Gene Chips Application

1. PHINMA - Saint Jude College
Dimasalang cor, Don Quijote St, Sampaloc,
Manila, 1008 Metro Manila
The Application of Gene
Chips (Microassay) In
the Field of Medicine.
Chavez, Arvie B.
BSMT2-1
MLS 007: Cytogenetics

2. Abstract:
Microarray technology is one of the most
modern advances in cancer research; it assists
in the creation of pharmacological therapies
for a wide range of illnesses, along with oral
lesions. Microarray technology facilitates the
analysis of large numbers of samples,
whether previously recorded or fresh ones; it
also aids in the testing of the occurrence of a
certain marker in cancers. Microarray usage
in dentistry has been limited until recently,
but as the technology becomes more
affordable, it may become more prevalent.
Microarrays are being used for gene
expression monitoring, genotyping, mutation
detection, and gene discovery, resulting in
major insights into the function of thousands
of previously unknown genes known only by
their gene sequence. This academic paper
will discuss the existence of gene chips and
the applications of itself in numerous fields
of medicine.
Introduction
The Human Genome Project was established
in 1990 with the objective of sequencing the
whole human genome. In spite of the fact that
earlier projections for completion of the
mammoth endeavor varied up to 40 years,
developments in technology — including
gene chip and microarray
technology—meant that by 2001, the project
was virtually complete.
Parallelism, miniaturization, and automation
are the three conceptual pillars of
microarrays, comparable to microprocessors.
The invention of the double helix and DNA
polymerase in the 1950s, the evolution of
recombinant DNA technology and the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the
1970s and 1980s, and the latest
accomplishment of the human genome
sequence are all accelerating the widespread
use of microarrays as advanced analytics
(Schena, 2002).
Figure 1. A DNA array in a simplistic way. The upper
rectangles depict two patches of DNA on a solid
surface before and after hybridization (sequences "A"
and "B"). The bottom rectangles depict side views of
the same surfaces that have been substantially
idealized.

3. The Beginning of Modern Gene
Chips (Microarray)
DNA microarray innovations developed
quickly in the late 1990s and early 2000s as
novel techniques of manufacture and
fluorescence detection were suited to the
task. Furthermore, advances in our
understanding of the DNA sequences of
various genomes supplied the raw data
required to ensure that arrays could be
created that fully reflected the genes in a
genome, all of the sequence in a genome, or
a substantial portion of the sequence
variation in a genome. It should also be
mentioned that at this period, there was a
progressive shift from spotting relatively
lengthy DNA fragments on arrays to making
arrays with 25-60 bp oligos. The increased
availability of publicly available DNA
sequence information facilitated the switch to
oligo arrays (Bumgarner, 2013).
Three Basic Types of
Microarrays
During this time period, three fundamental
forms of arrays came into play: spotted arrays
on glass, in-situ synthesized arrays, and self-
assembled arrays.
Figure 2. Three basic types of microarrays: (A)
Spotted arrays on glass,(B) self assembled arrays and
(C) in-situ synthesized arrays.
1. Spotted array on glass: Arrays built on
poly-lysine coated glass microscope slides
are known as spotted arrays. By employing
slotted pins, this allows high-density DNA to
be bound. It permits the sample to be
fluorescently labeled.
2. Self - assembled arrays: These fiber optic
arrays are created by depositing DNA onto
tiny polystyrene beads. The beads are placed
on the array's etched ends. Different DNA
may be produced on different beads, and a
combination of beads can indeed be applied
to the fiber optic cable to create a random
array.
3. In - situ synthesized arrays: Chemical
synthesis on a solid substrate is used to create
these arrays. To achieve the activity,

4. photolabile shielding classes are joined with
photolithography in the chemical synthesis.
Expression analysis, genotyping, and
sequencing are all done using these arrays.
Gene Chips in Cancer Research
Cancer is caused by the accumulation of
multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations,
hence microarray technologies are becoming
more significant in cancer research.
Microarrays are gaining significant attention
to classify tumors for diagnostic purposes.
Wide - ranging and high throughput genomic
analysis is an unavoidable research tool in
cancer research. Early cancer diagnosis will
be accomplished via oligonucleotide
microarrays, and prognosis following chemo-
or radiation may be forecasted through gene
expression profiling. Gene expression
analysis employing microarrays, along with
traditional histopathology data, can aid
researchers in finding meaningful solutions
to cancer-related problems. Microarray
technology will be optimized progressively
with the use of advanced bioinformatics tools
(Kim, Kang, Park, 2004).
For comparative genomic hybridization, gene
microarrays were employed. In this method,
genomic DNA is fluorescently
tagged and utilized to detect gene reduction
or amplification. Array-based comparative
genomic hybridization (aCGH) has been used
to visualize genetic anomalies in a variety of
malignancies, including breast cancer,
bladder cancer, fallopian tube carcinoma,
gastric carcinoma, melanoma, and
lymphoma. Where normal histopathologic
evaluation does not support sub
categorization, gene expression data can
indicate groups of patients with markedly
varied outcomes (Govindarajan, 2012).
In Antibiotic Treatment
Antibiotics have failed due to an increase in
the number of resistant bacteria and
superadded diseases. The pathogenicity of
bacterial strains has an impact on the illness
process' outcome. Anaerobic bacteria,
particularly actinomyces, are generally
difficult to culture in the oral cavity where
they are the infecting agent. DNA microarray
analysis is useful because bacterial genomic
DNA generally outlasts the bacterium's
viability, allowing a diagnosis to be
established with a tiny quantity of DNA
rather than the massive numbers of bacteria
required for culture. In the future, an abscess
specimen may be submitted for DNA
microarray evaluation rather than culture and
sensitivity testing (Duraiyan, 2012).

