2. Fluid Dynamics
• Fluid dynamics is the study of the movement of fluids.
• Types of Fluid Flow
A. Laminar Flow
B. Transient Flow
C. Turbulent Flow
Laminar Flow
• laminar flow, also called streamline flow, type of fluid (gas or liquid) flow in
which the fluid travels smoothly or in regular paths,
3. Transient Flow
• Transient flow, is flow where the flow velocity and pressure are changing
with time.
Turbulent flow
• turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure
and flow velocity.
4. General Properties of Fluid Flow
• Density–Density of a fluid is the mass of the fluid per unit volume. Mathematically it is
the ratio of the mass to the volume of the fluids.
• Specific weight-It is the weight of fluids per unit volume. Mathematically, it is the ratio
of the weight to the volume of the fluids.
• Specific gravity– Specific gravity is the ratio of specific weight or mass density of fluids
to the specific weight or mass density of the standard fluids. In the case of liquid
standard, fluids are water whereas in the case of gases standard fluids are air.
• Specific volume-Specific volume of fluid is the volume of fluid per unit weight. It is the
reciprocal of weight density. it’s SI unit is cubic metre per Newton in case of gas flow
specific volume is defined as the volume of fluids per unit mass. In this case, it is
reciprocal of mind mass density and its SI unit are metre cube per kilogram.
• Viscosity-It is the resistance offered to a layer of fluids when it moves over another
layer of fluids.
• Surface tension-It is a tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in contact with air
or between 2 liquids.
5. Pumps
• A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by
mechanical action, typically converted from electrical energy into hydraulic
energy.
16. • Bulb turbine: The turbine and generator are a sealed unit placed directly
in the water stream.
17. • Straflo: The generator is attached directly to the perimeter of the turbine.
18. • Tube turbine: The penstock bends just before or after the runner,
allowing a straight-line connection to the generator.
19. • Kaplan Turbine: Both the blades and the wicket gates are adjustable,
allowing for a wider range of operation. This turbine was developed
by Austrian inventor Viktor Kaplan in 1919.
23. Air crompressor
• An air compressor is a pneumatic device that converts power (using
an electric motor, diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy
stored in pressurized air (i.e., compressed air).
