1. The FIRST Indian Book on the subject
published in 1983
Now also available at AMAZON.IN
7th Edition
2012

2. REINFORCED CONCRETE
LIMIT STATE DESIGN
ASHOK K. JAIN
Ph.D. (Michigan), F.I.E., F.I.A. STR. ENGRS.
Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
ROORKEE
and
Former Director
Malaviya National Institute of Technology
JAIPUR
Nem Chand & Bros., Roorkee 247 667, India

3. v
CONTENTS
Preface
PART ONE - PLAIN CONCRETE
Materials for Concrete 1-25
1 1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
Introduction
Cement
Aggregate
Water
Admixture
Tests on materials
Porosity, moisture content and absorption of aggregate
Grading of aggregate
Measurement of materials
Mixing, placing, compaction, and curing
Mechanisation of concreting
Special concretes
Reference
Exercises
1
1
5
6
7
11
17
18
18
21
22
22
24
25
Design of Concrete Mix 26-54
2 2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Introduction
Properties of concrete
Information required for design
Nominal mix concrete
Methods of proportioning concrete mix
High strength concrete
Acceptance criteria
References
Exercises
26
27
32
34
37
50
51
53
54
PART TWO - REINFORCED CONCRETE
Design Philosophies 57-68
3 3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
Introduction
Working stress design
Ultimate load design
Limit state design
Limit state design vs working stress design
Performance based design
Building code
57
58
59
62
64
65
66

4. vii
viii CONTENTS
3.8
3.9
Accuracy of computations
Type of construction
References
Exercises
67
67
68
68
Definitions 69-92
4 4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
Introduction
Limit state
Central value measures
Measures of dispersion
Normal distribution curve
Characteristic strength
Characteristic load
Design values
Partial safety factors
Factored loads
Stress-strain relationship for concrete
Stress-strain relationship for steel
Salient features of Eurocodes
References
Exercises
69
69
70
71
72
73
74
77
77
78
79
83
86
91
92
Singly Reinforced Sections 93-114
5 5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
Introduction
Bending of beams
Assumptions
Moment of resistance
Modes of failure
Maximum depth of neutral axis
Limiting values of tension steel and moment of resistance
Minimum and maximum tension reinforcement
Effective span
Types of problem
Design tables
Illustrative examples
Exercises
93
94
96
97
98
99
99
100
101
101
102
103
114
Doubly Reinforced Sections 115-124
6 6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
Introduction
Stress in compression reinforcement
Design steps
Minimum and maximum reinforcement
Design tables
Illustrative examples
Exercises
115
115
116
117
117
118
124
Flanged Beams 125-136
7 7.1
7.2
Introduction
Effective width of flange
125
126

5. CONTENTS ix
7.3
7.4
7.5
Minimum and maximum reinforcement
Types of problem
Illustrative examples
Exercises
127
127
130
135
Shear and Development Length 137-164
8 8.1
8.2
8.3
Introduction
Shear stress
Diagonal tension
137
138
140
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
Shear reinforcement
Spacing of shear reinforcement
Illustrative examples
Enhanced shear strength
Development length
Anchorage bond
Flexural bond
Illustrative examples
References
Exercises
141
144
146
156
156
157
158
160
163
163
Detailing of Reinforcement 165-183
9 9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
Introduction
Requirements of good detailing
Nominal cover to reinforcement
Spacing of reinforcement
Reinforcement requirements
Reinforcement splicing
Anchoring reinforcing bars in flexure
Anchoring shear reinforcement
Curtailment of tension reinforcement in flexural members
Structural drawing
Bar bending schedule
Corrosion and anti-corrosion measures
Fire resistance of concrete
Formwork
References
165
165
166
167
169
170
171
172
173
178
179
181
182
183
183
Serviceability Limit State 184-202
10 10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
Introduction
Control of deflection
Control of cracking
Control of slenderness
Control of vibration
References
Exercises
184
185
194
198
198
201
202
Design Examples 203-243
11 11.1
11.2
Introduction
Simply supported beam
203
203

6. x CONTENTS
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
Cantilever beam
Arch action
Lintel over door
Lintel over verandah
Moment and shear coefficients for continuous beams
Inverted T-beam roof
Doubly reinforced beam
Beam with overhangs
Introduction to staircases
Staircase
Exercises
207
211
211
214
219
219
226
230
234
238
242
Torsion 244-259
12 12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
Introduction
Torsional stiffness of sections
Equilibrium and compatibility torsion
Equivalent shear
Torsional reinforcement
Distribution of torsion reinforcement
Torsion in beams curved in plan
Exercises
244
245
246
246
247
248
252
259
Redistribution of Moments 260-274
13 13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
Introduction
Single span beams
Multi-span beams
Design of sections
Exercises
260
261
267
273
274
Slabs 275-331
14 14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
Introduction
One-way slabs
Two-way slabs
Circular slabs
Flat slabs
References
Exercises
275
276
283
296
308
330
330
Yield Line Theory 332-361
15 15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.9
Introduction
Assumptions
Location of yield lines
Method of analysis
Analysis of one-way slabs
Work done by yield line moments
Nodal forces at intersection of yield line with free edge
Analysis of two-way slabs
Rectangular slab simply supported at three edges and free
at the upper edge
332
332
333
333
335
338
339
343
350
CONTENTS xi

