1.
ECOWAS
Analysis
By
Team
Three
How
can
Globex
pursue
the
untapped
potential
in
the
ECOWAS
biomass
renewable
energy
sector?
2. 1
Table
of
Contents
Why Biomass? ............................................................................................................................2
Why Palm Oil residues? .............................................................................................................2
Why starting in Ivory Coast? .....................................................................................................4
Successful Cases: ......................................................................................................................6
The Biokala Case in Ivory Coast ...............................................................................................6
The Mauritius Case ...................................................................................................................7
Unsuccessful Cases:..................................................................................................................9
The energy in Ivory Coast:.......................................................................................................11
Processes and Technologies: .................................................................................................14
A unique eco-system:...............................................................................................................16
The supply chain and the role of Globex:...............................................................................18
The colocation system: ............................................................................................................20
Stakeholders and players: .......................................................................................................21
Future expansions:...................................................................................................................25
SENEGAL:...............................................................................................................................25
BURKINA FASO:.....................................................................................................................25
TOGO:.....................................................................................................................................25
GHANA:...................................................................................................................................25
Biomass Projects over Africa:.................................................................................................27
3. 2
Why
Biomass?
“The
term
"biomass"
refers
to
organic
matter
that
has
stored
energy
through
the
process
of
photosynthesis.
It
exists
in
one
form
as
plants
and
may
be
transferred
through
the
food
chain
to
animals'
bodies
and
their
wastes,
all
of
which
can
be
converted
for
everyday
human
use
through
processes
such
as
combustion,
which
releases
the
carbon
dioxide
stored
in
the
plant
material.
Many
of
the
biomass
fuels
used
today
come
in
the
form
of
wood
products,
dried
vegetation,
crop
residues,
and
aquatic
plants.
Biomass
has
become
one
of
the
most
commonly
used
renewable
sources
of
energy
in
the
last
two
decades,
second
only
to
hydropower
in
the
generation
of
electricity.
It
is
such
a
widely
utilized
source
of
energy,
probably
due
to
its
low
cost
and
indigenous
nature,
that
it
accounts
for
almost
15%
of
the
world's
total
energy
supply
and
as
much
as
35%
in
developing
countries,
mostly
for
cooking
and
heating.”
Biomass
is
one
of
the
most
plentiful
and
well-‐utilised
sources
of
renewable
energy
in
the
world.
Broadly
speaking,
it
is
organic
material
produced
by
the
photosynthesis
of
light.
The
chemical
material
(organic
compounds
of
carbons)
are
stored
and
can
then
be
used
to
generate
energy.
The
most
common
biomass
used
for
energy
is
wood
from
trees.
http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/biomass.html
Why
Palm
Oil
residues?
The
Palm
Oil
industry
generates
large
quantity
of
wastes
whose
disposal
is
a
challenging
task.
In
the
Palm
Oil
mill,
fresh
fruit
bunches
are
sterilized
after
which
the
oil
fruits
can
be
removed
from
the
branches.
The
empty
fruit
bunches
(are
left
as
residues,
and
the
fruits
are
pressed
in
oil
mills.
The
Palm
Oil
fruits
are
then
pressed,
and
the
kernel
is
separated
from
the
press
cake
(mesocarp
fibers).
The
palm
kernels
are
then
crushed
and
the
kernels
then
transported
and
pressed
in
separate
mills.
In
a
typical
Palm
Oil
plantation,
almost
70%
of
the
fresh
fruit
bunches
are
turned
into
wastes
in
the
form
of
empty
fruit
bunches,
fibers
and
shells,
as
well
as
liquid
effluent.
These
by-‐products
can
be
converted
to
value-‐
added
products
or
energy
to
generate
additional
profit
for
the
Palm
Oil
Industry.
In
a
typical
Palm
Oil
mill,
empty
fruit
bunches
are
abundantly
available
as
fibrous
material
of
purely
biological
origin.
EFB
contains
neither
chemical
nor
mineral
additives,
and
depending
on
proper
handling
operations
at
the
mill,
it
is
free
from
foreign
elements
such
as
gravel,
nails,
wood
residues,
waste
etc.
However,
it
is
saturated
with
water
due
to
the
biological
growth
combined
with
the
steam
sterilization
at
the
mill.
Since
the
moisture
4. 3
content
in
EFB
is
around
67%,
pre-‐processing
is
necessary
before
EFB
can
be
considered
as
a
good
fuel.
Palm
oil
is
the
world’s
cheapest
edible
oil,
and
increasingly
one
of
the
most
popular.
As
global
demand
continues
to
grow
so
has
the
vigorous
search
for
land
for
new
plantations
by
investors
and
industry.
When
it
is
done
well
and
is
properly
managed,
palm
oil
production
can
be
of
potential
benefit
to
the
populations
of
developing
countries
by
providing
sustainable
livelihoods.
Oil
palm
cultivation
also
has
a
greater
oil
yield
per
hectare
than
any
other
oil
crop,
which
in
theory
means
it
should
require
less
land.
African
governments
and
African
people
can
choose
the
path
of
sustainable
development
and
put
the
protection
of
their
natural
resources
and
their
livelihoods
first.
The
world’s
biggest
palm
oil
producers
and
investors
have
been
turning
their
attention
to
Africa
in
recent
years,
seeking
to
acquire
land
to
grow
oil
palms
in
what
some
experts
have
dubbed
the
“next
frontier”
of
industrial
agricultural
production.
