Buat pelajar SMK jurusan TKJ

1. Pemrograman Jaringan
Routing Concept

2. Objektif
 Pengenalan
 Router = Komputer
 WAN Protocol
 Bagian-bagian Router
 Dokumentasi Perancangan
 Konsep Routing
 Static Routing
 Dynamic Routing
 Prinsip RoutingTable

3. Pengenalan
 Router merupakan perangkat yang berada
di tengah jaringan
 Secara sederhana, dapat dikatakan bahwa
router menghubungkan satu jaringan
dengan lainnya
 Router bertanggung jawab untuk
pengiriman packet melalui jaringan yang
berbeda

4. Pengenalan
 Saat ini router juga ditambahkan pada
satelit di luar angkasa. Router ini mampu
menjalurkan traffic IP antara satelit-satelit
yang ada dengan cara yang sama seperti
packet yang bergerak di bumi sehingga
dapat mengurangi delay dan memberikan
fleksibilitas yang lebih baik

5. Pengenalan
 Tanggung jawab utamanya adalah
meneruskan (forwarding) packet dari satu
jaringan ke jaringan lain
 Hal ini dimungkinkan karena kemampuan
router untuk menjalurkan packet antar
jaringan sehingga divais yang berada pada
jaringan yang berbeda dapat saling
berkomunikasi

6. Router = Komputer
 Router memiliki banyak komponen
hardware dan software yang juga ditemui
di perangkat komputer lain, mencakup:
◦ CPU
◦ RAM
◦ ROM
◦ Operating System

7. Router = Komputer
 Router menghubungkan beberapa jaringan, artinya
router memiliki beberapa interface yang masing-
masing merupakan bagian dari jaringan yang
berbeda
 Ketika menerima packet IP pada salah satu
interface, router menentukan interface mana yang
akan digunakan untuk meneruskan packet
tersebut agar sampai ke tempat tujuan. Interface
yang digunakan untuk meneruskan dapat berupa:
◦ the network of the final destination of the packet (the
network with the destination IP address of this
packet) - LAN
◦ network connected to another router that is used to
reach the destination network -WAN

8. Router = Komputer
 Tanggung jawab utama router adalah
meneruskan packet ke tujuannya, dengan
cara:
◦ Menentukan jalur terbaik untuk mengirim
packet
◦ Meneruskan packet ke tujuan

9. Router = Komputer
 Router menggunakan routing table yang
dimiliki untuk menentukan jalur terbaik
 Saat menerima packet, router memeriksa
destination IP address dari packet
tersebut dan mencocokkan alamat
tersebut dengan routing table
 Routing table mencakup interface yang
digunakan untuk meneruskan packet

11. Router = Komputer
 Sangat memungkinkan bahwa suatu router
akan menerima packet yang dienkapsulasi
dengan suatu jenis data link fram, seperti
Ethernet, tetapi kemudian meneruskan
packet tersebut dengan jenis enkapsulasi
data link frame yang berbeda, misalnya
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
 Enkapsulasi data link tergantung pada jenis
interface pada router dan jenis media
yang terhubung dengannya

12. DTE
DCE

13. WAN Protocol
 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)
 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
 Frame Relay

14. Bagian-bagian Router
Power Supply
Fan
SDRAM
NVRAM
CPU
WIC Shield WIC Shield

15. Bagian-bagian Router
USB Port
Fast Ethernet Port
Console Port
Auxiliary Port
High SpeedWIC (HWIC)
Power Cable Connector
Flash Memory

17. Bagian-bagian Router
 CPU
The CPU executes operating system instructions, such as system
initialization, routing functions, and switching functions.
 RAM
RAM stores the instructions and data needed to be executed by the CPU.
RAM is used to store these components:
◦ Operating System:The Cisco IOS (Internetwork Operating System) is copied into
RAM during bootup.
◦ Running Configuration File:This is the configuration file that stores the configuration
commands that the router IOS is currently using.With few exceptions,all commands
configured on the router are stored in the running configuration file, known as
running-config.
◦ IP RoutingTable:This file stores information about directly connected and remote
networks. It is used to determine the best path to forward the packet.
◦ ARP Cache:This cache contains the IPv4 address to MAC address mappings, similar to
the ARP cache on a PC.The ARP cache is used on routers that have LAN interfaces
such as Ethernet interfaces.
◦ Packet Buffer: Packets are temporarily stored in a buffer when received on an interface
or before they exit an interface.

18. Bagian-bagian Router
 RAM is volatile memory and loses its
content when the router is powered
down or restarted.

19. Bagian-bagian Router
 ROM
ROM is a form of permanent storage. Cisco devices use
ROM to store:
◦ The bootstrap instructions
◦ Basic diagnostic software
◦ Scaled-down version of IOS
 Flash Memory
Flash memory is nonvolatile computer memory that can be
electrically stored and erased. Flash is used as permanent
storage for the operating system, Cisco IOS. In most models
of Cisco routers, the IOS is permanently stored in flash
memory and copied into RAM during the bootup process,
where it is then executed by the CPU.

