2. Development Challenges
1: Eradication of poverty in all its forms and dimensions
It's estimated that approximately 700 million people still live on
less than US$1.90 per day, a total of 1.3 billion people are multi-
dimensionally poor, including a disproportionate number of
women and people with disabilities and 80 percent of humanity
lives on less than US$10 per day. Increasingly, middle-income
countries account for a large part of this trend.
The richest 1 percent grabbed nearly two-thirds of all new
wealth worth $42 trillion created since 2020, almost twice as
much money as the bottom 99 percent of the world's
population.
Oxfam's annual report in 2019, this year entitled "Public Good
or Private Wealth," has calculated that last year a mere 26
people owned more than the 3.8 billion people who make up
2
3. 2: Accelerating structural transformations for
sustainable development
The disempowering nature of social, economic, and political
exclusion results in ineffective, unaccountable, non-
transparent institutions and processes that hamper the
ability of states to address persistent structural inequalities.
4. 3: Building resilience to crisis and shocks
Around 258 million people live outside their countries of
origin and 68.5 million are displaced. Disasters and the
effects of climate change have displaced more people than
ever before – on average 14 million people annually. Major
disease outbreaks result in severe economic losses from the
effect on livelihoods or decline in household incomes and
national GDPs, as demonstrated by the Ebola outbreak in
West Africa in 2014-2015.
5. The road to success
Keeping people out of poverty
Solution relates directly to the first SDG: to eradicate all
forms of poverty, wherever it exists.
6. Governance for peaceful, just, and inclusive societies
People’s lives are better when government is efficient and
responsive. When people from all social groups are
included in decision-making that affects their lives, and
when they have equal access to fair institutions that provide
services and administer justice, they will have more trust in
their government.
7. Scholarly Perspectives
Crisis prevention and increased resilience
Crises know no borders. More than 1.6 billion people live in
fragile and/or conflict-affected settings, including 600 million
young people. More people have been uprooted from their
homes by war and violence and sought sanctuary elsewhere
than at any time since the Second World War. Poverty,
population growth, weak governance and rapid urbanization
are driving the risks associated with such crises.
8. Environment: nature-based solutions for development
Healthy ecosystems are at the heart of development,
underpinning societal well-being and economic growth.
Through nature-based solutions, such as the sustainable
management and protection of land, rivers and oceans, we
help ensure that countries have adequate food and water,
are resilient to climate change and disasters, to green
economic pathways, and can sustain work for billions of
people through forestry, agriculture, fisheries and tourism.
9. Clean, affordable energy
People can’t prosper without reliable, safe, and affordable
energy to power everything from lights to vehicles to
factories to hospitals. And yet, 840 million people worldwide
have no access to electricity, and 2.9 billion people use solid
fuels to cook or heat their homes, exposing their families to
grave health hazards and contributing to vast deforestation
worldwide3. In these and other ways, energy is connected to
every one of the SDGs.
10. Women's empowerment and gender equality
Women’s participation in all areas of society is essential to
make big and lasting change not only for themselves, but
for all people. Women and girls make up a disproportionate
share of people in poverty, and are more likely to face
hunger, violence, and the impacts of disaster and climate
change. They are also more likely to be denied access to
legal rights and basic services.
11. Bangladesh Experience
From the past experiences of development in
Bangladesh, we can highlight four areas/lessons that will
have an important bearing on the future: (i) the supremacy
of pockets of functional informal institutions over weak
formal institutions; (ii) the supremacy of a "deals
environment" over a coordinated industrial policy; (iii) the
challenges of effective regulation; and (iv) the challenges
of state capacity.
Five major problems hindering the growth of Bangladesh
has been pointed out; corruption, political instability,
natural calamities, population and inequality.