In
a
recent
review
of
all
land
acquisitions
by
foreign
investors
globally
since
2006,
conducted
by
the
NGO
GRAIN,
Africa
was
identified
as
a
primary
target
in
a
wave
of
land
encroachment.
Asian
and
European-‐based
investors
account
for
two
thirds
of
that
activity
Recent
research
conducted
by
Greenpeace
International
identified
an
area
of
more
than
2.6m
hectares
in
10
western
and
central
African
countries
that
is
either
earmarked
or
already
home
to
large-‐scale
oil
palm
plantation
projects.
The
largest
company
listed
on
the
Malaysian
stock
exchange,
Sime
Darby,
entered
into
an
agreement
with
the
Liberian
Government
in
2009
that
granted
it
concessions
over
a
period
of
63
years
for
220
000ha
of
land
near
to
Monrovia.
Golden
Veroleum
Liberia
appears
to
have
been
establishing
by
its
principal
investor,
Golden
Agriresources.
Liberia
granted
GVL
the
rights
to
a
concession
of
220
000ha
worth
of
oil
palm
plantation
and
40
000
additional
ha
to
be
developed
in
collaboration
with
smallholders.
GAR
was
the
first
palm
oil
producer
to
announce
a
commitment
to
a
no
deforestation
footprint
through
its
forest
conservation
policy.
It
has
provided
a
clear
industry
example
that
it
is
possible
for
a
company
to
identify
which
forests
should
be
set
aside
for
conservation.
Here
is
a
PDF
from
GreenPeace
explaining
the
GAR
project:
http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-‐
content/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/planet3/PDFs/PalmOilsNewFrontier.pdf
5. 4
Why
starting
in
Ivory
Coast?
By
developing-‐country
standards,
Ivory
Coast
has
an
outstanding
infrastructure.
There
is
a
network
of
more
than
8,000
miles
(13,000
km)
of
paved
roads;
modern
telecommunications
services,
including
a
public
data
communications
network;
cellular
phones
and
Internet
access;
two
active
ports,
one
of
which,
Abidjan,
is
the
most
modern
in
West
Africa;
rail
links-‐in
the
process
of
being
upgraded-‐both
within
the
country
and
to
Burkina
Faso;
regular
air
service
within
the
region
and
to
and
from
Europe;
and
real
estate
developments
for
commercial,
industrial,
retail,
and
residential
use.
The
palm
oil
production
in
Ivory
Coast
is
growing:
huge
source
of
residues
for
Biomass:
7. 6
Successful
Cases:
The Biokala Case in Ivory Coast
The
BIOVEA
project
in
Aboisso
is
developed
by
BIOKALA
Plc.
The
project
is
taking
place
in
a
site
where
there
is
currently
no
power
generation
at
all,
and
this
is
a
Greenfield
project.
How
it
works:
palm
oil
trees
produce
clusters
of
nuts
used
to
generate
the
palm
oil
(and
other
products).
But
these
trees
are
also
giving
unused
residues:
trunks,
leaves,
etc.
BIOKALA
will
use
these
residues
(annually
around
320
000
tons)
by
logging
campaigns
of
palm
oil
industrial
and
village
plantations,
using
a
power
plant
with
a
total
installed
power
capacity
of
42
MW.
265
000
MWh
will
be
injected
in
the
national
grid
of
Ivory
Coast.
This
project
is
also
reducing
gas
emissions:
this
electricity
is
not
coming
from
fossil
fuel
grid
connected
power
plants,
and
the
residues
are
not
left
to
decay
or
burnt
in
an
uncontrolled
manner
anymore.
That’s
not
all:
Biomass
projects,
beyond
reducing
emissions,
are
contributing
to
the
sustainable
development
of
the
country
in
terms
of
social,
environmental,
economic
and
technical
fields.
The
well-‐being
of
the
population
is
improved
thanks
to
better
living
conditions.
More
people
will
now
get
access
to
electricity
in
Ivory
Coast,
and
just
for
the
beginning,
BIOVEA
will
hire
80
local
people.
The
residues
will
also
be
bought
from
the
plantations
and
the
villages,
giving
them
another
source
of
revenues.
BIOVEA
has
several
project
participants:
Cote
D’ivoire:
the
host
country,
PALMCI
(subsidiary
of
SIFCA
Group)
and
Mercuria
Energy
Trading
(Switzerland
company)
are
the
main
ones.
Palm
trunks,
leaves
and
other
residues
are
transported
from
the
plantation
to
the
power
plant
by
trucks.
This
operation
is
easy
as
the
country
is
offering
one
of
the
best
transportation
systems
in
the
entire
continent.
How
does
it
work
after
that?
The
storage
is
provided
by
a
grab
cane,
putting
the
leaves
into
a
conveyor,
feeding
biomass
to
the
boiler.
The
boiler
has
a
capacity
of
103TPH,
generating
430
degrees
Celsius.
The
plant
electrical
system
has
a
main
turbo-‐generator
unit.
21000kW
power
will
be
generated
on
a
continuous
basis
at
valve
wide
option.
Consumptive
water
is
required
for
the
followings:
cooling
tower
losses,
water
treatment
plant
reject
and
miscellaneous
for
human
consumption.
Fortunately,
this
waste
water
can
be
re-‐used
as
seen
in
the
Eco-‐System
created.
8. 7
Ecosur
Afrique
will
be
part
of
the
project
as
well.
Name
of
the
responsible
persons:
• Jean-‐Felicien
Banny:
CDM
Manager.
