Ch-16-Lstppp-E4.pptx

4th Edition
Leisure, Sport and
Tourism, Politics,
Policy and Planning
A. J. Veal
COMPLEMENTARY TEACHING
MATERIALS
C A B I T O U R I S M T E X T S

CHAPTER 16
Policy and Planning in
Particular Sectors
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th Edition
Leisure, Sport and Tourism, Politics, Policy and Planning, 4th edition, Veal, 2017, CABI Tourism Texts

Outline
Introduction
Outdoor recreation in natural areas
Sport and other forms of physical recreation
Events
Arts, culture, entertainment
Urban outdoor recreation
Tourism

Introduction
Each sector to be discussed under:
– scope
– rationale and policy goals
– measurement of participation
– institutional factors
– planning

Rationales compared: multiple goals in
public leisure policy (Table 16.1)
Excellence goal
Description Associated professionals/
performers
Sport/physical
recreation
High levels of sport
performance
Coaches, professional and/or
elite athletes
Arts/heritage/
entertainment
a. Excellence in the arts a. Artists, performers, directors,
producers
b. Heritage conservation b. Curators, archaeologists
O/D recreation –
natural
Conservation of
flora/fauna
Biologists, ecologists
O/D recreation –
Urban
Horticultural excellence Horticulturalists
Tourism Any of the above, but mainly participation goal

Rationales compared: multiple goals in
public leisure policy (Table 16.1)
Participation goal
Description Associated professionals/
performers
Sport/physical
recreation
Grassroots ‘Sport for All’ Public sports facility managers
Arts and
entertainment
a. Audiences a. Facility managers/marketers
b. Visitors b. Facility managers/marketers
c. Amateur participation c. Community arts workers
O/D recreation –
natural
Public access Natural area/facility managers
O/D recreation –
Urban
Public recreation Urban park managers
Tourism Tourist numbers/income Tourism managers/marketers

Measurement – data sources – surveys
• England and Australia: Table 16.2
• Note sport/physical recreation updates, from 2016
• England: Active Lives survey (Sport England)
• Australia: AusPlay (Australian Sports Commission)

Sport and other forms of physical recreation
• Scope:
– sport: competitive/challenging physical activity, ranging
from informal to highly formal
– other physical recreation: e.g. walking, non-competitive
cycling or water-based recreation
• Australian term: ‘activity for exercise, recreation and
sport’ (ERAS)
• UK term: ‘sport and active recreation’ (Active People
survey)

Sport: policy rationale and goals
• Goals:
– mass participation: maximize – ‘Sport for All’ campaign
– elite success: maximize
• Rationale/benefits:
– health
– community cohesiveness and pride
– economic development factors (e.g. sport tourism)
• ‘Trickle down effect’: Does it work?

Sports participation pyramid (Fig. 16.1)
Mass participation
Local/regional
competition
National
competition
Elite

Sport and selective elitism (Fig. 16.2)
Mass participation
Regional/
local elite
International/
national elite

Sport: measurement of participation
• Traditional measure: % participating at least once in
previous year
• Health-related measure: % participating with at
least minimum frequency, duration and intensity –
e.g. at least ‘moderate’ exercise, for at least 30
minutes, most days
• N.B. taking account only of health-qualifying activity
will not cater for all demand

Sport: institutional: examples (Table 16.6)
Sport organizations Government Commerce
International
International Federations of Sport
International multi-sport organizations (Olympics,
Paralympics, Commonwealth Games etc.)
World Anti-Doping Agency
Professional sports organizations
European Union Multi-national leisure clothing,
media corporations, sport
management agencies, sponsors
National
National governing bodies of sport/franchises
National Olympic and Paralympic Committees
Ministries of Sport
Sports commissions
Universities (in USA)
National leisure clothing, media
corporations, sport management
agencies, sponsors
State/provincial/regional
State/provincial/regional sport organizations State/provincial
governments: ministries of
sport and recreation, sports
commissions
State/provincial media, sport
businesses and sponsors
Local
Sporting clubs Local government parks,
sports etc. departments
Local sport businesses and
sponsors

Sport: planning
All the approaches discussed in Chapter 8 have been
applied.

