1.
POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
Group 3
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS

2.
MEMBERS
Ashley Fajardo Janele Umali Janice Castillo Atasha Umali
Glenn Abrigo Cris Jerome
Sumajestad
Cyrell Maningding Aleczhis Encarnacion

3.
Motivational Game

4.
RHATOITYU

5.
AUTHORITY

6.
OLCTIALPI NASYTDY

7.
POLITICAL DYNASTY

8.
LEE DARE SHRIMP
Guess The Gibberish…

9.
LEADERSHIP
Guess The Gibberish…

10.
LEGIT TEAM MISSY
Guess The Gibberish…

11.
LEGITIMACY
Guess The Gibberish…

12.
PRINCESS DIANA
Who is She?

13.
MARTIN LUTHER KING,JR.
Who is He?

14.
Objectives
Explain the concepts of politics,
power, and authority
Define legitimacy and
differentiate the types of
authority
distinguish the types of political
structures or organizations and
institutions that have existed over
time
01
03
02
04
cite concrete examples
related to the political
concepts tackled.

15.
Politics, Power, and
Authority
01

16.
Politics, Power, and Authority
• As societies progressed through the centuries, people organized
themselves in more complex ways, and relationships began to be
increasingly defined by power and authority.
• Among the most significant social developments were the
formulation of laws.
• Leaders emerged.
• These social changes consequently brought about changes in political life.

17.
Politics
• activities through which people make, preserve, and amend
the general rules under which they live.
• involves the dynamics of conflict resolution and cooperation,
as well as the exercise of power
Power
• ability to do something in order to achieve a desired outcome.
• a person with power has the capability to control people or
make them do something that they would not do otherwise.
• Social scientists emphasize the notion that power involves a
relationship-there is one who exercises power and another
who is subject to it.

18.
Authority
• Authority is legitimate power.
• a person who has authority has the right to exercise
power.
• the exercise of authority means that the person who
exercises power is obeyed by the people because he
or she is recognized as the rightful or legitimate ruler
or leader.

19.
 Bands during the prehistoric period were only
comprised of family members and their leadership
structure was less complicated and simple.
 He or she was recognized as the leader mainly because
of the skills that he or she possessed
 Other bases of legitimacy of leadership came about
 Consequently, as societies further progressed from
bands to nations, political structures and institutions
evolved in different forms.

20.
Following are several trends that have been
observed pertaining to the development of
political structures and institutions throughout
the centuries:
1. increased population density;
2. large surplus of resources and wealth;
3. greater social inequality;
4. less reliance on kinship relations as basis of political
structures;
5. increased internal and external conflict;
6. increased power and responsibility of leaders; and
7. increased burden on the population to support political
leaders.

21.
Legitimacy and Types
of Authority
02

22.
Legitimacy
• originated from the Latin word legitimare, meaning "to declare lawful," and is broadly defined as
"rightfulness.“
• Legitimacy confers on an order or an authoritative or binding character, thus transforming power
into authority.
• Political philosophers treat legitimacy as a moral or rational principle that is the ground on which
governments may demand obedience from citizens.
• The claim to legitimacy is thus more important than the fact of obedience.
• Political scientists, however, usually see legitimacy in sociological terms; that is, as a willingness to
comply with a system of rule regardless of how this is achieved.

23.
Max Weber
• Weber studied the transformation of societies and observed that the bases
of legitimacy of rule vary in different types of societies.
• He came up with three types of authority:
1. Traditional
2. Charismatic
3. Legal-rational
• For Weber, there must be an explanation or justification why certain men
rise to positions of authority or superiority and why people obey them.
• Thus, the important question to be asked is what makes a rule or a law
accepted and obeyed by people.

24.
Traditional Authority
Queen Elizabeth II and
Salman of Saudi Arabia
• In many societies, authority is based on a system that is
believed to have "always existed."
• Some people have this type of authority because they
inherited it or they occupy a position that has been passed on
to them.
• The legitimacy of this type of authority is based on long-
established customs and traditions that do not need to be
justified.
• A good example of a traditional authority system would be a
monarchy.

25.
Charismatic Authority
• based on the presumed special and extraordinary characteristics or
qualities possessed by a certain individual.
• People with charisma are often very popular, highly persuasive, and
inspire loyalty and obedience from other people.
• They are also often seen as "born leaders" and "heroes".
• However, charismatic authority is the most unstable type of authority
• Charisma is generally considered a gift or an innate quality unique
to a person, but there are also instances when it can be
manufactured through the use of propaganda.

