shows the different justifications and reasons women demonstrated for their
lack of reaction towards street harassment.
Figure 4.13 Respondent’s Reasons for Non Responsiveness
Ignoring
25%
Responding
verbally
43%
Responding
physically
13%
Responding with
body language
5%
Reporting to
police
3%
Call your
brother or
your father
3%
Seeking help from
bystanders
3%
Running away
5%
This is a common
occurrence that
happens to anyone
15%
I was afraid of
people’s reaction
19%
The community
blames the woman
18%
I was afraid of the
impact it could have
on my reputation
16%
There is no
one I can
turn to
5%
I was afraid
of
harassment
in the police
station
5%
I thought the
police would
never help or
believe me
3%
I believed nobody
would help me
4%
There
were no
witnesses
2%
Fearing the
harasser
10%
Others Specify
3%

In an attempt to understand how the community reacts to various incidents of street harassment, re-
spondents were asked whether they had ever received help in a situation of harassment. Around 30%
indicated that they had. Figure 4.14 shows the different ways they received such help. Around 36%
indicated that they got support from people around, whereas 34% pointed out that they confronted
the harasser. A total of 24% illustrated getting help from male figures in the family/community as
14% called their brother or their father, and about 10% called a male relative or a friend. Finally, only
6% noted that they called the police.
Figure 4.14 Reactions of the Community
4.6 Awareness of Laws
When asked as to whether they knew of any laws to protect women from harassment, 44% of the re-
spondents indicated that there are no such laws, and 35% indicated that they did not know as can be
seen in Figure 4.15. Given that there is a law, this is an alarming finding which indicates that the ma-
jority of females in Sulaimani are not aware of their legal rights. This is in line with feedback from the
FG sessions, which further revealed that even females that are aware of the law do not have much
faith in its ability to protect them from harassment.
Figure 4.15 Awareness of the Law
This finding means that there is a need for efforts to make females aware of the existence of such
laws, the extent to which they protect them, and to educate them on how to make the best use of such
laws to ensure their safety. There is also a need to promote the enforcement of the law, and to make
potential harassers aware of the existence of such law, increased their perceived risk of being held
Called the Police
6%
Confronted the
harasser
34%
Call your brother
or your father
14%
Calling Male
Relative or Friend
10%
Got support from
people around
36%
Yes there is
21%
No, there isn’t
44%
I don’t know
35%

accountable, and making them aware of the consequences. The lack of knowledge of the law and its
enforcement promote non deterrent behavior.
Precautionary measures that females currently take to avoid being exposed to harassment include
avoiding dressing a certain way, avoiding going out, and avoiding certain locations; all actions that
limit their freedom. None of the respondents indicated that she relies on the law, which emphasizes
the above finding on negligence of its existence.
Figure 4.16 Precautionary Measures Taken to Avoid Harassment
4.7 Proposed Solutions to Mitigate the Problem
When asked as to what should be done for women to stop their exposure to harassment, more than
half of the respondents indicated that they should be educated on their legal rights. It was also em-
phasized that they should be educated on the importance of making a complaint when harassed.
Other suggestions included teaching them to defend themselves, and to boost their confidence and
self-esteem as can be seen in Figure 4.17.
Figure 4.17 Actions to be Done for Women to Stop them from Neing Harassed
Suggestions on what should be done in Sulaimani included the following with varying degrees of
concurrence
• Awareness campaigns involving all stakeholders
• Utilizing the media for sending messages to taxi drivers and focusing on punishment
I do not take
any
precautions as
I feel safe in
the city.
8%
Avoid certain
public spaces
25%
Avoid going
out alone after
dark
23%
Avoid going
out alone
15%
Avoid wearing
certain clothes,
which may
seem
provocative
26%
Carry items
such as pepper
spray or safety
pins etc
3%
Educate women
about their rights
35%
Educate
women on
the
importance of
making a
complaint
29%
self-defense
courses for girls,
as well as
building their
self confidence
33%
Other specify
3%

• Increased security personnel, especially in areas where harassment occurs
• Placing cameras with display screens in places where harassment often occurs
• Mechanism for reporting harassment
• Better lighting conditions on streets
• Sever punishment and penalties
• Shelter for battered women
• Curricula on human rights and equality
• Co-educational schools
• Female public transport
• Certification and licensing of public transport drivers

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Main Conclusions
The following are the main conclusions made based on the results of the data analyses:
1. A high proportion of respondents indicated that they, or someone they knew, had been
harassed in the past year. This is indicative that it is a problem that is faced by the majority of
female residents of Sulaimani. Given that the sample was comprised of a group of
respondents with a diverse socioeconomic background, one can conclude that it is an issue
that faces females of all backgrounds.
2. The occurrence of the problem is not confined to a single type or part of the city, and includes
a wide range of places with markets being identified as the place where it happens the most.
Other areas where harassment was reported to have happened include schools and
universities, means of public transport, and the workplace. This leads to the conclusion that
the problem is extensive, and not confined to a certain part of the city. Therefore, any
Mitigative measures would have to be comprehensive and include a variety of
countermeasures.
3. The most common types of harassment included verbal commenting, gestures, whistling, and
staring. This is typical of communities similar to Sulaimani given the conservative nature. It
is, however, still considered offensive behavior, and intrusive on females’ ability to use their
city freely whether for work, education, or leisure. While to a lesser extent, some respondents
even indicated that acts as touching and stalking could even be encountered. Improper
staring was also defined as being a form of harassment.
4. Harassment was reported to happen through most hours of the day. The majority of the
respondents indicated that it mostly occurs between noon and five o’clock in the evening;
however, it also does hapeen before and after that period. This is indicative that the males
initiating such practices have a very low perceived risk of being reprimanded, and also do
not seem to view this action as one that has to be inconspicuously practiced. In other words,
the act of street harassment seems to happen throughout most hours of the day, and day light
does not seem to deter such activities.
5. A high proportion of respondents indicated that the first time they were harassed was when
they were less than 15 years old, thus, indicating that girls are severely subject to it including
young students and the working age group. The main conclusion drawn from this is that
girls of all age groups have to be protected and educated on how to deal with such situation,
especially yonger girls who may feel more vulnerable and weak.
6. The largest category of male harassers perceived by respondents are males that seem to be
unemployed, and spend significant amounts of time just wandering around in the streets.
Another critical group identified by the respondents as harassers are the drivers of public
transport vehicles. Shop keepers and laborers at such shops were also identified as harassers.
Some respondents even identified security forces themselves as the initiators of harassment.
A small proportion of respondents identified family members as harassers as well.
7. The perceived frequencies of occurrence differ by the type of harassment. The verbal and
visual types of harassment are reported to be of the highest occurrence and occur almost on a
daily basis. The types of harassment of a more forward nature, while reported to occur,
seems to rarely happen if not at all.
8. Several sites where identified by the respondents to be locations with high indicences of
harassment. It is those locations that any interventions through the Safer Cities Initiative
should initially focus on.
9. The occurrence of harassment does seem to prohibit the freedom and ability of female
residents to move freely throughout the city. A significant proportion of respondents do not
feel safe walking around the city alone. Others do not even feel comfortable walking alone in
certain parts of the city. Several respondents indicated that they prefer to travel in groups to
feel safer. Nearly hald the respondents stated that they avoid certain places in Sulaimani on
account of the possibility of harassment.