Jf.banny@ecosurafrique.com
• Aurelie
Lepage:
Chief
Operating
Officer.
A.lepage@ecosurafrique.com
Biokala
Contacts:
• David
Billon,
CEO
of
Biokala:
+225
21
21
86
00,
david.billon@biokala.com
• Jean-‐Francois
Steels,
Head
of
Carbon
Trading
at
Mercuria,
+41
22
594
7000,
jfsteels@mercuria.com
The entire BIOVEA Project with the BIOKALA Case can be found here:
https://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/T/6/O/T6OU8LCFX3DVQZM5R72GAJ9EYWS04K/PDD_Biove
a.pdf?t=VzJ8bnNtbmc3fDA2yzd6LM_hFboV0M3RTOxa
The Mauritius Case
CTDS
(Compagnie
Thermique
du
Sud)
is
a
consortium
of
three
other
companies
operating
biomass
and
coal
power
plant
in
Africa.
This
specific
project
is
the
second
example
of
successful
implementation
of
power
plant
using
bagasse
Their
success
should
be
taken
into
consideration
for
all
those
African
countries
that
have
an
intensive
production
of
sugar
cane.
The
project
is
for
a
65.5
MW
(during
crop)
and
74
MW
(intercrop)
CHP
(combined
heat
and
power)
biomass/coal
power
plant.
The
power
purchase
agreement
was
constituted
by
three
take-‐or-‐pay
IPP
plants
and
two-‐part
tariff
IPP
plants.
The
boiler
was
supplier
by
Stein.
The
Turbine/Generator
was
supplied
by
Thermodyn,
Jeumont.
Sotramon
Ltee
was
EPC.
Water
treatment
system
was
from
VWS
Envig.
50%
of
the
dry
matter
is
harvested
as
cane
stalk
to
recover
the
sugar
with
the
fibrous
fraction
(bagasse)
being
burned
to
power
the
process.
Most
factories
in
Mauritius
have
been
upgraded
and
now
export
electricity
to
the
grid
during
crop
season,
with
some
using
coal
to
extend
production
during
the
intercrop
season.
More
information
regarding
the
project
are
available
here:
http://www.power-‐technology.com/projects/ctds_chp/
In
all
the
projects,
there
were
several
of
the
reasons
that
allowed
the
projects’
success.
The
overall
aspects
of
the
projects
are:
9. 8
• Understanding
of
resource
financing
and
financial
viability
of
project.
• Level
of
involvement
and
consideration
for
all
stakeholders.
• Strong
links
between
players
involved
in
the
“supply
chain.”
• Transparent
information
flow
between
all
the
stakeholders.
• Detailed
feasibility
studies
with
measuring
points
to
assess
success.
• Form
an
agreement
with
major
players
that
will
help
avoid
delays
in
the
implementation.
• Adjust
project
design
as
policy
and
information
is
obtained.
Organigram
of
participants
and
partners
in
the
BIOKALA
project:
10. 9
Unsuccessful
Cases:
Unsuccessful
cases
are
important
to
consider
in
order
to
avoid
the
past
mistake
and
drive
sustainable
projects
in
the
long
run
for
Globex
Description
of
the
project
Reasons
for
Failure
and
Success
1.
US
company
in
Buchanan
(Liberia),
formed
the
company
Buchanan
Renewable
planning
to
convert
swaths
of
rubber
trees
into
biomass
chips
that
would
power
the
impoverished
nation.
The
Overseas
Private
Investment
Corporation,
a
little
known
U.S.
government
agency
4,700
miles
away,
backed
the
venture
with
$217
million
in
loan
approvals
from
2008
to
2011
and
handed
out
$77
million
of
the
$217
million
approved
in
Liberia.
Buchanan
shuttered
its
Liberian
operations
and
dismissed
600
workers.
It
never
built
a
promised
power
plant,
so
instead
of
powering
a
country
in
need,
it
shipped
its
biomass
chips
to
Europe.
It
repaid
the
U.S.
government
loans.
It
paid
its
non-‐African
employees
handsomely.
But
it
left
behind
fields
of
depleted
rubber
farms
and
a
trail
of
allegations
of
sexual
abuse
and
workplace
hazards.
• Questionable
due
diligence
and
deep
political
links
• Overly
ambitious
projections
• Overpaid
assets
and
resources
• Did
not
plant
again
the
rubber
tree,
once
cut
2.
Sun
Biofuel,
a
UK-‐based
company,
acquired
a
quarter
of
the
village's
land
in
Kisarawe
district
(Tanzania)
in
2008,
with
the
promise
of
financial
compensation,
700
jobs,
water
wells,
improved
schools,
health
clinics
and
roads.
Sun
Biofuels
and
two
related
companies
went
into
administration
in
August,
but
their
shares
in
a
Tanzanian
subsidiary
–
Sun
Biofuels
Tanzania,
which
did
not
go
bust
–
were
sold.
The
insolvency
company
directed
the
Observer
to
Christopher
Egerton-‐Warburton
and
a
company
called
Thirty
Degrees
East,
based
in
the
tax
haven
of
Mauritius.
• Acquiring
the
land
from
the
villagers
and
decide
what
to
do
with
it
without
any
consideration
of
local
traditions
practices
• ‘Change
of
ownership’
in
the
middle
of
the
project
• Imprecise
agreements
between
relevant
stakeholders
3.
The
Howick
wood
pellet
plant
was
established
in
2006
in
Kwazulu
Natal
by
Biotech
Fuels
(Pty)
Ltd
—
a
• Initial
projections
that
raw
material
could
come
from
11. 10
South
African-‐based
energy
company.
