Artificial intelligence has various applications in oral and maxillofacial surgery including robotics, navigation surgery, virtual reality, and augmented reality. AI-based systems use machine learning and neural networks to aid in clinical decision making, diagnosis, treatment planning, and predicting outcomes. Recent advances in AI, virtual reality, augmented reality, and surgical navigation have improved precision and simplified complex procedures in oral and maxillofacial surgery. However, more data and training is still needed for AI to reach its full potential.

1. Asok kumar RS OMFS

2.  Introduction
 History
 Applications of AI
I. Robotics
II. Navigation surgery
III. Virtual reality
IV. Augmented reality
 References
 Conclusion Asok kumar RS OMFS

3.  Exponential growth in science and technology has introduced different
applications.
 Term AI is mostly associated with robotics.
 Artificial intelligence refers to any machine or technology that is able to
mimic human cognitive skills.
 AI-‘‘a system’s ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such
data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through
flexible adaptation’’
Asok kumar RS OMFS

4.  CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM - Computer program that
has been designed to help health professionals in making clinical decisions
 AI BASED SYSTEM - Used for designing automated software programs
that streamlines the diagnosis and management.
 These systems were used for better diagnosis, treatment planning and also
for prediction of prognosis.
Asok kumar RS OMFS

5.  1955 - JOHN MCCARTHY, a mathematician coined the term artificial intelligence
recognized as the father of artificial intelligence.
 1978- RICHARD BELLMAN defined artificial intelligence as the automation of
activities associated with human cognitive skills.
 Beginning of the 80s- New form of AI emerged called ‘‘expert systems’’.
 2005- TORS was first proposed and applied in OMFS by MCLEOD and MELDER
and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2009
Asok kumar RS OMFS

6.  AIM : Develop machines that can learn through data to
solve the problems.
 MACHINE LEARNING : Facilitate machines to learn
from data so they can resolve issues without human input.
 NEURAL NETWORKS: Create neural networks that
function like the human brain.
DEEP LEARNING: Construct a neural network that automatically
identifies patterns to improve feature detection.
Also known as CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Asok kumar RS OMFS

7.  Powerful tool to identify patterns, predict or categorize the clinical
condition.
 Improve departmental workflow through precision
 Empower individually tailored examination protocols.
 Machine Learning directly with medical data can help in
preventing the errors due to cognitive bias .
Asok kumar RS OMFS

8.  Requires a very huge and sound data base of knowledge
 Results in inappropriate answers when presented with images
outside of their knowledge set.
 May not adapt with new imaging software or new machine
immediately.
 Not all the algorithms used are apt for clinical application.
Asok kumar RS OMFS

9.  With the assistance of robotic surgical systems, multiple oral
surgical procedures for malignant and non-malignant diseases were
performed .
ADVANTAGES [to surgeons] :
I. Three-dimensional magnified view
II. Precise movements
III. Bimanual operation
IV. Enhances the surgeon's physical capabilities.
ADVANTAGES [to patients]:
I. Less blood loss
II. Fewer complications
III. Shorter hospital stays and better cosmetic results than standard
techniques Asok kumar RS OMFS

10. Asok kumar RS OMFS

11. APPLICATION:
I. Tumor resection
II. Neck dissection
III. Obstructive sleep apnea
IV. Cleft lip and palate
V. Post ablative defect reconstruction
LIMITATION:
 Lack of tactile sensation and proprioception
Asok kumar RS OMFS

12.  Science of creating a virtual environment for the assessment
of various anatomical regions of the body for the diagnosis,
planning and surgical training
AREA OF APPLICATION :
 Dental implantology
 Orthognathic surgery
 Mandibular reconstruction after resection
 Hardware fabrication for open reduction and internal fixation
Asok kumar RS OMFS

13. Asok kumar RS OMFS

14.  Superimposition of a 3D real environment specific to
individual patient onto the surgical filed using semi-
transparent glasses to augment the virtual scene
 For an immersive virtual experience, the user wears a head-
mounted displays or goggles, headphones and gloves to
engage his tactile sense.
AREA OF APPLICATION:
 Dental implant placement and orthognathic surgery.
Asok kumar RS OMFS

15.  Recently, novel augmented reality system for
displaying inferior alveolar nerve bundles in
maxillofacial surgery was recently developed.
Asok kumar RS OMFS

16.  Provides a useful guide for safe and more accuracy in
oral and maxillofacial surgery.
 Available types of navigation systems are optical and
electromagnetic system.
 Involve the integration of imaging with the surgical
field, simultaneous visualization of different types of
images to reveal structures that are normally visible
only intra-operatively and permits navigation in areas of
anatomical sensitivity.
Asok kumar RS OMFS

17. CLINICALAPPLICATIONS:
I. Complex midfacial fractures and orbital trauma reconstruction
II. Foreign body removal
III. Complex dentoalveolar surgery
IV. Skull-base surgery
V. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgeries and
VI. Orthognathic surgery.
Asok kumar RS OMFS

18. Orbital floor reconstruction
Retrieval of foreign body
Navigation system with updated CT
images
Improved precision and simplify the
surgical procedure by minimizing
intraoperative invasiveness.
Development of navigation assisted
surgery has improved execution and
predictability
Asok kumar RS OMFS

19.  Passage from 2D to 3D imaging technology along with
increased diagnostic precision and treatment plan
outcome using the CAD/CAM technology
 AI technology are mainly designed to provide expert
support entire medical profession to successfully manage
its use of in diagnosis and treatment plan
 Artificial intelligence needs to be viewed as a tool to be
used with the utmost care and training, and not as a
threat.
Asok kumar RS OMFS

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Science (2017) 9, 63–73 Asok kumar RS OMFS

21. Asok kumar RS OMFS