IR

1. Industrial disputes- causative
and remedial factors

2. Industrial dispute
• Industrial disputes refer to conflicts or disagreements between
employers and employees or among employees themselves, typically
arising from issues related to working conditions, wages, benefits, job
security, or other employment-related matters.

3. Causative and remedial factors
Causative
1. Wage disparities
2. Bonus
3. Working conditions
4. Job insecurity
5. Multiplicity of trade unions and rivalry
6. Political interference
7. Advancement of technology (automation) and AI (artificial intelligence)
8. Resistance to change
9. Lay-off and retrenchments

4. Remedial factors
1. Collective bargaining
2. Dispute resolution machinery
3. Employee assistance programs (EAP)
4. Open door policy

5. Grievance dispute resolution machinery
• Work committees
• Conciliation officers
• Board of conciliation
• Court of inquiry
• Arbitration
• Adjudication
• Labour court
• Industrial tribunal
• National tribunal

6. Work committees
• Compulsory in establishments employing 100 or more workers
• Promotes harmonious relations by addressing day-to-day
grievances and facilitating communication between workers and
management.
Conciliation officers
• Government appoints conciliation officers at the request of
either party (employer or employees).
• Facilitates the settlement of disputes through conciliation and
promotes a voluntary agreement between the parties.
Court of inquiry
• Appointed by the government or agreed upon by both parties.
• Investigates and settles disputes by making recommendations.
Its findings are non-binding, but parties are expected to
consider them.

7. Arbitration
• Parties may agree to submit their disputes to arbitration.
• An arbitrator, often chosen by mutual consent, makes a binding
decision to settle the dispute.
Adjudication
Adjudication is a legal process of settling a dispute by a judge or
a court.
• Labour court: Adjudicates industrial disputes, including those
related to dismissal, discharge, or modification of service
conditions.
• Industrial Tribunal: Adjudicates complex industrial disputes,
typically those referred by the government due to their
significance.
• National Tribunal: Adjudicates disputes of national importance
or those involving multiple states.