Investment
came
from
GAM
UK.
It
reached
a
production
capacity
of
60,000
tonnes
(at
85
per
cent
efficiency)
by
2012,
primarily
exporting
to
the
European
wood
energy
market
and
employing
42
people.
Three
years
of
prior
technical
investment
had
allowed
Biotech
to
align
the
plant
with
local
conditions,
come
to
grips
with
local
raw
material
supply,
and
learn
the
vagaries
of
the
export
market.
While
not
paying
suppliers
for
the
raw
material,
Biotech
did
incur
substantial
costs
for
road
haulage,
cleaning
and
drying
(equivalent
to
US$29
per
pellet
tonne).
A
major
difficulty
was
encountered
in
cleaning,
with
metal
contaminants
creating
high
wear
and
tear
and
burning
out
equipment
three
times
faster
than
in
equivalent
European
plants.
The
result
was
that
they
had
to
fall
back
on
grid-‐supplied
electricity,
reducing
profitability
and
eliminating
a
potential
option
for
increased
energy
capacity
in
the
region.
GAM
UK
became
nervous
and
called
in
their
investment,
resulting
in
liquidation
in
2013.
within
a
50km
radius
of
the
plant
were
adjusted
as
it
proved
only
possible
to
source
enough
raw
material
from
36
separate
sawmills,
furniture
and
pallet
producers
in
a
97km
radius
• Biotech
could
not
secure
a
favourable
power
purchase
agreement
from
Eskom
for
the
surplus
electricity
• lack
of
a
local
market
to
serve
as
a
back
up
• High
logistical
and
maintenance
costs
could
not
be
reduced
further
• Biotech
did
explore
supplying
local
pellet
stoves
for
the
domestic
market,
but
time
was
against
them.
4.
Tstsikamma
Biomass
Plant,
Western
Cape
(South
Africa).
MTO
Forestry
(Pty)
Ltd.
acquired
three
sawmills
in
the
Cape,
including
Tstsikamma,
in
the
post
1994
democratic
election
period.
They
opened
a
biomass
electricity
plant.
It
used
waste
from
adjacent
sawmill
and
other
operations.
The
plant
supplied
both
the
sawmill
and
neighboring
communities
with
steam
and
electricity.
But
the
Eskom
line
was
never
used
as
Eskom
did
not
at
the
time
believe
they
required
additional
capacity
and
did
not
facilitate
the
process.
AES
therefore
decided
not
to
invest
the
US$800,000
for
the
switchgear
needed
to
supply
the
grid.
In
2012,
Swartland,
a
private
sector
sawmill
operator,
cited
the
MTO
operation
as
unfair
competition
and
disputed
the
initial
bid
award
to
MTO.
The
competition
board
resolved
the
dispute
in
favour
of
Swartland
and
MTO
passed
the
sawmill
and
biomass
electricity
plant
to
Swartland
as
part
of
the
dispute
settlement.
Swartland’s
core
business
and
profit
orientation
led
them
to
mechanise
the
sawmill,
shedding
2,000
jobs.
• Lack
of
stakeholders
involvement
and
commitment
to
the
project
• No
consideration
for
local
community
needs
and
traditions
• Imprecise
planning
• low
efficiency
of
the
dated
electricity
generation
plant,
which
would
have
cost
significant
investment
to
upgrade
• Agreements
between
local
stakeholders/partners
were
vague
and
do
not
ensured
commitment.
12. 11
The
energy
in
Ivory
Coast:
In
theory,
the
prices
of
motor
fuels
were
liberated
in
1996;
however,
they
remain
under
the
supervision
of
the
State.
In
July
2008
the
Government
strongly
increased
fuel
prices
in
order
to
face
the
rise
in
oil
prices,
from
CFAF
615/l
to
CFAF
895/l
for
gasoline
(US$1.14/l
to
US$1.66/l)
Energy
consumption
per
inhabitant
was
around
0.64
toe
in
2013,
including
260
kWh
of
electricity.
The
total
energy
consumption
is
increasing
strongly.
Wood,
charcoal
and
agricultural
waste
represent
about
74%
of
total
consumption.
https://estore.enerdata.net/energy-‐market/ivory-‐coast-‐energy-‐report-‐and-‐data.html
Here
are
some
charts
to
sum
up
and
underline
the
situation
in
Ivory
Coast:
15. 14
Processes
and
Technologies:
Direct
combustion:
The
oldest
and
most
common
way
of
converting
biomass
to
electricity
is
to
burn
it
to
produce
steam,
which
turns
a
turbine
that
produces
electricity.
The
problems
with
direct
combustion
of
biomass
are
that
much
of
the
energy
is
wasted
and
that
it
can
cause
some
pollution
if
it
is
not
carefully
controlled.
Direct
combustion
can
be
done
in
a
plant
using
solely
biomass
(a
“dedicated
plant”)
or
in
a
plant
made
to
burn
another
fuel,
usually
coal.
Co-‐firing
An
approach
that
may
increase
the
use
of
biomass
energy
in
the
short
term
is
to
mix
it
with
coal
and
burn
it
at
a
power
plant
designed
for
coal—a
process
known
as
“co-‐firing.”
Through
gasification,
biomass
can
also
be
co-‐fired
at
natural
gas-‐powered
plants.
