2. Definition of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Data are the collection of any number and raw facts of related
observation.
• Types of Data:
In Statistics data are of two kinds:
Qualitative data
Quantitative data
3. Types of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Qualitative data:
The data which can not be measured by the numerical form is called
qualitative data.
Some examples of qualitative data are given below:
Religion, Economical condition, Color, Sex etc
4. Types of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Quantitative data:
The data which can be expressed in numerical form or in number is
called quantitative data.
Some examples of qualitative data are given below:
Family Size, Population Size, Height, Weight, Monthly Income etc
5. Sources of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
According to source data can be classified into two categories:
Primary Data
Secondary Data
6. Sources of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Primary Data:
The data which are obtained by direct observations from the
population or sample is called primary data.
Primary data are also called raw data. The collection of
raw data is highly expensive in respect of money, time and labor.
7. Sources of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Secondary Data:
The data which are obtained by some other persons or
organizations and are already published or utilized are called
secondary data.
8. Methods of Primary Data Collection
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Direct personal observation
Indirect oral interview
Information through agencies
Mailed questionnaires
Schedules sent through enumerator
9. Advantages of Primary Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Degree of accuracy is quite high
It does not require extra care
It depicts the data in great detail
Primary source of data collection frequently includes
definitions of various term and units used
For some investigations, secondary data are not available
10. Advantages of Secondary Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Secondary data if available, can be secured quickly and cheaply
The use of secondary data enables a researcher to verify the
findings based on primary data
11. Disadvantages of Secondary Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
The most important limitation is the available data may not
meet, our specific research needs.
The available data may not be as accurate as desired.
The secondary are not up-to-date
12. Sources of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
The various sources of secondary data can be divided into
two categories:
Published Sources
Unpublished Sources
13. Sources of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Published Sources:
International Publications
• Such as, IMF, WB, UNO,WFO etc
Government and Semi-Government Organization
• Such as, City Corporation, District Council etc
14. Sources of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Published Sources:
Commercial Organization
• Such as, Dhaka Chamber of Commerce Industries
(DCCI), Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSC) etc
Research Institutes
• Such as, Bangladesh Institute of Development
Studies , (DIDD), Bangladesh Agricultural
Research Institute (BARI) etc
15. Sources of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Unpublished Sources:
There are various sources of unpublished data. They are the records
maintained by various government and private offices, the researches
carried out by individual research scholars in the universities or
research institutes.
16. Difference between primary data and Secondary Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
There are the following difference between primary data and secondary data:
Primary data Secondary data
Primary data are those which are
collected for the first time.
Secondary data are those which are
already collected by someone tor some
purpose and are available for present
study
Primary data are collected from the
original sources
Secondary data are not collected from
the original sources
It is more reliable than secondary data Secondary data is less reliable than
primary data
Primary data is completely independent Secondary data depend on primary data
17. Classification of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Definition of classification :
Classification is a process of arranging the available
information's into homogeneous groups according to similarities or same-
characteristics.
According to L.R. Connor,
The process of arranging things in groups or classes according to
resemblance and affinities.
18. Classification of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
The data can be classified into the following types:
a) Geographical classification
b) Chronological classification
c) Quantitative classification
d) Qualitative classification
19. Classification of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Geographical Classification :
In geographical classification the are classified on the basis of
geographical areas.
For example:
The production of the different division wise of Bangladesh is given below:
Division Dhaka Chittagong Rajshahi Khulna Barisal Rangpur
Production (In
tonnes)
1572 865 1464 1602 2038 1623
20. Classification of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Quantitative Classification:
In quantitative classification data are classified in terms of
magnitudes.
For example:
The marks obtained by the BBA Professional students in Statistics.
Marks Distribution 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
Marks Obtained 26 6 5 2 1
21. Classification of Data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Qualitative Classification:
In qualitative classification data are classified in terms of some attributes.
For example:
The classification according to the religion and gender of BBA Professional
students of a college are given below.
Religion Gender
Male Female
Hindu 1 0
Muslim 26 17
22. Properties or Characteristics of a good classification of data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Un-ambiguousity
Stability
Flexibility
Ideal number of class
23. Importance of classification of data
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Classification facilitates comparisons and makes calculations easier
As classification classified the data evidently, there rests no chance for
overlapping
After classification it is easier to tabulation
24. Tabular Representation
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer (BBA Professional), HBUC
Definition of tabulation:
A statistical table is the orderly and logical listing of a
quantitative data where the numbers of information are arranged in
rows and columns.
Here rows are horizontal arrangements and columns are vertical
arrangements.