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UVOD U ORGANSKU EVOLUCIJU
PRVE TEORIJE O EVOLUCIJI
• Sredinom 19. stoljeća Charles Darwin je
postavio znanstvenu Teoriju evolucije
putem prirodnog odabira koju je objavio u
svojoj knjizi Postanak vrsta (1859.) te ga zbog
toga danas smatramo ocem kako Teorije o
evoluciji tako i moderne biologije. Iako Teorija
evolucije ne objašnjava kako je život nastao, u
potpunosti objašnjava svu raznolikost života
koju danas susrećemo i smatra se najvažnijom
teorijom iz područja znanosti o životu na kojoj
se temelje sva suvremena istraživanja i
znanstvene spoznaje u biologiji
• Iz temeljnih postulata teorije evolucije nužno
proizlazi i teorija o zajedničkom
porijeklu odnosno pretpostavlja
postojanje posljednjeg univerzalnog
zajedničkog pretka, životnog oblika koji je živio
prije 3.5 - 3.8 milijardi godina i koji predak svim
danas poznatim živim vrstama
• Teoriju o univerzalnom zajedničkom porijeklu
je također prvi formulirao Darwin.
• Prvu cjelovitu teoriju evolucije živog svijeta
formulirao je Žan Baptist Lamark (1744.-1829.)
ŠTA JE TEORIJA EVOLUCIJE ?
• Evolucija je znanost koja se bavi proučavanjem
postanka, razvoja i promjenjiosti živih bića u
vremenu.
RAZVOJ ŽIVOTA NA ZEMLJI
• Kada ?
• Nastao prije oko 3.5 milijardi godina.
• Gdje ?
• U praokeanu.
• Kako ?
• Nastankom prvih ćelija neživih molekula.
SAVREMENA TEORIJA EVOLUCIJE - NEODARVINISTIČKA SINTEZA
• nastaje između 1936. i 1947. Godine
• predstavlja sintezu Darvinove teorije sa
saznanjima iz drugih oblasti biologije, prije
svega genetike, koja su Darvinu bila
nepoznata
• nova saznanja :
• danas je poznato još nekoliko evulacionih
mehanizama (mutacije)
• varijabilnost je posljedica više alela
MUTACIJE
• Promjene u genetskom materijalu, koje nastaju
procesom replikacije DNK I zajedno sa
rekombinacijama uzrokuju raznovrsnost.
• Mogu imati tri efekta :
1. neutralan
2. negativan
3. pozitivan
 predstavlja promjenu u učestalosti genskih alela
u okviru populacije
 može dovesti do potpunog nestanka alela nekog
gena, i samim time uticati na raznovrsnost
 najviše utiče na male, izolovane populacije i time
ugrožava njihovo postojanje
 što je više alela, efekat drifta je slabiji
GENETIČKI (ALELSKI) DRIFT
SPECIJACIJA
 predstavlja proces nastanka novih vrsta
 o dvije različite vrste govorimo kada ne mogu da se razmnožavaju međusobno
 specijacija se događa usljed akumulacije mikroevolutivnih promjena tj. promjena u okviru vrste
 kada nastaju dvije vrste govorimo o makroevolutivnim promjenama tj. promjenama izvan granice
PODJELA SPECIJACIJE
Alopatrička specijacija
Dovodi do nastanka nove vrste usljed
geografske barijere koja dvije grupe
sprječava da se međusobno
razmnožavaju, dok se s vremenom
razlike povećavaju, te se razmnođavanje
nije moguče.
• Simpatrička specijacija
Nova vrsta nastaje usljed prestanka
protoka gena između jedinki koje
naseljavaju istu teritoriju, što može biti
izazvano različitim faktorima.
DIJAGRAM
DIVERGENCIJE
MODERNIH
TAKSONOMSKIH
GRUPA IZ
ZAJEDNIČKOG
PRETKA
•HVALA NA PAŽNJI !

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Uvod u organsku evoluciju presentation

  • 1. UVOD U ORGANSKU EVOLUCIJU
  • 2. PRVE TEORIJE O EVOLUCIJI • Sredinom 19. stoljeća Charles Darwin je postavio znanstvenu Teoriju evolucije putem prirodnog odabira koju je objavio u svojoj knjizi Postanak vrsta (1859.) te ga zbog toga danas smatramo ocem kako Teorije o evoluciji tako i moderne biologije. Iako Teorija evolucije ne objašnjava kako je život nastao, u potpunosti objašnjava svu raznolikost života koju danas susrećemo i smatra se najvažnijom teorijom iz područja znanosti o životu na kojoj se temelje sva suvremena istraživanja i znanstvene spoznaje u biologiji • Iz temeljnih postulata teorije evolucije nužno proizlazi i teorija o zajedničkom porijeklu odnosno pretpostavlja postojanje posljednjeg univerzalnog zajedničkog pretka, životnog oblika koji je živio prije 3.5 - 3.8 milijardi godina i koji predak svim danas poznatim živim vrstama • Teoriju o univerzalnom zajedničkom porijeklu je također prvi formulirao Darwin. • Prvu cjelovitu teoriju evolucije živog svijeta formulirao je Žan Baptist Lamark (1744.-1829.)
  • 3. ŠTA JE TEORIJA EVOLUCIJE ? • Evolucija je znanost koja se bavi proučavanjem postanka, razvoja i promjenjiosti živih bića u vremenu.
  • 4. RAZVOJ ŽIVOTA NA ZEMLJI • Kada ? • Nastao prije oko 3.5 milijardi godina. • Gdje ? • U praokeanu. • Kako ? • Nastankom prvih ćelija neživih molekula.
  • 5.
  • 6. SAVREMENA TEORIJA EVOLUCIJE - NEODARVINISTIČKA SINTEZA • nastaje između 1936. i 1947. Godine • predstavlja sintezu Darvinove teorije sa saznanjima iz drugih oblasti biologije, prije svega genetike, koja su Darvinu bila nepoznata • nova saznanja : • danas je poznato još nekoliko evulacionih mehanizama (mutacije) • varijabilnost je posljedica više alela MUTACIJE • Promjene u genetskom materijalu, koje nastaju procesom replikacije DNK I zajedno sa rekombinacijama uzrokuju raznovrsnost. • Mogu imati tri efekta : 1. neutralan 2. negativan 3. pozitivan
  • 7.  predstavlja promjenu u učestalosti genskih alela u okviru populacije  može dovesti do potpunog nestanka alela nekog gena, i samim time uticati na raznovrsnost  najviše utiče na male, izolovane populacije i time ugrožava njihovo postojanje  što je više alela, efekat drifta je slabiji GENETIČKI (ALELSKI) DRIFT
  • 8. SPECIJACIJA  predstavlja proces nastanka novih vrsta  o dvije različite vrste govorimo kada ne mogu da se razmnožavaju međusobno  specijacija se događa usljed akumulacije mikroevolutivnih promjena tj. promjena u okviru vrste  kada nastaju dvije vrste govorimo o makroevolutivnim promjenama tj. promjenama izvan granice
  • 9. PODJELA SPECIJACIJE Alopatrička specijacija Dovodi do nastanka nove vrste usljed geografske barijere koja dvije grupe sprječava da se međusobno razmnožavaju, dok se s vremenom razlike povećavaju, te se razmnođavanje nije moguče. • Simpatrička specijacija Nova vrsta nastaje usljed prestanka protoka gena između jedinki koje naseljavaju istu teritoriju, što može biti izazvano različitim faktorima.