10. There is a perception that the girl herself could be the reason for the harassment, and that the
appearance of the female could often trigger harassment. Over half of the respondents
believe that that there are no excuses to justify harassment.
11. Harassing males are mostly between 18 and 39 years old, with the 18-24 years old group
being the largest single age group. Older age groups were also reported.
12. The largest share of the respondents reported a feeling of anger upon being harassed, with
other respondents having mixed feelings including fear and disappointment, shame, anxiety,
depression, humiliation, hopelessness, loss of self-esteem, confusion, and guilt.
13. More than half the respondents indicated that they react to harassment, and that their
reaction is mostly verbal. As for the respondents that indicated they do not react to
harassment upon experiencing it attributed it to fear from other people’s reaction.
14. Only 30% indicated that by-standers from the community intervened when they were
harassed. This is indicative that there is a need for raising awareness among Sulaimani
residents to combat this problem, and that every member of the community has a role in this.
15. On familiarity with laws to protect women from harassment, the majority of respondents
either indicated that no such laws exist, or that they did not know of their existence. It can be
concluded that the majority of females in Sulaimani are not aware of their legal rights.
16. Precautionary measures that females currently take to avoid being exposed to harassment
include avoiding dressing a certain way, avoiding going out, and avoiding certain locations;
all actions that limit their freedom.
17. Based on the results illustrated by the cross-analysis that is broken down by age groups, there
are some variances that show that women from different ages do not have the same
experiences with regards to their exposure street harassment, their reaction and their
perception and feelings about their assaults. On the one hand, the results indicate that
women who are between the ages of 15-25 are of a higher susceptibility to being harassed due
to their younger age and vulnerability. Moreover, due to their nature of studying and attend-
ing school, more of these girls use different modes of transportation to various places;
thereby, making them more prone to incidents of public or street harassment. When asked
about the age at the first incident of assault, the majority of the women reported that it was
between the ages of 15-25, which further confirms the vulnerability of this age group. While
women, who were 40 years of age and older, expressed fewer experiences with harassment,
they constitute the second largest group that were first harassed at their age. This
demonstrates that these women are also vulnerable because of their age and inability to fight
the harasser. Other variances were illustrated in the way women from each group felt about
and react towards their harassment; while most of the younger women felt fear, anxiety and
disappointment, women between the ages of 26-39 felt more shame and guilt. Finally the
third group felt a sense of hopelessness and despair coupled with their shame. The reason
behind the differences among these age groups attributed to how society treats each of these
groups and their self-image. It is expected from young girls to be extremely scared and
anxious about such incidents of harassment, while it is more of a societal constraint for the
older women to feel ashamed and guilty about it. This could be an indication of how society
views women and their responsibility regarding assault. Correspondingly, the majority of the
women believed that the girl is sometimes responsible for he own assault. Finally, there is an
equal lack of awareness among most of these women with it comes to knowledge of the laws
against street harassment, which is something that needs to be addressed urgently and
starting from an earlier age
5.2 Recommendations
Based on the above findings, there is a significant need for countermeasures and Mitigative measures
to help combat the street harassement targeted at females in Sulaimani. Recommendations for such
measures lie in three core areas as follows:

Physical and Municipal Service Countermeasures
Those are a set of Mitigative measures that could be introduced to the areas where harassment was
reported to be of high incidents. It includes physical infrastructure improvements that the municipal
government can introduce to various parts of the city, which would help curtail the occurrence of
street harassment. Such imporvements will both help deter offenders from harassing females, and
will also help improve females’ perception on safety on the streets, thus, improve their mobility and
ability to move throughout the city freely. Recommended countermeasures include, but are not lim-
ited to, the following:
Urban Design and Settings:
The surrounding environment in a part of the city can often trigger harassment. This is either
because it allows closer physical interaction (e.g., crowded areas), gives the harasser a low
perceived risk of being noticed (e.g., bad lighting conditions), or gives the impression that he
can get away with it (e.g., narrow alleys with interwined side streets).
To this end, it is recommended that the Sulaimani Muncipality conduct detailed physical in-
frastructure assessments of the areas that were identified as part of this study to examine
those conditions. Solutions that could be explored by the city urban design officials include:
• Evaluating the lighting conditions in those areas, and rehabilitating areas with bad
lighting and/or introduce lighting to unlit areas.
• There are several alleys in the old parts of the market, some of which are dead ends
with limited traffic. Improvements to such alleys include widening, improving the
visibility, or even CCTV live monitoring could help.
• Landscaping of public parks to ensure high visibility in various parts of the parks.
This could include eliminating vegetation that provides cover to a potential harasser,
provision of more open spaces, and imporved lighting conditions.
• Live monitoring screens in public areas in the form of cameras with a large screen
display. Those do not necessarily have to provide continuous monitoring, and have
become a trade mark for advertising in several cities throughout the world for
advertising. The attractive part of such screen displays is that it could be financed by
the private sector as part of their advertising. Live displays of pedestrian traffic
every few minutes could increase the perceived risk of apprehension, thus, deter
harassment behavior.
• Improved conditions of pedestrian facilities in various area. The lack of pedestrian
facilities and propoer sidewalks could often force a pedestrian to change their route,
or to walk on eth pavement. This could create an appropriate environment to trigger
the initiation of harassment. Propoerly design pedestrian facilities could help curtail
this.
• Enhanced visibility of security presence. This can be done through increased
patrolling of policemen and women in crowded areas to give the sense that such sites
are continuously enforced. It is also recommended that female patrols be dedicated
to parts of the city reported to have high incidence of harassment.
• Provision of female friendly public transport. This could be done through the
provision of bus stops dedicated to women, or introducing female friendly seating
arrangements on public buses. Other ideas include the provision of female taxi
drivers services through opening up such opportunities to the private sector.
Policy Countermeasures
This set of recommendations relates more to policies that the municipal government can
adopt to mitigate the occurrence of street harassment. With the low knowledge of the exist-
ence of laws to protect women, and the declined faith in such laws, there is a need for adopt-
ing such policies. Policies to be adopted by the city and the security forces include:

• More serious enforcement of the law with apprehensions, prosectutions, and
enforcing penalites on convicted harassers.
• Enactment of severe penalities for street harassment, and making them highly
publicized.
• Providing a more effective complaint system to enable vicitms to report incidences.
• Certification programs for the drivers of public transport vehicles where they
undergo training on propoer communication skills, especially with females. This
should be accompanied by requirements that force drivers to make their licenses and
details visible at all times while driving.
• Employment generation policies and interventions to create job and employment
opportunities for young males.
Awareness Raising Countermeasures
As the results in the previous section revealed, there is a need for awareness rasing among
different groups of citzens. Key areas of such education and awareness raising include the
following:
• Young girls should be educated on what constitutes street harassment and that it is
never acceptable, and should be reported.
• Education on the availability of laws that protect females from various kinds of
violence including harassment.
• Education targeting young males to educate them on the sever consequences of
harassment.
• Education and awareness to recognize the safety of women and girls in public spaces.
All students need to be made aware that street harassment is not acceptable. Male
students need to be educated on themes of gender equality, while female students
also need to understand their rights, including their right to respond to, and report,
incidences of street harassment.
• Increased civic society awareness and partnership with local community-based
organizations to combat the problem.
• Education to male citizens on the need for their intervention when witnessing an
occurrence of harassment.
• Education for females on how to react to harassment.

APPENDIX I: INTERVIEW GUIDE

“Survey in the City of Sulaimani: Perceptions of Levels of Harassment of Women”2015
Table of contents
1. General Introduction
1.1. Purpose of the Survey
1.2. Survey objectives
1.3. Basic Rules of Interview
1.4. Interview Procedures
1.4.1. Preparation for the Interview
1.4.2. Conducting the Interview
1.4.3. Finishing the Interview
1.5. Ethical Considerations
2. Data Collection Platform
2.1. Getting Started
2.2. Login
2.3. Online Vs Offline Data Collection
2.4. Fetching Forms from Your Account
2.5. Conducting the Survey
2.6. App Settings
2.7. Update Data Automatically
2.8. Forms List Settings
2.9. Questions List Settings
3. UNWomen Questionnaire

1. General Introduction
1.1 Purpose of the Survey
The Purpose of the study is to develop and carry out a survey of attitudes to harassment in the street
in downtown Sulaimanya and to formulate a set of recommendations to form the basis of a pilot safer
cities project for Sulaymanya.
Women and girls living in urban centres face a wide range of challenges and experience a higher risk
of exposure. Whether on city streets, public transportation or at neighbourhood level, women and
girls are exposed to a range of gender-based violence and abuse including street harassment and as-
saults as well as domestic violence. Daily occurrences limit the freedom of women and take away
their ability to enjoy the opportunities provided in cities and their ability to seek equality within their
communities. In addition, various forms of discrimination and abuse levelled against women include
poor access to information and services as well as exclusion from political and socio-economic partic-
ipation.
UNWomen is carrying out this survey of women and girls in central downtown Sulaimanya to help
identify those areas of the central city that are considered to be less safe for women than other areas,
and to determine the reasons for this perception. The report from this survey will form the basis for
building the pilot project to make Sulaimanya a safer city for all its residents.
1.2 Survey objectives
The purpose of this survey is to:
1. Identify key areas of downtown Sulaimanya that are considered to be difficult areas for
women because of perceived problems of street harassment.
2. Identify the reasons for this perception amongst women from a cross-section of female city
dwellers
3. Identify possible quick fixes for urban planners and produce a set of recommendations that
can be used as the basis for future participatory discussions between city dwellers and city
planners.
1.3 Basic Rules of Interview
1) Dress appropriately for the interview. Remember that, as the interviewer, you are represent-
ing your community. Neatness and cleanliness are essential. You do not want to overdress, however,
because doing so may intimidate the respondents. Instead, it is best to dress much as the respondents
do.
2) As an interviewer, your task is to obtain the information itemized in the questionnaire
through face-to-face interview with the interviewee. The interview should not be conducted over the
phone, nor should the questionnaire be filled out by the interviewees themselves.
3) As an interviewer, you should familiarize yourself with the structure of the questionnaire,
and the appropriate ways to introduce these questions. You need to understand the instructions for
each item, and be able to clarify any misunderstandings the respondent might have regarding the
interview items. You should be able to correctly fill in the questionnaire. The finished questionnaire
should be legible and accurate.
4) As an interviewer, you should ask questions and record answers according to the sequence
of the questionnaire. And you should not change the content of the questionnaire. And should ask
each and every question in the questionnaire. If there is any item left unfinished or unfilled, the ques-
tionnaire will be treated as incomplete.
5) As an interviewer, you should be patient and careful, and record respondent’s answers ac-
curately. And you should facilitate the respondent’s recall of details of particular events and try to
obtain complete and accurate information.
6) Questionnaires must be filled out clearly and completely.
1.4 Interview Procedures

1.4.1 Preparation for the Interview
1) Before conducting an interview, as the interviewer, you should fully understand the require-
ments of the interview and be familiar with the content of the questionnaire.
2) You should contact your supervisor immediately should you have any questions.
3) You need to spend some time practicing the interview, including practicing how to introduce
yourself, how to introduce the purpose and contents of the interview, how to ask for specific infor-
mation about each item, how to clarify questions that the respondents might ask, etc.
1.4.2 Conducting the Interview
1) As the interviewer, you should first introduce yourself, and might want to chat with the re-
spondent briefly to ease his/her potential nervousness.
2) As the interviewer, you should give respondents an opportunity to raise questions. And you
should address in a straightforward way any concerns that the respondent may have regarding this
interview, such as “why did you select me to interview?”, “who is the supervisor of the survey?” etc.
3) As an interviewer, you should indicate to the respondents how long the interview usually
takes.
4) As an interviewer, you have to explain the purpose of the interview as introduction, which
could be something like “Our project, Is a Survey Study in the city of Sulaimanya to determine perceptions
of levels of harassment of women in different areas of the city as preparation for the launching of a safer cities
pilot project in Sulaimanya. We hope to work closely with you to identify those areas of the central city that are
considered to be less safe for women than other areas, and to determine the reasons for this perception”.
5) Before starting the interview, you should communicate and stress the confidential nature of
the collected data. And you must be assured that all his/her answers/opinions will remain anony-
mous.
6) To collect high-quality data, as an interviewer you have to do the following,:
• Do not comment on responses; go directly to reading the next question.
• Never skip a question unless the survey tells you to.
• Do not make jokes or conversation, and do not encourage your respondent to do so ei-
ther. Establishing a personal connection with a respondent will bias their responses.
• If the respondent does not answer on the scale, repeat the whole scale back to them. They
must pick from the scale before you record a response. Say “I’m sorry, the only choices I
have are ‘extremely important, important, not Important, or not at all important’ (or
whatever the scale is); which would you like me to record?”.
• Do not record a response until the respondent picks one of the options on the scale. Do
not anticipate a response.
• Look at the person, not the survey, as much as possible.
• Do not let the respondent, or anyone with them look at the questionnaire over your
shoulder.
• If you are surveying someone in a group of people, accept answers from only one person,
and if others try to comment, explain that you cannot accept the responses.
• Attempt to remain as neutral as possible (that is, don't show strong emotional reactions to
their responses).
• Encourage responses with occasional nods of the head, "uh huh"s, etc.
• Be careful about the appearance when note taking (that is, if you jump to take a note, it
may appear as if you're surprised or very pleased about an answer, which may influence
answers to future questions).

