3rd yr mbbs coarse

1. 3rd year course points

2. Imaging Modalities
Radiation Emitting Non Radiation Emitting
Conventional Radiograph
Fluoroscopy
Mammography
CT Scan
Nuclear Imaging
Ultrasound
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

3. Optimal Environment for Visual Perception
● Dedicated source of light (5 to 9 megapixel monitors)
● Darkened environment
● Limited to no distraction

6. X-Rays
Advantages Disadvantages
• Relatively inexpensive
• Possible to obtain on portable
settings
• Radiation exposure
• Less densities are identified as
compared to other modalities

7. CT Scan
Advantages Disadvantages
• Eliminates overlapping densities
• Excellent resolution
• Excellent for detecting
intracranial bleeding
• Excellent in the neck, chest and
abdomen
• Excellent for evaluating
fractures
• More expensive than x-ray and
ultrasound
• Much more radiation
• Dense bone (petrous ridge for
example) and metal
cause severe artifacts

8. MRI
Advantages Disadvantages
• No overlapping artifact
• Excellent resolution
• Very good at detecting fluid
• Excellent for imaging the brain,
spine and joints
• No radiation
• Multiple imaging tests within
the same study (T1,
T2, IR, GE)
• Very expensive
• Patients cannot have a
pacemaker or ferromagnetic
material
• Slower to acquire images
(approximately 45 minutes)

10. Abdomen

27. Ultrasound abdomen

41. CT Abdomen

54. Lower limb anatomy

62. Lower limb pathology

69. Weber fractures

72. Brain anatomy

79. MRI Brain- ischemia/hemorrhage

80. ISCHEMIC STROKE
• Two main sequences : DWI and ADC
• High signal on DWI
• Low signal on ADC
• Diagnostic of ischemia

83. HEMORRHAGIC STROKE
• Hemorrhage can be seen on multiple sequences according to its age
• Sometimes , Ischemic stroke may have a hemorrhagic component.

84. AXIAL T2 and FLAIR

85. AXIAL SWI

86. CHRONIC
INTRAPARENCHYMAL
HEMORRHAGE
• LOW SIGNAL ON GRADIENT IMAGE DUE TO
HEMOSIDERIN

87. CT Brain- ischemia/ hemorrhage

88. Brain Ischemia

89. MCA infarction: on CT an area of hypoattenuation appearing
within six hours is highly specific for irreversible ischemic brain
damage.

90. Obscuration of the lentiform nucleus or blurred basal ganglia

91. This refers to hypodensity and swelling of the insular cortex

92. Dense MCA sign
This is a result of thrombus or embolus in the MCA.

93. Brain Hemorrhage on CT

97. Anatomy of upper limb

100. X-ray AP and lateral (Y-view)

102. Elbow joint

105. Upper limb pathology

106. Clavicle - Fracture
Transverse/oblique mid
shaft fracture
Inferior displacement of
the distal clavicle

107. Anterior shoulder dislocation
- AP view
Humeral head and glenoid
surfaces are not aligned
The humeral head lies below
the coracoid

108. Posterior shoulder dislocation - AP view
The glenohumeral joint is widened
Cortical irregularity of the humeral head
indicates an impaction fracture
Following posterior dislocation the
humerus is held in internal rotation and
the contour of the humeral head is said
to resemble a 'light bulb'
Clinical information
Bilateral shoulder pain following
epileptic fit
Diagnosis
posterior shoulder dislocation

109. Humerus fracture - Head and
neck
Transverse fracture of the
surgical neck
Fracture line causing
separation of the greater
tubercle

110. Humerus fracture - Shaft
Poorly defined lytic lesion of the humerus shaft
Fracture with varus angulation (not clearly visible on
the lateral image)

111. Elbow X-ray - Radial head fracture
Adult patient
The lateral image shows the anterior fat pad is
raised away from the humerus but does not
show a fracture
Posterior fat pad visible - ALWAYS ABNORMAL
A fracture of the radial head is visible on the
AP image

112. Elbow X-ray - Supracondylar fracture
Child patient
Visible fracture of the distal humerus
A joint effusion (haemarthrosis) raises
the fat pads away from the humerus

113. Distal radius fracture - Dorsal displacement
Transverse fracture of the distal radius
Dorsal angulation and displacement of the wrist results in
a so called 'dinner fork' deformity

114. Distal radius fracture - Palmar
displacement
Palmar (volar) displacement and
angulation
Shortened radius
This injury is often referred to as a
'reverse Colle's' fracture or 'Smith's'
fracture

115. Greenstick fracture
The palmar (volar) cortical surface of the radius
is buckled
There is a visible fracture through the dorsal
cortex of the radius
Normal ulna

116. Torus fracture
Buckled radius
No visible fracture line

117. Scaphoid fracture - (Ulnar deviation
view)
Wrist stressed towards the ulnar
side
Transverse fracture of the
scaphoid waist

118. Boxer's fracture - 2 examples
The transverse fracture on the left is easy
to see
The fracture on the right is more subtle -
close observation shows an oblique
fracture
Both examples show soft tissue swelling -
often a useful sign of a finger fracture

119. Bennett's type fracture
The thumb (first) metacarpal base-
intra-articular fracture easily seen on
the oblique image
there is invariably a degree of
subluxation/dislocation of the
metacarpal base

120. Chest Xray

126. COMMON CHEST PATHOLOGIES ON CHEST
X-RAYS
DR AGHA AMMAR
RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
DR ZIAUDDIN HOSPITAL

127. RIGHT LOWER LOBE
CONSOLIDATION

128. LEFT SIDED PLEURAL
EFFUSION

129. LUNG ABSCESS

130. RIGHT SIDED PNEUMOTHORAX

131. RIB FRACTURE