The
benefits
associated
with
biomass
co-‐firing
can
include
lower
operating
costs,
reductions
of
harmful
emissions
like
sulfur
and
mercury,
greater
energy
security
and,
with
the
use
of
beneficial
biomass,
lower
carbon
emissions.
Co-‐firing
is
also
one
of
the
more
economically
viable
ways
to
increase
biomass
power
generation
today,
since
it
can
be
done
with
modifications
to
existing
facilities.
Repowering
Coal
plants
can
also
be
converted
to
run
entirely
on
biomass,
known
as
“re-‐powering.”
(Similarly,
natural
gas
plants
could
also
be
converted
to
run
on
biogas
made
from
biomass;
see
below.)
Combined
heat
and
power
(CHP)
Direct
combustion
of
biomass
produces
heat
that
can
also
be
used
to
heat
buildings
or
for
industrial
processes
(for
example,
see
textbox
on
Koda
Energy
above).
Because
they
use
heat
energy
that
would
otherwise
be
wasted,
CHP
facilities
can
be
significantly
more
efficient
than
direct
combustion
systems.
However,
it
is
not
always
possible
or
economical
to
find
customers
in
need
of
heat
in
close
proximity
to
power
plants.
Biomass
gasification
By
heating
biomass
in
the
presence
of
a
carefully
controlled
amount
of
oxygen
and
under
pressure,
it
can
be
converted
into
a
mixture
of
hydrogen
and
carbon
monoxide
called
syngas.
This
syngas
is
often
refined
to
remove
contaminants.
Equipment
can
also
be
added
to
separate
and
remove
the
carbon
dioxide
in
a
concentrated
form.
The
syngas
can
then
be
run
directly
through
a
gas
turbine
or
burned
and
run
through
a
steam
turbine
to
produce
electricity.
Biomass
gasification
is
generally
cleaner
and
more
efficient
that
direct
combustion
of
biomass.
Syngas
can
also
be
further
processed
to
make
liquid
biofuels
or
other
useful
chemicals.
16. 15
Beneficial
biomass:
crop
residues,
switchgrass,
wood
waste
in
Missouri,
USA
Among
new
biomass
pelletizing
facilities,
Show
Me
Energy
cooperative
is
pioneering
a
unique
way
to
combine
the
community
benefits
of
smaller-‐scale,
locally
owned
biomass
facilities
with
the
efficiencies
needed
to
serve
the
export
market.
Founded
with
the
investment
of
its
hundreds
of
farmer-‐members,
Show
Me
is
pelletizing
crop
residues,
switchgrass
and
urban
wood
residues.
In
addition
to
selling
pellets
locally,
Show
Me
is
exporting
pellets
to
Europe.If
successfully
developed
across
the
country,
facilities
like
Show
Me
could
create
markets
for
farmers
and
jobs
in
rural
communities,
make
biomass
more
economical
to
transport
and
easier
for
utilities
to
use
and
reduce
carbon
emissions
by
displacing
coal
and
other
fossil
fuels
with
a
variety
of
locally-‐available
beneficial
biomass
resources.
Energy
density
Another
important
consideration
with
biomass
energy
systems
is
that
unprocessed
biomass
contains
less
energy
per
pound
than
fossil
fuels—it
has
less
“energy
density.”
Green
woody
biomass
contains
as
much
as
50%
water
by
weight.
This
means
that
unprocessed
biomass
typically
can't
be
cost-‐effectively
shipped
more
than
about
50-‐100
miles
by
truck
before
it
is
converted
into
fuel
or
energy.
It
also
means
that
biomass
energy
systems
may
be
smaller
scale
and
more
distributed
than
their
fossil
fuel
counterparts,
because
it
is
hard
to
sustainably
gather
and
process
more
than
a
certain
amount
of
in
one
place.
This
has
the
advantage
that
local,
rural
communities
will
be
able
to
design
energy
systems
that
are
self-‐sufficient,
sustainable,
and
adapted
to
their
own
needs.
http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-biomass-
energy-works.html#.VcJ4xCS6KfQ
17. 16
A
unique
eco-‐system:
We
created
for
Globex
a
unique
eco-‐system
that
you
can
find
below:
“Palm
Oil
Mill
Effluent
(POME)
is
always
regarded
as
a
highly
polluting
wastewater
generated
from
palm
oil
mills.
However,
reutilization
of
POME
to
generate
renewable
energies
in
commercial
scale
has
great
potential.
Anaerobic
digestion
is
widely
adopted
in
the
industry
as
a
primary
treatment
for
POME.
Biogas
is
produced
in
the
process
in
the
amount
of
20
m3
per
ton
FFB.
This
effluent
could
be
used
for
biogas
production
through
anaerobic
digestion.
At
many
Palm-‐oil
mills
this
process
is
already
in
place
to
meet
water
quality
standards
for
industrial
effluent.
Palm
Oil
mills
can
be
anaerobically
converted
into
biogas
which
in
turn
can
be
used
to
generate
power
through
gas
turbines
or
gas-‐fired
engines.
A
cost
effective
way
to
recover
biogas
from
POME
is
to
replace
the
existing
ponding/lagoon
system
with
a
closed
digester
system
which
can
be
achieved
by
installing
floating
plastic
membranes
on
the
open
ponds.
Recovery
of
organic-‐based
product
is
a
new
approach
in
managing
POME
which
is
aimed
at
getting
by-‐products
such
as
volatile
fatty
acid,
biogas
and
poly-‐hydroxyalkanoates
to
promote
sustainability
of
the
palm
oil
industry.