• If you have a list or introduction in the survey that feels long and boring to you, remem-
ber that the respondent has not heard it a million times, so make it sound interesting—
they will follow your lead.
• If the respondent hesitates to answer, read the list of responses to them; you can say, for
example, “extremely important, important, not Important, or not at all important?’” This
will help to speed up the interview.
• Don't lose control of the interview (this can occur when respondents stray to another top-
ic, take so long to answer a question that times begins to run out, or even begin asking
questions to the interviewer).
1.4.3 Finishing the Interview
1) Always remember to thank the respondent for his or her time and cooperation after the inter-
view.
1.4.4 Ethical Considerations
1) Never alter or ignore the information or opinions given by the interviewees. Changing or ex-
cluding information is not permitted under any circumstances.
2) As an interviewer, you must not pressure or obligate interviewees to provide the information
solicited in the survey.
3) As an interviewer, you must respect the responses and opinions of the interviewees.
4) Under no circumstances should you suggest responses to the respondents.
5) As an interviewer, you must not offer any recompense or make false promises in exchange
for the information solicited in the survey unless the institution has decided to compensate respond-
ents for their time monetarily or otherwise. If such is the case, the institution will provide the neces-
sary instructions for you on how to proceed.
6) As an interviewer, you must never divulge, repeat, or comment on the information or opin-
ions given by the interviewees nor should you show completed questionnaires to anyone not in-
volved with the study. Always remember that any information provided by respondents is CONFI-
DENTIAL.

2. Data Collection Platform
2.1 Getting started
There are two requirements if you want to use Magpi for Android
1- You must have a signed up for an account with Magpi.
2- You must have the application installed on your phone.
2.2 Log in
To log in to Magpi mobile, use the same email that you used to register on https://magpi.com
You must make sure at all times that your log in has been saved before logging in to the app. This is
to ensure that you are still logged in even when you have no internet connection, and to allow you to
go back to where you left after you have exited the app.
Once you are logged in, all forms that are owned or shared with you will be fetch from your online
account.
2.3 Online Vs Offline Data collection
o Online Data collection- This is a very convenient method, as it allows you to update your
forms immediately as you are making changes. It is even more useful when you have activat-
ed automatic data upload.
o Offline data collection- The most important thing to consider while taking records offline is
how stable your internet connection is. Remember that when using this method you must en-
sure that you log in is saved at the point of signing in, and that the form you intend to work
on has been opened and ready for data collection
2.4 Fetching forms from your Account
The main menu features 2 main tabs
1. All forms
2. Favorite Forms
1. All forms
All forms’ tab contains a list of all forms existing in your account. These forms consists of
a) 1-Private form (forms that are owned by you)
b) 2-Public forms (forms that have been shared with your account)
2. Favorite
forms
These are forms that have been selected for this purpose, because they are currently in use, or will be
reused
1. To Favorite a form
Select a form and press hold on it
Select favorite from the list of option displayed

2. To remove your favorite list
Go to the favorites menu and select the form then click on ‘Unfavorite’
2.5 Conducting the Survey
1. Adding records
Pressand hold the form in the forms’ list view and select ‘Add record’ to add a new record
This will call the form to fetch all question from the server. Note that for these records to fetch, you
are required to be connected to the internet.
Here is a look at your form when it is fetched
The main questions screen And inside the question screen

At the end of each record is a screen of options, allowing you to review/upload/or save your form
data
2. Managing records
Survey taking involves decisions in the field that might cause the interviewer to leave records on
pause, to be continued later. This affects what saving function will take place
3. Saving completed record
Each record is saved whenever you get passed the last question of the survey. This allows it to be sent
to a saved folder, where it can then be uploaded.
4. Saving incomplete records
Sometimes a survey maybe interrupted for one reason or another. At this point, you can save your
record by using the topmost back button at the top of the record screen where you will be presented
with the option to save or discard the records
5. Discarding records
Use the back button at the top of your screen to discard a new record.
6. Other Form Functions
Clicking on a form opens up a number of options

• Uploading your Data - hold and click on form and select ‘Upload Data’
• Reviewing Data-To review your data, hold and click on a form, and select ‘Review data’
• Exporting Data- Use this feature if you would like to view your data externally. Files are
stored in .txt file format
2.6 App Settings
To go to the App settings, click on settings at the top of your screen
It allows you to set up some advanced settings to suit your needs. Here are some of the settings you
will find

2.7 Update data automatically
This switch is there to enable real time data entry and submission. By default, it is switched off. You
can only enable it if you are within constant reach of a working internet connection, either mobile da-
ta or wifi.
2.8 Forms List Settings
This opens up a menu that enables in which sorting order you would like your forms displayed
The form will show up sorted in the order you selected. See the example below
2.9 Questions list Settings
This function allows you to enable or hide skipped questions.
You can do this by switching the button on/off
About
This menu displays information about the application. This is where you will be able to see the app
version.