Arts and entertainment
Scope:
– arts/entertainment: performing arts, painting, sculpture,
craft activities, literature, architecture /design, film, TV,
radio
Rationale and goals:
• public support justified on market failure grounds – see Ch. 5
• also: growing significance of the ‘cultural industries’ in the
economy

Arts/entertainment: rationale and goals (cont’d)
• Financially profitable sector often classified as
‘entertainment’, publicly subsidized sector seen
as ‘the arts’
• Some interesting differences between the arts
and sport:
– subsidies often aimed at reducing costs for audiences
(spectators) rather than participants
– ‘amateur’ has a relatively low status in the arts
– there is often disagreement about what is considered
‘excellence’, and between the ‘popular’ and excellence

Arts/entertainment: measuring participation
• See Table 16.2
• + DCMS ‘Taking Part’ survey
• Emphasis given to participation as audience + some
data on amateur participation

Arts/entertainment: institutional
• N.B. many arts organizations are semi-independent
statutory bodies/trusts (see Ch. 6).
• Some income is generated from admissions/box
office.
• Funding also sought from local, state/provincial and
national governments to make up the shortfall.
• Often there is disagreement over whether public
funding is to support mass audiences (‘popular’) or
‘excellence’, which may not be popular.

Arts/entertainment: planning
• Planning for the arts generally ad hoc rather than
systematic
• Planning guidelines often use the terms ‘cultural
planning’ and ‘cultural industries’, with ‘culture’
defined very widely (e.g. including sport, media) …
but, in practice, dealing almost invariably with
traditional arts

Outdoor recreation: natural areas
• Scope:
– national parks, country parks, forests, coast, footpaths and
‘driving for pleasure’/sightseeing and heritage etc.
attractions in rural areas
• Rationale/goals:
– potentially conflicting goals: conservation of the
environment versus recreational access
– but what is ‘natural’?
• see, for example, sheep grazing in national parks in UK, and fire-
managed outback landscape in Australia

Outdoor recreation: natural areas (cont’d)
• Participation:
– England Leisure Visits survey covers all leisure trips not
including an overnight stay
– no such survey conducted in Australia
• Institutional
– In UK, much countryside outdoor recreation takes place on
private property – e.g. in large parts of national parks and
on public footpaths.
– As with tourism, the population being planned for is,
mostly, not the resident population but visitors (see Fig.
1.3d), giving rise to questions of funding of provision.

Outdoor recreation: natural areas (cont’d)
• Planning:
– designation and zoning processes – e.g. wilderness areas
with limited human access
– concentration of recreational use in high-density zones
– in UK: country parks, state-owned, designed to take
pressure off more sensitive areas, such as national parks
– because most outdoor recreationists are urban dwellers,
there is a need for a regional approach to planning,
covering urban origins and rural destinations

Urban outdoor recreation
• Scope:
– use of parks, playing fields, playgrounds, squares and
plazas
– provision of urban open space is the largest single public
leisure service expenditure item (see Table 1.3 , including
parks and part of sport)
– probably also the most heavily used service (see Box 11.1)
• Rationale/goals:
– urban parks created for recreation
– some larger parks also play a conservation role and botanic
gardens play a scientific/horticultural role

Urban outdoor recreation (cont’d)
• Institutional:
– typically owned/managed by local councils
– but in large cities, sometimes special agencies: e.g.
London: Royal Parks Agency; Australia: Parks Victoria
• Planning:
– one of the earliest forms of leisure planning, based on
‘open space standards’ (see Ch. 8)
– opportunity for new park provision is often limited in
existing urban areas: the emphasis is then on
management/design to get the most out of existing
provision

Tourism: scope
• The people for whom tourism planning is undertaken are not
local residents but visitors.
• A trip involving an overnight stay away from home.
• Some definitions include day trips.
• Leisure trips distinguished from business trips.
• International travel is often high-profile, but domestic tourism
is generally the larger sector.
• Mass tourism versus specific markets, e.g:
– ecotourism/nature-based
– cultural tourism
– meetings, incentives, conventions, events (MICE)
– urban tourism
– wine tourism
– backpacker market
– sports tourism
– short breaks

Tourism: rationale/goals
• The aim is to maximize the net benefits that
residents obtain from tourism to the area
• Benefits are almost exclusively economic – jobs and
incomes.
• Costs include costs of infrastructure, congestion and
environmental pressures.
• Public sector may be a major provider/manager of
attractions – e.g. beaches, historic sites.
• Social tourism: holidays for relatively deprived
groups in the community – arranged by some welfare
agencies.

Tourism (cont’d)
• Measurement:
– customs record international arrivals/departures
– in most countries public bodies fund substantial domestic
and international tourism surveys
• Institutional:
– promotion of tourism generally in the hands of private
sector and public tourism commissions
– environmental planning generally the responsibility of
local councils

Tourism (cont’d)
Planning:
• Demand forecasting is a key input.
• National/state/provincial tourism agencies often set
tourism numbers/income targets as part of tourism
strategies.
• Problems can arise with regard to the capacity of
tourism sites/areas (see Ch. 11).
• A key concept is sustainability – the idea that tourism
should not irreversibly damage the environment, which is
often the prime attraction.

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