proseso ng pakilala at pagtukoy sa mga nakalimbag na salita o simbolo at kakayahang mabigkas ang tunog ng mga titik na bumubuo sa bawat salita. proseso ng pakilala at pagtukoy sa mga nakalimbag na salita o simbolo at kakayahang mabigkas ang tunog ng mga titik na bumubuo sa bawat salita. proseso ng pakilala at pagtukoy sa mga nakalimbag na salita o simbolo at kakayahang mabigkas ang tunog ng mga titik na bumubuo sa bawat salita.

4. PLATE
TECTONICS
PREPARED BY:
ALJOHN V. ATIENZA, LPT.

5. • Earth began as a
single land mass or
super continent
called Pangaea.
• The term Pangaea
comes from the
Greek words pan
which means “all”
and gaea which
means “Earth”.
• It was surrounded
by a vast sea or
superocean called
Panthalassa, which
means “ all seas”

6. •One of the
earliest theories
on the geography
and surface
topography on
Earth was the
contraction
theory.

7. •The contraction
theory was
superseded by the
continental drift
theory by Alfred
Wegener.
•It asserted that there
once existed a single
large landmass called
Pangaea.

8. •Wegener’s theory was
based upon his
observations which
included the following
1. The apparent fit of
the eastern
coastline of South
America and
western coastline
of Africa.

9. •Wegener’s theory was
based upon his
observations which
included the following
2. Similarities of plant
and animal fossils in
South America and
some parts of the
African continent,
which were separated
by vast ocean.

10. •Wegener’s theory was
based upon his
observations which
included the following
3. Similarities in the
sequences of rock
layers of opposite
sides of the Atlantic
Ocean.

11. •Pangaea would earlier
break into two
smaller continents (
Gondwana and
Laurasia).
•Gondwana is
composed of Africa,
Antarctica, South
America, Australia,
and the sub continent
of India.
•Mid 1800s by Eduard
Suess.

12. •In 1960s, American
geologist Harry Hess
proposed the seafloor
spreading theory,
which states that the
seafloor or ocean
floors- not the
continents – move and
carry the continents
along.

13. •In 1960s, American
geologist Harry Hess
proposed the seafloor
spreading theory,
which states that the
seafloor or ocean
floors- not the
continents – move and
carry the continents
along.

14. •Christopher Scotese,
a professor and
geologist from the
University of Texas at
Arlington, predicts
that the continents
will reform into a
super continent.
•Pangaea Ultima

15. MECHANISM OF
PLATE
MOVEMENTS
PREPARED BY:
ALJOHN V. ATIENZA, LPT.

16. •The movement of the
plates is influenced
by two types of
forces; driving forces
and resisting forces

17. • Driving force either
push tectonic plates
toward one another or
pull them apart.
• Mantle convection- is
caused by rising of heat
from the core toward
the mantle.
• Slab pull- takes the
place when a
subducting slab sinks
into the hot mantle
because of a difference
in temperature.

18. • Driving force either
push tectonic plates
toward one another or
pull them apart.
• Slab suction- occurs
between two colliding
plates, one subducting
underneath the other.
• Ridge push- occurs
when the lithosphere is
pushed up by the
asthenosphere because
of convection currents
from the mantle.

19. • Resisting forces act
against the driving
forces of plate
tectonics.
• Slab resistance- is the
force that resists all the
forces associated with
plate movement in
subduction zones.
• Collisional resistance-
occurs when a heavy
plate is pulled into
mantle but resists
subduction because of
friction.

20. • Resisting forces act
against the driving
forces of plate
tectonics.
• Transform fault
resistance- is the
frictional force due to
the opposing movement
of plates moving past
one another between
two spreading centers.
• Drag force- resists
movement of
lithospheric plates.