3. UNWomen Questionnaire
3.1 Introduction
This section introduces the survey and explains the confidentiality statement to the participant.
3.2 General Information
This section gathers Demographic Information (Interview Location, Respondent Age, Level of educa-
tion, Occupation and Marital status).
3.3 Knowledge and Understanding of the Meaning of Harassment
The purpose of this part of the questionnaire is to collect information about the respondent’s under-
standing about the Harassment.
Name of the Surveyor:__________________
Date :______/______/__________________ (DD/MM/YYYY)
Location:_____________________________
1. Demographic Information
1. Where do you live? ____________________________
2. What is your Age?
1. 15 to 25 Years
2. 26 to 39 Years
3. 40 to 50 Years
4. More than 50
3.
What is the highest level of education you have complet-
ed?
1. Illiterate
2. Primary Education
3. Secondary Education
4. Diploma
5. First University Degree
6. Higher/Post Graduate Edu-
cation
7. Currently a student
4. What is your Occupation?
1. Unemployed
2. Self-employed
3. Public Servant
4. Private Sector
5. Retired
6. Enrolled at School ( School
and University)
7. Others, Specify (_______)
8. Decline to answer
5. What is your marital status?
1. Single 2. Married
3. Widowed 4. Separated

5. Divorced
6. Decline to
answer
6. Do you use Public transportation? 1. Yes 2. No
7.
If Yes, Please specify what modes of public transport do
you use? (Tick all applicable)
1. Bus 2. Taxi
8.
If Yes, Please specify how often do you use public
transport per week?
2. Knowledge and Understanding of the Meaning of Harassment
9
Have you been street harassed / or someone you know
(friend, neighbor, sister, daughter....) by men in a public
space (such as market, bus stop, roadside, in the bus, in
the taxi, at a Mall etc) in the last year?
1. Yes (My-
self)
2. Yes (Other)
3. No (If NO Go to Q15)
10
If Yes, Where have you/she been street harassed? (Tick
all applicable)
1. Roadside
2. Bus Stop
3. Bus
4. Taxis Stop
5. Taxi
6. Marketplace
7. Parks
8. Mall
9. Alley
10. Through Cellular Phones
11. Deserted Areas
12. Near School
13. Near University
14. Near Work Place
15. Other (specify _____)
11
What kind(s) of harassment have you/she faced? (Tick
all applicable)
1. Comments
2. Whistling
3. Touching
4. Staring
5. Waving
6. Stalking/ Car follow-up
7. Kidnapping
8. Other (Specify________)
12 At what time(s) of the day have you/she faced street
harassment / street harassment? (Tick all applicable)
1. Morning (6-11 am)
2. During Day (12-5 pm)
3. Evening (6-10 pm)
4. Late at Night (After 10 pm)

13 Who harassed you/she? (Tick all applicable)
1. Colleagues
2. Policeman and Security forces
3. Shop owners
4. Workers and Hand Craftsmen
5. Drivers (Bus driver, Taxi
drivers …etc)
6. Schools or university students
7. Unemployed
8. Relatives/friends
14 Age at first street harassment
1. Less than 15 years
2. 15 to 25 Years
3. 26 to 39 Years
4. 40 to 50 Years
5. More than 50 Years
6. I don’t Remember
3. Forms of Harassment, Frequency and Places
15
In your opinion, what are the frequency of women’s
street harassment / harassment experiences
15a Catcalls, whistles, or stares
Never hap-
pened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a
month
Every few days or more
15b Unwanted attention
Never hap-
pened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a
month
15c Crude or offensive jokes
Never hap-
pened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a
month
15d Sexist remarks or behaviors
Never hap-
pened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a
month
15e Seductive remarks or ‘‘come ons’’ Never hap- Rarely

pened
Once a month
Twice a
month
15f Unwanted touching
Never hap-
pened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a
month
15g Direct pressure to cooperate improperly
Never hap-
pened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a
month
15h Forceful fondling or grabbing
Never hap-
pened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a
month
16
Would you please name a 3 most places were usually
harassment occurred?
1. ________________________
2. ________________________
3. ________________________
17
Please assess restriction of movement due to street harassed / harassed, on a scale ranging;
from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree)
17a I feel safe walking around alone
strongly disagree 1-2-3-4-5-6-7
strongly agree
17b I would not feel comfortable walking alone in the city
strongly disagree1-2-3-4-5-6-7
strongly agree
17c
If I need to go out of my house, I often try to have a male
accompany me
strongly agree
17d I try to avoid certain places in Sulaimania
strongly agree
17e
I feel as safe with a group of girlfriends as I do with a
male companion even at night
strongly agree
18
In your opinion, do you think that the girl herself is the
cause for harassment?
1. Yes 2. Sometimes
3. No (Go to Q20)
19
If yes or Sometimes, what are the reasons for female har-
assment? (Tick all applicable)
1. Wearing tight clothes
2. Indecent behavior of the girl
3. Putting make-up in a provoc-
ative way
4. Non-compliance with con-

ventional customs and tradi-
tions
5. The way girls walk
6. The way girls talk
7. Lack of discipline when rais-
ing girls
8. Girls do not conform to reli-
gious ethics with regard to their
appearance
20
Do you believe that are no excuses or circumstances that
justify inappropriate behavior towards women and girls?
1. Yes 2. No
21
Please estimate the age groups of the people who have
harassed you are (circle all that apply):
1. Less than 11
2. 12 years to 17 years
3. 18-24
4. 25-29
5. 30-39
6. 40-49
7. 50-59
8. 60 and more
22
How does street harassment/ harassment make you feel?
(Tick all applicable)
1. Angry
2. Afraid
3. Guilty
4. Shame
5. Confusion
6. Anxiety
7. Depression
8. Loss of self esteem
9. Feeling of humiliation
10. Feeling of hopelessness
11. Disappointed
12. Hope to have someone to
talk
13. Nothing
23
Have you ever reacted/ taken action when someone has
harassed you?
1. Yes 2. No
24
If yes, How do/did you react when you experience/d
street harassment? (? (Tick all applicable)
1. Ignoring
2. Responding verbally
3. Responding physically
4. Responding with body lan-

guage
5. Reporting to police
6. Call your brother or your fa-
ther
7. Seeking help from bystanders
8. Running away
9. Other (Specify__________)
25
If no, Why you didn't take action when someone has
harassed you? (Tick all applicable)
1. This is a common occurrence
that happens to anyone
2. I was afraid of people’s reac-
tion
3. The community blames the
woman
4. I was afraid of the impact it
could have on my reputation
5. There is no one I can turn to
6. I was afraid of harassment in
the police station
7. I thought the police would
never help or believe me
8. I believed nobody would help
me
9. There were no witnesses
10. Fearing the harasser
26
Has anyone ever helped you when you were being har-
assed?
1. Yes 2. No (Go to 28)
27 If yes, how? (Tick all applicable)
1. Called the Police
2. Confronted the harasser
3. Call your brother or your fa-
ther
4. Calling Male Relative/Friend
5. Got support from people
around
28 Are there laws against street harassment/ harassment?
1. Yes there
is
2. No, there isn’t
3. I don’t know
29
Many women often take precautionary measures to en-
sure their safety. Please tick the precautions you take/
your family asks you to take for your safety as a wom-
an.(Tick all applicable)
1. I do not take any precautions
as I feel safe in the city.
2. Avoid certain public spaces.
3. Avoid going out alone after