7. 15.10 Effect of top corner steel in a square slab
Reference
Exercises
357
360
360
Columns and Walls 362-417
16 16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
Introduction
Effective height of a column
Assumptions
Minimum eccentricity
Short column under axial compression
Requirements for reinforcement
Columns with helical reinforcement
Short columns under axial load and uniaxial bending
362
363
364
364
366
366
369
375
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
16.13
16.14
16.15
16.16
16.17
16.18
Construction of design charts
Short columns under axial load and biaxial bending
Slender columns
Transmission of column loads through floor system
Shear or flexure walls
Construction of design charts
Reinforcement in shear walls
Corbels
Truss analogy
Detailing of reinforcement
References
Exercises
376
394
396
404
405
406
410
411
411
413
416
416
Foundations 418-491
17 17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
17.10
Introduction
Bearing capacity of soil
Depth of foundation
Analysis of foundation
Tensile reinforcement
Isolated footings
Wall footings
Combined footings
Raft foundation
Pile foundation
Strut & tie model
418
420
421
422
429
429
439
441
449
460
463
References
Exercises
490
490
Retaining Walls 492-517
18 18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
Introduction
Forces on retaining walls
Stability requirements
Proportioning of cantilever walls
Counterfort retaining walls
References
Exercises
492
493
495
497
513
516
516
xii CONTENTS

8. Multistorey Buildings 518-554
19 19.1
19.2
Introduction
Structural systems
518
521
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.11
19.12
19.13
19.14
19.15
19.16
Stiffening elements
Need for redundancy
Regularity
Member stiffness
Loads
Wind loads
Approximate analysis for vertical loads
Approximate analysis for lateral loads
Effect of sequence of construction
Partition walls or infill walls
Coupling effect in buildings
Effect of joint width
Beam to column joints
Preparation of drawings
Project review
References
Exercises
525
526
527
530
531
532
538
543
543
544
545
545
546
550
551
552
553
Analysis of Buildings for Earthquake Force 555-607
20 20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
20.10
20.11
20.12
20.13
Introduction
Elastic response spectra
Inelastic response spectra
Earthquake force
Response reduction factor
Load combinations
Illustrative examples
Buildings with soft storey
Deflection and separation of buildings
Torsion in buildings
Illustrative examples
Performance based design
Nonlinear static (pushover) analysis
References
Exercises
555
555
561
563
569
571
572
580
581
581
591
597
600
605
607
Detailing for Earthquake Resistant Construction 608-641
21 21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
Introduction
Cyclic behaviour of concrete and reinforcement
Significance of ductility
Ductility of beams
Design for ductility
Detailing for ductility
Illustrative examples
References
Exercises
608
609
612
613
615
618
627
640
641
CONTENTS xiii
Computer Aided Modeling of Multistorey Buildings 642-650

9. 22 22.1
22.2
22.3
Introduction
Preparation of input data
Modeling process of the building
642
642
645
Liquid Retaining Structures 651-695
23 23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9
23.10
23.11
23.12
Introduction
Members subjected to axial tension
Members subjected to bending moment
Members subjected to combined axial tension and
bending moment
Permissible stresses in concrete
Permissible stresses in steel
Minimum reinforcement
Causes of cracking and control
Dome
Design of tanks
Illustrative examples
Joints
References
Exercises
651
654
654
657
659
659
659
660
661
662
664
690
694
694
PART THREE - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Introduction to Prestressed Concrete 699-738
24 24.1
24.2
24.3
24.4
24.5
24.6
24.7
24.8
24.9
24.10
24.11
24.12
24.13
24.14
Introduction
Advantages and disadvantages of prestressed concrete
Reinforced concrete versus prestressed concrete
Prestressing systems
Concrete for prestressing
Steel for prestressing
Loss of prestress
Basic concepts of prestressed concrete
Limit state of serviceability - homogeneous beam concept
Limit state of serviceability - load balancing concept
Limiting eccentricities
Pressure line
Permissible stresses in concrete
Shear and principal stresses
References
Exercises
699
700
701
701
705
706
708
716
717
723
725
726
727
734
736
737
Prestressed Concrete Beams 739-804
25 25.1
25.2
25.3
Introduction
Limit state of collapse
Limit state of collapse in shear
739
739
749
xiv CONTENTS

10. 25.4
25.5
25.6
25.7
25.8
25.9
Limit state of serviceability
Selection of sectional dimensions
Other design considerations
Detailing of reinforcement
Illustrative examples
Prestressed concrete poles
References
Exercises
752
764
765
767
775
797
803
803
Reinforced Concrete Bridges 805-895
26 26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
26.5
26.6
26.7
26.8
26.9
26.10
26.11
26.12
26.13
26.14
26.15
26.16
26.17
26.18
26.19
26.20
26.21
26.22
26.23
Introduction
Design loads
Lane definition
Load eccentricity
Load cases in superstructure
Computer aided bridge analysis
Analysis of deck due to concentrated wheel loads
Analysis of a solid slab spanning in one direction or
cantilever span - effective width approach
Analysis of a slab supported on four edges - Pigeaud’s
coefficients
Load distribution in girder bridges
Grillage analysis
Illustrative examples
Slab culvert
Loss of prestress
Analysis for temperature
Stick model for the analysis of substructure
Load cases in substructure
Modeling of bearings
Design forces in bearings
Illustrative examples
Continuous bridges
General design considerations
Failure of bridges
References
Exercises
805
808
814
814
815
818
819
819
821
821
822
826
833
846
854
858
862
864
867
869
886
886
890
890
891
Appendices 897-913
A
B
C
D
E
F
Working stress method
Dead loads
Imposed loads
Soil properties
Bending moment and shear force
Sectional area of group of bars
899
905
906
909
910
913
Index 914