20. Bagian-bagian Router
 NVRAM
NVRAM (Nonvolatile RAM) does not lose its
information when power is turned off.This is in
contrast to the most common forms of RAM,
such as DRAM, that requires continual power to
maintain its information. NVRAM is used by the
Cisco IOS as permanent storage for the startup
configuration file (startup-config).
 ROM, flash memory, and NVRAM does not lose
its contents when the router loses power or is
restarted.

22. Dokumentasi Perancangan

23. Dokumentasi Perancangan
 When configuring a router, certain basic
tasks are performed including:
◦ Naming the router
◦ Setting passwords
◦ Configuring interfaces
◦ Configuring a banner
◦ Saving changes on a router
◦ Verifying basic configuration and router
operations

24. Konsep Routing
 Remote networks ditambahkan pada
routing table dengan konfigurasi static
route atau menggunakan dynamic routing
protocol
 Ketika OS mengetahui adanya sebuah
remote network dan interface yang akan
digunakan untuk mencapai jaringan
tersebut, jalur tersebut akan ditambahkan
ke routing table selama interface tersebut
aktif

25. Static Routing
 Static route mencakup network address
dan subnet mask dari remote network,
diikuti dengan IP address dari next-hop
router atau exit interface
 Static route ditandai dengan kode ‘S’ pada
routing table

26. Static Routing
 Keuntungannya:
◦ Meringankan kerja prosesor yang ada pada router
◦ Tidak ada bandwidth yang digunakan untuk
pertukaran informasi routing table antar router
◦ Tingkat keamanan lebih tinggi vs mekanisme
lainnya
 Kekurangannya:
◦ Admin harus mengetahui informasi tiap-tiap
router yang terhubung jaringan
◦ Jika terdapat penambahan/perubahan topologi
jaringan, admin harus mengubah isi routing table
◦ Tidak cocok untuk jaringan yang besar

27. Static Routing
Saat-saat untuk menggunakan static routing:
 A network consists of only a few routers. Using a dynamic
routing protocol in such a case does not present any
substantial benefit. On the contrary, dynamic routing may add
more administrative overhead.
 A network is connected to the Internet only through a single
ISP.There is no need to use a dynamic routing protocol
across this link because the ISP represents the only exit
point to the Internet.
 A large network is configured in a hub-and-spoke topology.A
hub-and-spoke topology consists of a central location (the
hub) and multiple branch locations (spokes), with each spoke
having only one connection to the hub. Using dynamic
routing would be unnecessary because each branch has only
one path to a given destination-through the central location.

28. Dynamic Routing
 Dynamic routing protocols digunakan
router untuk membagi informasi tentang
jaringan yang dapat dijangkau. Routing
protocol melakukan beberapa aktifitas
mencakup:
◦ Network discovery
◦ Updating and maintaining routing tables

29. Dynamic Routing
 Kategori algoritma routing:
◦ Distance vector
◦ Link state

30. Dynamic Routing
 DistanceVector
◦ Routing information is only exchanged
between directly connected neighbors
◦ This means a router knows from which
neighbor a route was learned, but it does not
know where that neighbor learned the route;
a router can't see beyond its own neighbors
◦ This aspect of distance vector routing is
sometimes referred to as "routing by rumor.“
◦ Also known as Bellman-Ford algorithm

31. Dynamic Routing
 Link State
◦ Requires that all routers know about the paths
reachable by all other routers in the network
◦ Link-state information is flooded throughout the
link-state domain to ensure all routers posses a
synchronized copy of the area's link-state
database
◦ From this common database, each router
constructs its own relative shortest-path tree,
with itself as the root, for all known routes
◦ Also known as Dijkstra’s algorithm

32. Dynamic Routing

33. Dynamic Routing
 DistanceVector

34. Dynamic Routing
 Link State

35. Dynamic Routing
 Link State

36. Dynamic Routing
 Ada beberapa routing protocol yang tersedia.
Berikut adalah beberapa routing protocol
yang umum digunakan untuk menjalurkan
packet IP:
◦ RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
◦ IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
◦ EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol)
◦ OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
◦ IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate
System)
◦ BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

37. Dynamic Routing

38. Dynamic Routing
 Routing protocol interior didesain untuk
jaringan yang dikontrol oleh suatu organisasi.
Kriteria disain untuk routing protocol
interior untuk mencari jalur terbaik pada
jaringan
 Routing protocol eksterior didesain untuk
penggunaan antara dua jaringan yang berbeda
yang dikontrol oleh dua organisasi yang
berbeda. Umumnya digunakan antara ISP
dengan ISP atau antara ISP dengan
perusahaan

40. Prinsip Routing Table
 Every router makes its decision alone, based on
the information it has in its own routing table.
 The fact that one router has certain information
in its routing table does not mean that other
routers have the same information.
 Routing information about a path from one
network to another does not provide routing
information about the reverse, or return, path.