dark
4. Avoid going out alone
5. Avoid wearing certain
clothes, which may seem pro-
vocative
6. Carry items such as pepper
spray/ safety pins etc
30
In your opinion, what should be done to prevent and
respond to street harassed / harassed? (Tick all
applicable)
1. Awareness campaigns involv-
ing all Stakeholders
2. Use the media, especially ra-
dio (sending messages to taxi
drivers and focusing on sanc-
tions)
3. Increase security personnel,
especially in areas where har-
assment occurs
4. Place cameras with display
screens in places where harass-
ment often occurs
5. Increase security with civil
clothes in places where harass-
ment often occurs
6. Hotline to receive harassment
complaints
7. Lighting on all the streets and
focusing on the narrow streets
and markets
8. Impose stiff punishment
(community works and mone-
tary fine)
9. establishment of a shelter for
battered women
10. Modifying the curriculum to
include human rights and
equality
11. Schools to become mixed for
all levels
12. Female taxi drivers
13. Other (specify___________)
31 In your opinion, what should be done for women to stop
street harassed / harassed on the streets
1. Educate women about their
rights

2. Educate women on the im-
portance of making a complaint
3. self-defense courses for girls,
as well as building their self-
confidence
32 In your opinion, what should be done for men to stop
harassment on the streets
1. Educate young men to respect
the freedom of others
2. Military service for young
men
3. Establishment of a govern-
ment youth centers
4. Place the driver's name and
car’s number with a clear
handwriting inside taxi

APPENDIX II: DATA ANALYSIS
A-1: GENERAL ANALYSIS
A-2: CROSS-ANALYSIS BY AGE, EDUCATION LEVEL & MARITAL STATUS

A-1: GENERAL ANALYSIS
What is your Age?
What is the highest level of
education you have com-
pleted?
%,
1.
15
to
25

Years,
41.4,

41%

%,
2.
26
to
39

Years,
36.2,

36%

%,
3.
40
to
50

Years,
17.5,

18%

%,
4.
More
than

50,
4.7,
5%

1. 15 to 25 Years
2. 26 to 39 Years
3. 40 to 50 Years
4. More than 50
%,
Illiterate,
1.9,

2%

%,
Primary

EducaEon,

4.3,
6%

%,
Secondary

EducaEon,
17.9,

24%

%,
Diploma,

26.1,
35%

%,
First

University

Degree,
23.3,

31%

%,
Higher
or

Post
Graduate

EducaEon,
1.9,

2%

%,
Currently
a

student,
0,
0%
Illiterate
Primary Education
Secondary Education
Diploma
First University Degree
Higher or Post Graduate
Education
Currently a student

What is your Occupation?
What is your marital sta-
tus?
Do you use Public trans-
portation? 68% Yes
%,

Unemployed,

17.9,
18%

%,
Self-‐
employed,

4.5,
5%

%,
Public

Servant,
33.7,

34%

%,
Private

Sector,
20.4,

20%

%,

ReEred,

1.9,
2%

%,
Enrolled
at

School_School

and
University,

21,
21%

%,
Others

Specify,
0,
0%

%,
Decline
to

answer,
0.4,
0%
Unemployed
Self-employed
Public Servant
Private Sector
Retired
Enrolled at School_School and
University
Others Specify
Series1,
Single,

49.2,
49%
Series1,

Married,
44.4,

45%

Series1,

Widowed,

2.3,
2%

Series1,

Separated,

0.2,
0%

Series1,

Divorced,
1.2,

1%

Series1,
Decline

to
answer,
2.5,

3%

Single
Married
Widowed
Separated
Divorced
Decline to answer
%,
Bus,
68.3,

68%

%,
Taxi,
31.5,

32%

Bus
Taxi

Have you been street har-
assed or harassed or some-
one you know such as
friend, neighbor, sister,
daughter, by men in a pub-
lic space such as market,
bus stop, roadside, in the
bus, in the taxi, at a Mall
etc in the last year? 80%
yes
What kinds of harassment
have you or she faced?
At what time(s) of the day
have you/she faced street
harassment or harassment?
%,
Road
side,

68.9,
15%

%,
Bus
stop,

18.37,
4%

%,
Bus
,
26.8,

6%

%,
Taxi
stop,

15.96,
4%

%,
Taxi
,
42.46,

9%

%,
Market,

85.84,
19%
%,
Parks,

43.07,
9%

%,
Mall,

27.4,
6%

%,

Alley,

32.53,

7%

%,

Through

cellular

phones
,

36.74,
8%

%,
Dresses

areas,
15.36,
3%

%,
Near
school,

20.18,
4%

%,
Near

University,

12.43,
3%

%,
Near

Workplace,

11.14,
3%

%,
other

Specify,
0.3,
0%
Road side
Bus stop
Bus
Taxi stop
Taxi
Market
Parks
Mall
Alley
Through cellular phones
Dresses areas
Series1,

Comments,

70.2,
30%

Series1,

Whistling,

24.7,
11%

Series1,

Touchong,
29.2,

12%

Series1,
Staring,

54.9,
23%

Series1,

Waving,

17.3,
7%

Series1,
Stalking

or
car
follow
up,

40.1,
17%

Series1,

Kudnapping,

0.6,
0%

Series1,
Other

Specify,
0.4,
0%

Comments
Whistling
Touchong
Staring
Waving
Stalking or car follow up
Kudnapping
Other Specify
Series1,

Morning
from
6

to
11
am,
34,

22%

Series1,
During

day
from
12
to

5
pm,
64.4,
41%

Series1,
Evening

from
6
to
10

pm,
39.1,
25%

Series1,
Late
of

night
a^er

10pm
,
19.1,

12%

Morning from 6 to 11 am
During day from 12 to 5 pm
Evening from 6 to 10 pm
Late of night after 10pm

Who harassed you or she?
Age at first street harass-
ment or street harassment
In your opinion, what are
the frequency of women’s
street harassment / har-
assment experiences?
A. Catcalls, whistles, or
stares
Series1,