5. Microarrays have been effectively employed
in a variety of medical research and therapy
applications, as well as as valuable systems
for drug discovery. Figure 3 depicts a generic
plan for pharmaceutical research.
Figure 3. Major steps initiated in recognition and
innovation of new drugs.
Microarrays have been extensively employed
for drug screening, identification, and
discovery in a variety of diseases. A review
of several microarrays utilized in the search
for suitable medications for some of these
diseases will be provided. Microarrays and
mass spectrometry-based proteomics were
used to quantify a pharmacogenomics
corticosteroid model in rat liver .
Corticosteroid-regulated gene expression
was also seen at the mRNA and protein
levels, with corticosteroids acting through
pathways that influence critical turnover
processes (Zanoaga, 2021).
In Oral Lesions
Leukoplakia, often known as white lesions of
the oral cavity, can be caused by a variety of
reversible illnesses. Microscopy currently
fails to detect the tiny percentage of these
lesions that proceed to mouth cancer. The
identification of gene expression patterns, or
"genomic fingerprints," will help doctors to
distinguish innocuous white lesions from
precancerous lesions or very early
malignancy. Recent research has
demonstrated the efficacy of microarrays in
the treatment of oral cancer. In the future,
samples from an incisional biopsy or brush
biopsy may be submitted to a laboratory for
gene expression analysis. Oral cancer
survival is linked to early detection and care.
Premalignant and early cancerous oral
lesions might become one of the most
beneficial services in the future (Kaliyappan,
2012).
In Forensic Analysis
Microarray plays an important role in
identifying "Biological Warfare Agents"
(BWAs), which are bacteria or their poisons
that are purposely distributed by terrorists to
transmit illnesses in humans and other
creatures. The microarray offers a framework
for identifying these agents quickly,
sensitively, and simultaneously. This is
extremely beneficial to national security and
life safety.

6. It's also useful in forensic investigations. SNP
microarrays (a form of DNA microarray) are
performed in forensic analysis to obtain DNA
information that will be useful for
investigative purposes. The recent finding of
a large number of SNPs, as well as the
simplicity of automating and miniaturizing
detection procedures, cleared the path for
microarray to be used in forensic research
(Mestrovic, 2019).
Figure 4. A DNA microarray systemfor forensic SNP
analysis.
In Toxicological Research
Microarray technology establishes a solid
foundation for studying the effects of toxins
on cells and their transmission to offspring.
Toxicogenomics demonstrates a link among
toxicant reactions and alterations in the
genetic profiles of cells subjected to such
toxicants.
Microarray technology will be beneficial for
identifying dangerous compounds alone or in
combinations, determining if harmful effects
occur at low doses, and extrapolating effects
from one species to another. This technique
might be used to solve toxicological issues.
Considering that exposure to various
categories of toxicants results in diverse
patterns of changed gene expression, in
relation to common alterations connected
with the following toxic reaction, microarray
technology may be utilized to identify and
interpret these outcomes by direct
comparison of gene expression profiles in
exposed and control samples (Afshari, 1999).
Summary of Gene Chips
(Microassay) Applications
Microarray technology is generally utilized
for transcriptional profiling, genome-wide
network analysis, mutant and transgenic
analysis, gene copy number, resequencing,
genotyping, single nucleotide polymorphism,
DNA-protein interaction, gene discovery,
and mapping. Latest research has found that
they've been used in gene regulatory
research, drug discovery and toxicity, cell
line identification, and protein and chemical
arrays, according to reports. The assessment
of gene expression is a typical use of
microarray, ranging from

7. defining cells and processes to clinical
applications such as tumor categorization.
Microarrays have great potential for
breakthroughs in oral cavity biology for
dentists in the twenty-first century,
particularly in the detection of microbes in
the mouth. strengthen diagnostic,
preventative measures, and supervising
techniques, resulting in better oral disease
management.
A novel technology created throughout
human genomic study programs is the gene
(DNA) chip or DNA microarray. When
hundreds of DNA or oligonucleotide chips
are hybridized to labeled samples, gene
expression, DNA sequencing, as well as
DNA mutation and polymorphism, may be
examined on a large scale with great
efficiency. In tumor differentiation, tumor
type, tumor diagnosis, tumorigenesis, and the
identification of novel tumor-associated
genes, we may use this approach on hundreds
of specimens at once (Bao, 2001).
Conclusion:
This academic paper has provided a brief
overview of the microarray technology and
the many procedures involved. Though now
limited in its application fields related to cost,
the method's potential may improve as
commercial items become more widely
available. The capacity to acquire a huge
number of historical samples and analyze
them for various genetic mutations aids in
grasping the notion of molecular biology.
Microarrays have a lot of potential when it
comes to diagnosing oral disorders. Oral
disease representations based on DNA, RNA,
or protein profiles will improve our capacity
to diagnose, prevent, monitor, and treat our
patients significantly. Microarrays are now
mostly used for research.

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