26.
Legal-Rational
• most typical type of authority in modern societies.
• Power and authority in a legal-rational context are legitimized by a clearly defined set of written
rules and laws.
• Leaders can rightfully wield authority if they obtain their positions according to established
procedures.
• presidents and prime ministers possess legal-rational authority.
• Economically-developed societies are most likely to have undergone the processes of
rationalization and bureaucratization and adhere most closely to the legal-rational concept of
authority.
• Among the three types of authority, a legal-rational system has the highest degree of stability.

27.
The three types of authority identified by Weber
are what he referred to as the "ideal or pure
types." In practice, the type of authority that is
recognized in a certain society or state may be a
mix of these different types.

28.
Types of Political
Organizations and
Leadership Structures
03

29.
Types of Political Organizations
and Leadership Structures
Anthropologists define political organizations as "the
groups within a culture that are responsible for public
decision-making and leadership, maintaining social
cohesion and order, protecting group rights, and ensuring
safety from external threats.“

30.
Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures
● Political and leadership structures have evolved as
societies progressed over time.
● From the emergence of simple bands, tribes, and
chiefdoms, to the establishment of modern nation-
states.
The earlier types of societies such as bands and
tribes were basically dominated by personal and
familial ties as these were comprised of families and
clans.

31.
Bands Tribes
Chiefdom States

32.
Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures
● In short, the leaders were not simply political leaders or those who made decisions
for the society.
● The leaders exercised their authority to settle disputes among the people.
● They also decided on economic matters
● In a nutshell, the leader was seen as the head of the community who ensured peace
and security within society.
● He was seen as a patriarch or a patron and people depended on him for many things.

33.
Political Dynasties
• believed to have always existed even in advanced democratic
states.
• A "dynasty" refers to a succession from rulers from the same line
of descent.
• Thus, relatives who stay in power-specifically, members of one
family who continuously hold elective political positions-are
considered members of a political dynasty.
POLITICAL CLIENTELISM
• is defined by Susan Stokes as "giving material goods in return for
electoral support.
• " The relationship involves two parties: the patron (politician) and the
client (voter).
(clientelistic politics)

34.
The onset of the Industrial Revolution
brought about significant changes in the
economic, social, and political life of
societies. Most significant of these changes
was the rise of the modern nation-state.

35.
Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures
● The nation has two aspects--a
cultural community and a
political community.
● Not all nations are
recognized as states.
● Likewise, a state is not
equivalent to a single nation
and may in fact be composed
of several nations.

36.
Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures
• Thus, a state is a political unit that encompasses several communities,
has a bureaucracy, and has leaders that possess legitimate power.
• In contrast to the leaders of bands, tribes, and chiefdoms, leaders of
states have more responsibilities such as the maintenance of law and
order, securing state in international and preserving social control.
WHAT IS BUREAURACY?

37.
• Weber observed that the processes of rationalization and bureaucratization that happened
in Western European societies were a consequence of industrialization.
• The expansion of economic activities led to the rationalization of economic functions of
individuals which in turn paved the way for the growth of bureaucracy.
• The term bureaucracy means "rule by officials."
• For Weber, the bureaucracy is characterized by rationality, rule-governed behavior, and
impersonal behavior.
Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures

38.
POLITICAL LIBERALIZATION
• Another significant process that happened in Western Europe
• This refers to the emergence of liberal-democratic regimes that are characterized by a
representative form of democracy where political office is gained through formal, competitive
elections in many Western societies.
• Thus, institutions such as political parties emerged.
• Principles such as political equality and electoral choice also developed.
• This led to the emergence of an impersonal and legally-based type of leadership.
Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures

39.
Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures
• However, not all societies around the world went through the same processes
experienced in the West.
• Scholars agree that this is largely due to a variety of factors, including the type of
political culture that exists in societies.
• Political culture refers to the pattern of orientation to political objects such as
parties, government, and constitution, expressed in beliefs, symbols, and values.
• People generally acquire values and attitudes about politics and political institutions
through the process of political socialization.

40.
Types of Political Organizations and Leadership Structures
• Since societies have varied characteristics, the effects of certain processes and
how institutions work may also differ. For example, the features of an ideal type
of bureaucracy conceptualized by Weber were not necessarily observed in all
societies.
• Even in politics, the persistence of clientelism, have not ceased to exist in some
societies.
• Clientelistic behavior has also been observed even in the conduct of democratic
elections.

41.
A. Answer the following questions.
1. What are the three types of authority identified by
Max Weber?
2. What are the different types of political organizations
that have existed over time?
3. Among the three types of authority, which has the
highest degree of stability?

42.
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