Colleagues,
6.6,

3%

Series1,

Policemen

and
security

forces,
7.6,

4%

Series1,
Shop

owenrs,
22.4,

12%

Series1,

Workers

and
Hand

Cra^smen,

21.8,
11%

Series1,

Drivers
such

as
Bus
driver

Taxi
drivers,

40.3,
21%

Series1,

Schools
or

university

students,

21.2,
11%

Series1,

Unemployed,

63.2,
32%

Series1,

RelaEves
or

friends,
8,

4%

Series1,

Others

Specify,

4.3,
2%

Colleagues
Policemen and security forces
Shop owenrs
Workers and Hand Craftsmen
Drivers such as Bus driver
Taxi drivers
Schools or university students
Unemployed
Series1,
Less

than
15
years,

29.4,
38%

Series1,
15
to

25
Years,
31.3,

40%

Series1,

26
to
39

Years,

3.1,
4%

Series1,

40
to
50

Years,

0.6,
1%

Series1,

More
than

50
Years,

0.2,
0%

Series1,
I
don’t

Remember,

13.4,
17%

Less than 15 years
15 to 25 Years
26 to 39 Years
40 to 50 Years
More than 50 Years
I don’t Remember
Series1,
Never

happened,
5.3,

5%

Series1,
Rarely,

17.7,
18%

Series1,

Once
a

month,

9.5,
10%

Series1,
Twice
a

month,
11.1,

11%

Series1,
Every

few
days
or

more,
56,
56%

Never happened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a month

B. Unwanted attention
C. Crude or offensive
jokes
D. Sexist remarks or be-
haviors
Series1,
Never

happened,
23,

23%

Series1,
Rarely,

28.2,
28%

Series1,
Once
a

month,
11.7,

12%

Series1,

Twice
a

month,
11.5,

12%

Series1,
Every

few
days
or

more,
25.1,
25%

Never happened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a month
Series1,
Never

happened,
28.8,

29%

Series1,
Rarely,

31.9,
32%
Series1,

Once
a

month,
11.9,

12%

Series1,

Twice
a

month,

8.4,
8%

Series1,
Every

few
days
or

more,
18.5,
19%

Never happened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a month
Series1,
Never

happened,
26.3,

26%

Series1,
Rarely,

37.7,
38%
Series1,

Once
a

month,
8.8,

9%

Series1,

Twice
a

month,

6.8,
7%

Series1,
Every

few
days
or

more,
20,
20%

Never happened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a month

E. Seductive remarks or
come ons
F. Unwanted touching
G. Direct pressure to co-
operate improperly
Series1,
Never

happened,
33.7,

34%

Series1,
Rarely,

36,
36%

Series1,

Once
a

month,
5.1,

5%

Series1,

Twice
a

month,

8.2,
8%

Series1,
Every

few
days
or

more,
16.5,
17%

Never happened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a month
Series1,
Never

happened,
37.4,

38%

Series1,
Rarely,

42.2,
42%

Series1,

Once
a

month,

5.3,
5%

Series1,
Twice
a

month,
3.5,
4%

Series1,

Every
few

days
or

more,

11.1,
11%

Never happened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a month
Series1,
Never

happened,
68.5,

69%

Series1,
Rarely,

24.5,
25%

Series1,

Once
a

month,
1.2,

1%

Series1,
Twice
a

month,
4.1,
4%

Series1,
Every

few
days
or

more,
1.2,
1%

Never happened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a month

H. Forceful fondling or
grabbing
In your opinion, do you
think that the girl herself
is the cause for harass-
ment?67% yes
Do you believe that are no
excuses or circumstances
that justify inappropriate
behavior towards women
and girls?59% yes
Please estimate the age
groups of the people who
have harassed you are
Series1,
Never

happened,
68.1,

68%

Series1,
Rarely,

24.3,
25%

Series1,

Once
a

month,
2.7,

3%

Series1,
Twice
a

month,
1.2,
1%

Series1,
Every

few
days
or

more,
3.3,
3%

Never happened
Rarely
Once a month
Twice a month
Series1,

Wearing
Eght

clothes,
71.07,

20%

Series1,

Indecent

behavior
of
the

girl,
64.3,
18%

Series1,
The

way
girls
walk,

46.46,
13%

Series1,
Non

compliance

with

convenEonal

customs
and

tradiEons,
40,

11%

Series1,
Pu`ng

make-‐up
in
a

provocaEve

way,
36.61,
10%

Series1,

The
way

girls
talk,

44.3,
12%

Series1,
Lack
of

discipline
when

raising
girls
,
36,

10%

Series1,
Girls
do

not
conform
to

religious
ethics

with
regard
to

their

appearance,

19.38,
6%

Wearing tight clothes
Indecent behavior of the girl
The way girls walk
Non compliance with
conventional customs and
traditions
Putting make-up in a
provocative way
The way girls talk
Lack of discipline when raising
girls
Girls do not conform to
religious ethics with regard to
their appearance
Series1,

Less
than

11,
4.84,

1%

Series1,

12
years

to
17

years,

57.43,

13%

Series1,
18-‐24,

110.03,
24%

Series1,
25-‐29,

86.15,
19%

Series1,
30-‐39,

80.27,
17%

Series1,

40-‐49,

44.63,

10%

Series1,

50-‐59,

47.4,
10%

Series1,
60
and

more,
20.06,
4%

Series1,
I

don't

know,

9.34,
2%

Less than 11
12 years to 17 years
18-24
25-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
60 and more
I don't know

How does street harass-
ment or street harassment
make you feel?
Have you ever reacted/
taken action when some-
one has harassed you?58%
yes
Have you ever reacted/
taken action when some-
one has harassed you?42%
No.
Why you didn't take action
when someone has har-
assed you?
Series1,
Angry,

68.3,
27%

Series1,
Afraid,

30,
12%

Series1,

Guilty,
7,
3%

Series1,
Shame,

17.7,
7%

Series1,

Confusion,

11.1,
4%

Series1,

Anxiety,

17.1,
7%

Series1,

Depression,

15.6,
6%

Series1,

Loss
of

self

esteem,

11.7,
4%

Series1,

Feeling
of

humiliaEon,

15.6,
6%

Series1,
Feeling

of

hopelessness,

12.3,
5%

Series1,

Disappointed,

34.8,
14%

Series1,

Hope
to

have

someone
to

talk,
8,
3%

Series1,

Nothing,

4.9,
2%

Angry
Afraid
Guilty
Shame
Confusion
Anxiety
Depression
Loss of self esteem
Feeling of humiliation
Feeling of hopelessness
Disappointed
Series1,

