This document discusses various statistical concepts used for data analysis and interpretation, including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), ranking and percentages, standard deviation, hypothesis testing, and correlation. It provides examples and explanations of how to calculate and interpret these measures, such as how standard deviation indicates data spread and how hypothesis testing involves defining a null hypothesis, significance level, p-value, and determining whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis based on the p-value.

1. DATA
ANALYSIS
AND
INTERPRETATION
Data
Analysis
&
Interpretation
Measures
of
Central
Tendency
Ranking&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlatio
n

2. Measures
of
Central
Tendency
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Standard
Deviation
Measures of
Central
Tendency
Ranking&
Percentage
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlatio
n

3. Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
services
Mode
Median
Mean
Most
Stable of
all MCT
Widely
used in
research
Centermos
t part of an
arranged
data
Most
frequent
occurrence
or number
that
appears
most
frequently
Ranking&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Correlatio
n

4. Ranking
&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
X
37
41
29
13
15
17
15
19
35
30
25
9
14
16
15
29
35
Example Arrange
Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
X
41 __ 1
37 __ 2
35 __ 3
30 __ 4
29
29
25
25
19 __ 9
17 __ 10
16 __ 11
15
15
15
14 __ 15
13 __ 16
9 __ 17
5.5
7.5
13
Ranking & Percentage
Median = 19
Mode = 15
The data is skewed 𝑥 ≠ med ≠ mode.
𝛴𝑥 = 384
𝑥 =
384
17
= 22.59
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlatio
n

5. Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Ranking
&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
How to interpret standard deviation? at a glance.
𝑥
𝑥
35
35
35
35
S.D
4.5
7
10
2
𝑛 = 50
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlatio
n

6. Taking a sample
Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Ranking
&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Hypothesis
Testing
𝑛 =
𝑁
1 + 𝑛ⅇ2
Using Slovins Formula:
Example:
Correlatio
n

7. =
Taking a sample
Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Ranking
&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Hypothesis
Testing
If only 50 POP
If 30,
𝑛 =
50
1 + 50
.05 2 𝑛 =
50
1 + .125
𝑛 = 44
𝑛 =
30
1.075
𝑛 = 28
If all is taken as respondents, we call it
complete enumeration.
Correlatio
n

8. =
Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Ranking
&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Hypothesis
Testing
𝑥1 = 𝑥2 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 0
or
𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2
Correlatio
n
Steps in Hypothesis
Testing

9. =
Level of significance or value
Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Ranking
&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Hypothesis
Testing
.05 or 95% confidence level for Social
Sciences
.001 or 99.99% for medicine.
∝
Correlatio
n

10. Steps in Hypothesis
Testing
Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Ranking
&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlatio
n
Hypothesis
Significance
P-Value
Decode
Sample

11. P-Value can be seen if you compute
Steps in Hypothesis
Testing
Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Ranking
&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlatio
n

12. If you use table:
Steps in Hypothesis
Testing
Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Ranking
&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Hypothesis
Testing
NOTE: If the computed value is bigger then it is
significant.
Correlatio
n

13. When using p-value
Steps in Hypothesis
Testing
Measures
of
Central
Mean,
Median,
Mode
Ranking
&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Hypothesis
Testing
NOTE: If p-value is lesser than .05 then it is
significant.
𝜌 = .000154
𝜌 = .23
𝜌 = .084
𝜌 = .00215
𝜌 = .0103
𝜌 = .0613
𝜌 = .48
8% that the data is random
92% that the data is significant
n.s
Correlatio
n

14. about
history
timeline
teams
 Is there a significant relationship?
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlatio
n
Correlation
Pearson-Product Moment Correlation
The range of the correlation is -1 to 1.
Dots tells the direction of the correlation.
UP +
DOWN -
How do the performance of male learners vary
compared to the female contingents?
Is there an association between x & y variables?

15. about
history
timeline
teams
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlatio
n
Scatter Plot Diagram

16. about
history
timeline
teams
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlatio
n
Correlation
X
45
42
40
35
31
28
25
20
18
15
Example
Y
50
47
45
40
36
33
30
25
23
20

17. Thank You!
Data
Analysis
&
Interpretation
Measures
of
Central
Tendency
Ranking&
Percentage
Standard
Deviation
Hypothesis
Testing
Correlatio
n