In chapter one it has already been established that the sin of homogenization lurks with in the field of tourist behavior research. Tourists are not all the same, but it is usually insufficient to consider individual cases in detail when building the systematic study of phenomenon. It would, for example be difficult if analysts endeavored to document all of the variables of age, gender, nationality, economic wellbeing, marital and family status, sexual preference, previous travel experience, attitudinal profiles and personality characteristics whenever they attempted to characterize the market. It is convenient to see commonalities across some tourist behavior variables, for the immediacy of site-based management, for effective marketing action and for social analysis exploring cross-situational future trends. The problem, however, is that the sin of homogenization is difficult to avoid in sampling the key dimensions used to characterize the market.

1. CHAPTER- 2

2. Stereotypes of tourists
implies that any striking image or colorful statement
demonstrates the existence of stereotypes
Tourists are seen as
 indulgent and exploitive lacking civility and
 having a structured appreciation of cultures and places

3. Stereotypes of tourists
Two conceptual schemes are insightful in furthering an
understanding of the topic of stereotyping and negative
portrayal in general

4. Stereotypes of tourists
1. The social representations theory was developed by
Moscori and elaborated by Farr and others.
Its application to tourism phenomenon was explored in
accounts of how communities see tourism

5. Stereotypes of tourists
• Social representations are more than attitudes and values
• “an engine of growth”, while another group viewed it as
“a vulture destroying culture”.

6. Stereotypes of tourists
2. tourist roles and the notion of role distance.
 This is a major topic in tourist behavior analysis and
warrants special attention.

7. Social roles and the tourist
A role is a formal sociological term that a person
occupies in a society
Social roles can be tightly defined as in cases of
prisoners, priests, doctors, soldiers; etc in which
deviation from the standard is judged more harshly

8. Social roles and the tourist
they can also be defined loosely as in cases of students
or the subject issue, tourist
 where deviations from expected role behaviors are
viewed tolerantly.

9. Social roles and the tourist
the term “role theory” is not regarded as a theory
because it lacks cumulative and predictive power
But, there are a number of concepts that assist in
exploration of tourist behaviors

10. Social roles and the tourist
1. Role conflict-where two or more positions the person
occupies actually clash
2. Role ambiguity -where it is not clear what is
expected

11. Social roles and the tourist
3. Role bargaining where individuals negotiate with
others to perform the role
4. Role distance (where individuals express their
individuality by performing flaunting conventional role
behavior

12. Social roles and the tourist
 Swar brooke (1991) has outlined the basic role &
responsibilities of the tourist and the extra responsibilities
of the sustainable tourist.

13. Roles and responsibilities of
Tourists in general Sustainable tourists
1. To obey local laws
2. Not to participate in locally
condemned, albeit legal
activities
3. Not to offend religious beliefs
4. Not to damage the physical
environment
5. Not to overuse resources
additionally,
1. Not to visit a place with poor human
rights record
2. Be responsible to learn about the
visited place including some
languages
3. Meet and form friendship with local
people
4. Boycott local businesses which the
staff poor wages
5. Not to spread diseases
6. Contribute to the local economy

14. Social roles and the tourist
 Two kinds of difficulties exist with specification
tourist role conduct:
1. it is not from an evidence-based perspective that
all of the suggested behaviors will produce
sustainable outcomes

15. Social roles and the tourist
 Two kinds of difficulties exist with specification
tourist role conduct:
1. it is not from an evidence-based perspective that
all of the suggested behaviors will produce
sustainable outcomes
2. that it is difficult to make the necessary
judgments

16. The outsider
 the role of tourists as an outsider can be viewed as
a stranger who stays in a community
 able to offer unique insights on that location and
its culture

17. Thresholds and liminality
 Liminality is a concept used to understand the role
of the tourist.
 The word is connected to the earliest
anthropological work on thresholds, rituals and
transition zones in which there are three zones or
states of interest

18. Thresholds and liminality
1. profane state of being: is a regular or normal
state
u individual’s life and experiences at home
2. liminoid phase, literally a threshold phase,
where the tourist is in state of transition and life
is abnormal
3. Post-liminoid phase: describes a return to an
ordinary, everyday or profane state

19. Thresholds and liminality
culture shock
 frequent and well established consequences of the
tourist role
 is a clear consequence of having entered the
liminoid zone
 and its resolution may well be complete only when
returning to the post liminoid phase

20. Thresholds and liminality
The discussion of threshold and tourist role can be
developed by considering physical &psychological
factors that shape tourist behavior and experience

21. Factors that affect tourists’ behavior
physical factors
altitude, dehydration, motion sickness, physical
responses to new foods, lengths of day light
psychological factors
information management in all walks of life

22. Factors that affect tourists’ behavior
Demographic factor
u Age is both an observable and universal
demographic descriptor
u it remains to be important to view on what it
means by a child, a teenager or a senior
 generation ago
 at present
 in the future

23. Factors that affect tourists’ behavior
Demographic factor
u Children conventionally classified as 12 years
and under are an emerging group of interest to
travel researchers
u adults jointly or separately decide on where to go
u it is often children who decide what to do which
sequences of activities to follow
u adults’ satisfaction may largely depend on the
satisfaction of their children

24. Factors that affect tourists’ behavior
Demographic factor
u Teenagers: Studies of tourism experiences of
teenagers are limited, and mostly come under the
umbrella of educational tourism

25. Factors that affect tourists’ behavior
Demographic factor
u Adolescence- e.g. backpacker.
u =individuals typically those in their 20s with a preference
of a budget accommodation, but willing to purchase quite
expensive travel experiences
u identified by independently organized and flexible travel
schedules, a social orientation, long haul (from weeks to
a year) rather than brief holiday

26. Factors that affect tourists’ behavior
Demographic factor
 “baby boomers”
u people born between 1945 & 1966.
u It applies best to the countries of Canada, USA,
Australia and New Zealand where the economic
conditions after II World War were sound and
families were encouraged to give more birth

27. Factors that affect tourists’ behavior
Demographic factor
 “baby boomers”
u rich
u comfortable with their place in the world
u see themselves as competent and as recognizing
the complexities of life,
u but they do not have clear ideas about what makes
them happy.

28. Factors that affect tourists’ behavior
Demographic factor
 “Senior” -people over the age of 60
u younger seniors (less than 65)
u older seniors(over 65) while others tie their
classifications to
u Retirement/expansive Vs disengaging attitudes

29. Factors that affect tourists’ behavior
Demographic factor
 “Senior” -
 over 55 age group is likely to undertake cruises,
go touring and VFR,
 but less likely to visit cities, theme parks and
resorts
u the oldest senior market segments are the most
satisfied with their travel experiences.

30. Factors that affect tourists’ behavior
Nationality!
Discuss if it is a demographic descriptor or not !!

31. Nationality
u Nationality is a widely used demographic
descriptor in tourism studies.
u It is sometimes an observable characteristic with
physical appearances, clothing styles