It
is
envisaged
that
POME
can
be
sustainably
reused
as
a
fermentation
substrate
in
production
of
various
metabolites
through
biotechnological
advances.
In
addition,
POME
consists
of
high
organic
acids
and
is
suitable
to
be
used
as
a
carbon
source.
POME
has
emerged
as
an
alternative
option
as
a
chemical
remediation
to
grow
microalgae
for
biomass
production
and
simultaneously
act
as
part
of
wastewater
treatment
process.”
18. 17
http://www.bioenergyconsult.com/tag/palm-‐oil-‐biomass/
Moreover,
these
are
the
other
advantages
resulting
from
this
ecosystem:
-‐
Helping
the
local
populations
and
farmers
by
offering
them
a
part
of
the
electricity
production,
-‐
Training
and
employing
local
communities,
-‐
Helping
the
environment
by
cleaning
the
residues
in
the
area,
-‐
A
part
of
the
benefits
can
be
used
at
planting
trees
and
forests,
giving
a
CSR
side
at
the
company
and
protecting
the
environment.
All
together,
these
little
aspects
create
an
entire
self-‐sufficient
ecosystem
easily
manageable
for
Globex.
Local workers, Palm oil plantation, Cameroon.
19. 18
The
supply
chain
and
the
role
of
Globex:
The
Role
that
we
suggest
Globex
to
be
is
supply
manager.
Responsibilities
as
supply
manager
are
taking
accountability
of
finding
the
right
technology
and
in
charge
of
maintenance.
Besides
technology
provider,
in
the
long
run,
Globex
can
in
charge
of
transportation
of
raw
materials
(e.g,
tree
residues,
and
agriculture
residues).
With
a
system
Globex
provided
can
reduce
time
and
sales
loss
because
of
running
out
of
raw
materials.
Moreover,
with
the
system
that
Globex
provided,
Globex
can
easily
monitor
the
entire
process,
in
this
case,
Globex
can
provide
fastest
solution
if
any
procedure
goes
wrong.
Having
in
mind
the
challenges
that
are
currently
faced
by
the
different
stakeholders,
and
considering
the
capabilities
of
the
client,
the
team
has
tried
to
find
a
sustainable
business
model
that
Globex
could
implement
to
eliminate
or
mitigate
those
challenges.
The
approach
we
took
in
our
attempt
to
answer
this
question
has
been
mainly
research
through
academic
literature
regarding
business
model,
filtering
our
search
by
keywords
such
as
green
business
model,
rural
electrification,
biomass
supply
chain
management,
emerging
markets.
By
procuring
the
technology,
Globex
can:
Step
1:
Providing
technologic
solutions
for
biomass
initiatives,
Step
2:
Analyze
opportunities
for
co-‐dependency
links
with
the
stakeholders,
Step
3:
Position
itself
where
expansions
is
possible
in
other
directions.
22. 21
Stakeholders
and
players:
Before
going
to
Ivory
Coast,
Globex
needs
to
understand
who/what
are
the
main
stakeholders
present
in
the
country.
First
of
all,
the
political
stakeholders.
They
are
essential
for
a
potential
project
as
they
need
to
agree
to
the
launch
of
the
idea.
A
few
ministers
can
be
part
of
this
path:
Minister
of
economy
and
finances
www.premierministre.gouv.ci
Daniel
Kablan
DUNCAN
Minister
of
energies
www.energie.gouv.ci
Adama
TOUNGARA
Minister
of
Environment,
Urbanisation
and
Eco-‐development
www.environnement.gouv.ci
Rémi
Allah
KOUADIO
Minister
of
Agriculture
www.agriculture.gouv.ci
Mamadou
Sangafowa
COULIBALY
Minister
of
industries
and
Mining
www.industrie.gouv.ci
Jean-‐Claude
BROU
The
city
prefecture,
the
Mayor,
and
the
prefect
of
the
selected
city
for
implementing
the
project
will
also
need
to
be
contacted.
Their
agreements
are
needed
to
implement
a
project,
and
bribes
are
an
usual
practice.
Indeed,
Most
bureaucratic
procedures,
from
obtaining
a
birth
certificate
to
registering
a
car
or
a
company,
require
the
payment
of
an
additional
“commission”
23. 22
It
is
also
important
to
remember
that
any
activity
will
need
to
get
electricity
from
the
Compagnie
Ivoirienne
D’electricite
(CIE).
Here
is
how:
1. Compagnie
Ivoirienne
d’electricite
(CIE):
The
headquarter
is
in
Abidjan
and
the
application
has
to
be
submitted
in
person.
The
following
documents
have
to
be
attached:
certificate
confirming
the
security
of
the
internal
wiring,
a
topographic
excerpt
or
the
building
permit
to
justify
the
quality
of
the
land
owner.
It
takes
14
days
to
get
the
electricity
and
it
is
free.
2. Government
Agency
SECUREL:
To
obtain
conformity
controls.
Before
applying
for
a
new
connection,
the
customer
has
to
ask
for
an
internal
inspection
at
LBTP/Securel
to
obtain
a
certificate
of
conformity.
It
takes
11
days
and
cost
337
USD.
3. CIE:
The
CIE
will
now
carry
out
the
external
inspection
of
the
site
to
determine
a
cost
of
connection
and
do
technical
studies
detailing
what
work
has
to
be
done.
It
take
one
day
and
it’s
free.
4. The
Ageroute
and
the
municipality:
The
authorization
from
Ageroute
is
necessary
for
the
external
connection
and
the
municipality
needs
to
be
informed
of
the
project.