Ignoring,
46.45,

25%

Series1,

Responding

verbally,
80.14,

43%

Series1,

Responding

physically,
23.4,

13%

Series1,

Responding

with
body

language,

9.21,
5%

Series1,

ReporEng
to

police,
6.02,
3%

Series1,
Call

your
brother

or
your

father,
5.67,

3%

Series1,
Seeking

help
from

bystanders,

5.41,
3%

Series1,

Running

away,
9.21,

5%

Ignoring
Responding verbally
Responding physically
Responding with body
language
Reporting to police
Call your brother or your
father
Seeking help from bystanders
Series1,
This
is
a

common

occurrence
that

happens
to

anyone,
38.61,

15%

Series1,
I

was
afraid
of

people’s

reacEon,

50.49,
19%

Series1,
The

community

blames
the

woman,
48.01,

18%

Series1,
I
was

afraid
of
the

impact
it
could

have
on
my

reputaEon,

41.58,
16%

Series1,
There
is

no
one
I
can

turn
to,
13.68,

5%

Series1,
I

was
afraid
of

harassment

in
the
police

staEon,

13.38,
5%

Series1,
I

thought
the

police
would

never
help

or
believe

me,
7.92,
3%

Series1,
I

believed

nobody
would

help
me,
10.39,

4%

Series1,
There

were
no

witnesses,
5.94,

2%

Series1,
Fearing

the
harasser
,

25.74,
10%

Series1,
Others

Specify,
7.42,

3%

This is a common occurrence
that happens to anyone
I was afraid of people’s
reaction
The community blames the
woman
I was afraid of the impact it
could have on my reputation
There is no one I can turn to
I was afraid of harassment in
the police station
I thought the police would
never help or believe me

Has anyone ever helped
you when you were being
harassed?30% yes
Are there laws against
street harassment/ harass-
ment?
Many women often take
precautionary measures to
ensure their safety. Please
tick the precautions you
take or your family asks
you to take for your safety
as a woman
Series1,
Called

the
Police,
7.74,

6%

Series1,

Confronted
the

harasser,
41.45,

34%

Series1,
Call

your
brother
or

your
father,

16.9,
14%

Series1,
Calling

Male
RelaEve
or

Friend
,
11.62,

10%

Series1,
Got

support
from

people
around,

43.66,
36%
Called the Police
Confronted the harasser
Call your brother or your
father
Calling Male Relative or
Friend
Got support from people
around
Series1,
Yes

there
is,
20.8,

21%

Series1,
No,

there
isn’t,

44.2,
44%

Series1,
I
don’t

know,
34.6,

35%

Yes there is
No, there isn’t
I don’t know
Series1,
I
do

not
take
any

precauEons

as
I
feel
safe

in
the
city.,

17.3,
8%

Series1,

Avoid

certain

public

spaces,

56.8,
25%

Series1,
Avoid

going
out
alone

a^er
dark,
52.9,

23%

Series1,
Avoid

going
out
alone,

34.6,
15%

Series1,
Avoid

wearing
certain

clothes,
which

may
seem

provocaEve,

59.5,
26%

Series1,
Carry

items
such
as

pepper
spray
or

safety
pins
etc,

7.2,
3%

I do not take any precautions
as I feel safe in the city.
Avoid certain public spaces
Avoid going out alone after
dark
Avoid going out alone
Avoid wearing certain clothes,
which may seem provocative
Carry items such as pepper
spray or safety pins etc

In your opinion, what
should be done to prevent
and respond to harass-
ment?
should be done for women
to stop harassment on the
streets?
Series1,

Awareness

campaigns

involving
all

Stakeholders,

53.3,
9%

Series1,
Use
the

media,

especially
radio

(sending

messages
to

taxi
drivers
and

focusing
on

sancEons),
49,

9%

Series1,

Increase

security

personnel,

especially
in

areas
where

harassment

occurs,
54.9,

10%

Series1,
Place

cameras
with

display
screens

in
places
where

harassment

oên
occurs,

55.8,
10%

Series1,

Increase

security
with

civil
clothes
in

places
where

harassment

oên
occurs,

50,
9%

Series1,
Hotline

to
receive

harassment

complaints,

42.2,
7%

Series1,

LighEng
on

all
the

streets
and

focusing
on

the
narrow

streets
and

markets,

48.8,
9%

Series1,
Impose

sEff
punishment

(community

works
and

monetary
fine),

62.3,
11%

Series1,

establishment

of
a
shelter
for

bafered

women,
31.7,

6%

Series1,

Modifying
the

curriculum
to

include
human

rights
and

equality,
40.3,

7%

Series1,

Schools
to

become

mixed
for
all

levels,
31.3,

5%

Series1,

Female
taxi

drivers,

10.82,
2%

Series1,
Other

specify,
35.6,

6%

Awareness campaigns
involving all Stakeholders
Use the media, especially radio
(sending messages to taxi
drivers and focusing on
sanctions)
Increase security personnel,
especially in areas where
harassment occurs
Place cameras with display
screens in places where
harassment often occurs
Increase security with civil
clothes in places where
harassment often occurs
Hotline to receive harassment
complaints
Lighting on all the streets and
focusing on the narrow streets
and markets
Impose stiff punishment
(community works and
monetary fine)
establishment of a shelter for
battered women
Modifying the curriculum to
include human rights and
equality
Series1,

Educate
women

about
their

rights,
68.5,

35%

Series1,

Educate

women
on

the

importance

of
making
a

complaint,

56.2,
29%

Series1,
self-‐
defense
courses

for
girls,
as
well

as
building
their

self
confidence,

65.4,
33%

Series1,
Other

specify,
5.3,
3%

Educate women about their
rights
Educate women on the
importance of making a
complaint
self-defense courses for girls,
as well as building their self
confidence
Other specify

should be done for men to
stop harassment on the
streets?
Series1,

Educate

young
men

to
respect

the
freedom

of
others,

76.7,
35%

Series1,
Military

service
for

young
men
,

35.4,
16%

Series1,

Establishment

of
a

government

youth
centers,

42.6,
20%

Series1,
Place

the
driver's

name
and
car’s

number
with
a

clear

handwriEng

inside
taxi,
59.1,

27%

Series1,
Other

specify,
5.1,
2%
Educate young men to respect
the freedom of others
Military service for young
men
Establishment of a
government youth centers
Place the driver's name and
car’s number with a clear
handwriting inside taxi
Other specify

A-2: CROSS-ANALYSIS BY AGE, EDUCATION LEVEL & MARITAL STATUS
In an attempt to better study the extent of harassment and its impacts on women, an additional cross-
analysis was carried out to explore how differently do various types of women experience, react and
deal with incidents of public street harassment. Accordingly, further analysis were divided based on
age groups, education level as well as marital status with the aim of investigating how women from
different groups perceive harassment. The following matrix summarizes the obtained results.

UNWOMEN Report .3

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to UNWOMEN Report .3

Similar to UNWOMEN Report .3 (20)

UNWOMEN Report .3