It
takes
7
days
and
it
is
free.
5. The
supply
contact:
finally
to
conclude
a
supply
contract,
the
customer
has
to
submit
the
certificate
of
conformity
and
the
estimations
for
new
connection.
The
CIE
will
proceed
to
the
international.
It
takes
two
weeks
and
cost
approximately
1000
USD.
http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/côte-‐divoire/getting-‐electricity
Globex,
by
getting
involved
within
the
country,
will
also
have
to
pay
taxes.
On
average,
firms
make
63.0
tax
payments
a
year,
spend
270.0
hours
a
year
filing,
preparing
and
paying
taxes
and
pay
total
taxes
amounting
to
51.9%
of
profit.
The
regular
corporate
income
tax
rate
is
25%
for
a
local
company,
20
for
an
international
one,
but
the
total
amount
of
taxes
represents
39%
of
the
benefits.
Principal
Tax
Contact
for
E&Y
can
help
with
several
advices
and
steps.
He
is
an
essential
stakeholder
to
consider:
Eric
Nguessan
+225
20-‐21-‐11-‐15
Mobile:
+225
01-‐07-‐60-‐06
Source
for
taxes:
http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Services/Tax/Worldwide-‐Corporate-‐Tax-‐Guide-‐-‐-‐
XMLQS?preview&XmlUrl=/ec1mages/taxguides/WCTG-‐2015/WCTG-‐CI.xml
Finally,
the
major
actors
and
companies
present
in
the
country.
These
companies
or
associations
can
represent
important
partnerships
for
the
supply
chain
of
Globex:
24. 23
1.
The
Biovea
project
in
Aboisso.
It
has
been
evaluated
by
ECREEE
(SKM).
From
Palm
Oil
residues.
This
project
is
the
main
one
in
Africa
concerning
Biomass
residues
from
Palm
Oil
and
it
is
located
in
Ivory
Coast.
2.
Sinclair
Knight
Merz
(SKM):
This
agency
is
evaluating
potential
project
in
Africa
and
especially
in
Ecowas.
It
is
located
in
the
UK,
at:
13th
Floor,
Cale
Cross
House
156
Pilgrim
Street
Newcastle
upon
Tyne
NE1
6SU
United
Kingdom
Tel:
+44
191
211
2400.
3.
ECREEE
(the
ECOWAS
Regional
Centre
for
Renewable
Energy
and
Energy
Efficiency)
was
inaugurated
in
July
2010
to
promote
and
facilitate
the
uptake
of
renewable
energy
and
energy
efficiency
within
the
15
countries
of
the
ECOWAS
region.
As
part
of
its
work,
ECREEE
has
established
the
‘ECOWAS
Renewable
Energy
Facility’
(EREI)
to
provide
seed-‐
funding
to
support
to
medium-‐
and
large-‐scale
renewable
energy
projects
in
the
region.
Source:
http://www.ecreee.org/sites/default/files/documents/basic_page/erei_project_appraisal_report.pdf
http://www.ecreee.org/sites/default/files/event-‐
att/3_1_re_infrastructure_projects_appraisal_report_david_vilar_ecreee.pdf
4.
PALMCI
is
a
subsidiary
of
SIFCA
Group
and
is
exploiting
the
palm
trees
in
Ivory
Coast:
Headquarters
are
in
Abidjan,
Telephone:
+225
22
75
75
75
Fax:
+225
21
25
45
65
Email:communication@sifca.ci
The
official
team
of
SIFCA
Group:
http://www.groupesifca.com/admin.php
Here
are
some
plantations
of
PALMCI
in
Ivory
Coast:
http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/21c292804300dc0fb7ccb732ece34d2d/Proforest_
Del19_Report_Roadshow_Cote_Ivoire.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
Since
2008,
SIFCA
made
partnerships
with
two
other
worldwide
actors:
OLAM
and
WLMAR,
and
they
created
together
NAUVU.
NAUVU
help
the
group
from
the
exploitation
of
Palm
Trees
to
the
commercialization.
http://olamgroup.com/news/incorporation-‐of-‐nauvu-‐investments-‐pte-‐
ltd/#sthash.QDTjW8v2.dpbs
5.
DekelOil
is
another
large-‐scale
oil
palm
production
operation,
located
in
the
Ivory
Coast.
Dekel
Oil
-‐
UK
Office
United
Kingdom
Tel:
+44
(0)
207
024
8391
lincoln@dekeloil.com
25. 24
6.
Siat
Group
is
active
in
Belgium,
Nigeria,
Ghana,
Gabon,
Côte
d'Ivoire
and
Cambodia.
As
Dekeloil
or
Palmci,
the
group
is
also
exploiting
palm
trees.
http://www.siat-‐group.com/company-‐profile/chc-‐ivory-‐coast/
The
company
is
located
in
Belgium:
Romboutsstraat
6-‐8
1932
Sint-‐Stevens-‐Woluwe
Belgium
Tel.:
+32
(02)
718.38.88
Email:
secretary@siat-‐group.com
7.
Asia
is
currently
coming
in
the
ECOWAS
countries
to
exploit
the
palm
oil
too:
Wilmar
International
Ltd
is
a
potential
partner,
Benso
Oil
Palm
Plantation
Ltd
as
well,
but
they
are
not
present
yet
in
Ivory
Coast,
they
are
in
Ghana
and
Nigeria.
8.
The
Roundtable
for
Sustainable
Palm
Oil
(RSPO).
The
Roundtable
on
Sustainable
Palm
Oil
(RSPO)
is
an
organization
that
was
established
to
promote
the
growth
and
use
of
certified
sustainable
palm
oil
(CSPO).
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/agriculture/palm_oil/solutions/roundtable_on_sustain
able_palm_oil/#sthash.fsBOw6tr.dpuf
http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/footprint/agriculture/palm_oil/solutions/roundtable_on_sustain
able_palm_oil/
10.
Finally,
The
African
Palm
Oil
Congress
(APOC)
can
give
advices
and
data
on
how
to
create
a
project
and
get
involved
with
present
actors
in
the
ECOWAS
region.
11.
The
African
Review,
from
Alain
Charles
Publishing,
can
also
help:
http://www.alaincharles.com
26. 25
Future
expansions:
Future
possible
expansions
by
looking
at
players
already
presents
in
the
Biomass
industry:
SENEGAL:
CSS
(Senegalese
Sugar
Company)
and
Suneor
(national
company
for
oleaginous
commercialization)
are
the
main
producers
of
power
generated
from
biomass
in
the
country.
Their
factories
are
located
in
Ricard
Toll
and
Ziguinchor,
and
they
produce
electricity
from
bagasse
and
peanut
nutshells.
BURKINA FASO:
The
main
producer
of
electricity
is
HSBC
(Huilerie
Savonnerie
Bengali
Cisse),
from
the
combustion
of
cotton
residues.
Moreover,
several
small
biomass
power
stations
are
at
a
development
phase,
under
the
Voluntary
Carbon
Gold
Standard
framework.
TOGO:
The
main
producer
in
Togo
is
Huilerie
Nioto
(or
Nioto
Oil
Mill),
producing
steam
and
power
for
on
site
consumption.
The
institutional
and
regulatory
framework
in
the
electricity
sector
in
Togo
concerning
the
opportunities
in
renewable
energies
can
be
found
here:
http://www.naruc.org/international/Documents/5%20TOGO-‐
%20RE%20Country%20Presentation%20March%202011%20-‐%20English.pdf
GHANA:
“Gold
Fields
plans
to
establish
a
10
to
15
MW
biomass
energy
plant
in
Ghana
on
the
boundary
of
its
Tarkwa
mine
in
the
country.
All
the
power
generated
at
the
plant
would
be
used
by
the
mining
operation.
27. 26
It
is
expected
that
the
plant,
which
will
initially
use
feedstock
from
maturing
rubber
plantations,
will
be
commissioned
in
2013.
Gold
Fields
is
analysing
opportunities
for
the
future
sourcing
of
biomass
from
local
communities.
The
project
benefits
from
funding
assistance
through
the
international
Clean
Development
Mechanism
(CDM),
and
has
the
potential
to
produce
up
to
45,000
CERs
a
year,
either
to
sell
or
to
off-‐set
carbon
emissions
from
the
company’s
other
operations.”
http://www.esi-‐africa.com/gold-‐fields-‐plans-‐biomass-‐energy-‐plant-‐in-‐ghana/
28. 27
Biomass
Projects
over
Africa:
Mauritius
Coal
and
bagasse
CHP:
http://www.power-‐technology.com/projects/ctds_chp/
Senegal
Biomass
Power
Plant:
https://vc4africa.biz/ventures/30-‐mw-‐biomass-‐power-‐
plant-‐senegal/
Kenya
biomass
power
plant:
http://www.esi-‐africa.com/kenya-‐s-‐first-‐commercial-‐
biomass-‐power-‐plant/
US
Company
based
in
Liberia:
http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/01/27/world/africa/ap-‐af-‐dark-‐deals-‐
expanded.html?_r=0
and
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-‐2928698/US-‐
loans-‐fueled-‐insider-‐deal-‐failed-‐power-‐plan-‐Liberia.html
UK
Company
based
in
Tanzania:
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/oct/30/africa-‐poor-‐west-‐biofuel-‐
betrayal
Two
Biomass
projects
failure
in
South
Africa:
http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/17165IIED.pdf
The
pros
and
cons
of
Zimbawe:
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Maxwell_Mapako/publication/242511628_The_Tra
nsfer_of_Energy_Technologies_in_a_Developing_Country_Context_-‐
_Towards_Improved_Practice_from_Past_Successes_and_Failures/links/54be57030cf218da
9391e5c8.pdf
A
failure
project
in
Tanzania
http://ecadforum.com/blog/wp-‐
content/uploads/2009/12/AC2009-‐0294.pdf
This
Academic
Article
talk
about
reasons
that
undermine
the
transition
between
traditional
fuel
and
modern
green
fuel
in
rural
areas
in
developing
countries:
http://www.efdinitiative.org/sites/default/files/howells20et20al2028201029.pdf
This
Academic
Article
talks
about
problems
that
regard
small-‐scale
biogas
projects
in
rural
areas
of
Sub-‐Saharan
Africa:
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bedru_Balana/publication/260836242_Socio-‐
economic_hurdles_to_widespread_adoption_of_small-‐scale_biogas_digesters_in_Sub-‐
Saharan_Africa_A_review/links/0c96053299c6b20771000000.pdf
This
article
talks
in
general
about
Palm
Oil,
there
is
a
paragraph
regarding
the
challenges
but
there
is
not
a
big
explanation
of
how
they
came
to
that
conclusion:
http://www.ciitlahore.edu.pk/Papers/173-‐8589019287990014045.pdf
