In vivo studies are those in which the effects of various biological activities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually, including humans, and animals, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism. Animal testing and clinical trials are major elements of in vivo research.
2. In vivo studies are those in which the
effects of various biological activities
are tested on whole, living organisms
or cells, usually, including humans,
and animals, as opposed to a tissue
extract or dead organism. Animal
testing and clinical trials are major
elements of in vivo research. 2
INTRODUCTION
3. Facts
• First refered in late 19th century by Louis Pasteur administered anthrax
to sheep to show importance of vaccines with his germ theory.
• Ivan Pavlov, conducted experiment on dogs to demonstrate condition
regarding memory and repetitive tasks in late 19th century.
• Breakthrough in 1922 when animal testing was allowed for insulin to be
isolated from dogs.
• 1930, mordern anaesthetics and antibiotics developed using animal
testing.
• Anticoagulant and kidney dialysis, both life saving treatments, were
introduced following animal testing.
• 1950s animal testing aiding in the development of vaccines.
• Later quarter of 20th century, development of many potent cancer
drugs and drugs for HIV.
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6. “
Peptic ulcer most serious
gastrointestinal diseases
in the world. It comprises
of hetrogeneous disorders,
manifested due to break
down in gastrointestinal
mucosal lining bathed by
acid and pepsin.
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9. Peptic Ulcer Models
• Water-Immersion Stress
• NSAIDs induced gastric ulcers
• Ethanol- induced gastric ulcers
• Acetic acid- induced gastric ulcers
• Histamine- induced gastric ulcers
•Ischemia-reperfusion induced gastric ulcers
•Cysteamine- induced duodenal ulcers
•Ferrous iron- ascorbic acid induced gastric
ulcer
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• Reserpine- induced gastric ulcers
•Serotonin- induced gastric ulcers
•Pylorus- ligated- induced peptic ulcers
•Diethyldithiocarbamate- induced peptic
ulcers
•Metlylene blue- induced ulcer
•Indomethacin- histamine induced duodenal
ulcers
•Acetic acid- H. pylori- induced ulcers
Peptic Ulcers induced by physiological, pharmacological or surgical manipulation in several
animal species, but most experiments carried out in rodents . Several models used for
testing or evaluation are as follows;
10. Principle
Leads to accumulation of gastric acid in the stomach leading to acute
gastric ulceration.
Pylorus Ligation
Induced Ulcers
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Water-Immersion
Stress Induced Ulcers
Principle
Gastric lesions, significantly enhanced by exposure to water
immersion in stress.
11. Principle
Inhibition of endogenous prostaglandin production and consequent
loss of gastric mucosal defence.
NSAIDs Induced
Mucosal Damage
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Ethanol Induced
Peptic Ulcers
Principle
Ethanol damages superficial epithelial layers and inhibits
prostaglandin release.
12. Principle
Produces penetrating ulcers in fundus area of rat.
Ulcerated area in anterior and posterior wall are identical.
Acetic Acid Induced
Gastric Ulcers
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Histamine Induced
Peptic Ulcers
Principle
Histamine has potent acid stimulating and vasodilating capability
leading to gastric ulcers.
13. Evaluation :
• Ulcer Index = 10/x (x = Total mucosal area / total ulcerated area)
• Intensity of ulcers
0 – Normal Stomach
1 – Superficial mucosal erosion
2 - Deep ulcers
3 - Penetrated or perforated ulcers
• Contents of the stomach analyzed for : Volume, pH, Free acidity and total acidity,
Mucin and prostaglandin level.
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16. Cancer are a large family of
diseses that involve
abnormal cell growth with
the potential to invade or
spread to other parts of the
body. They form a subset of
neoplasms.
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18. Anticancer Models
The first in vivo test models
used for screening anticancer
compounds were developed
back in mid-1960s at the NCI.
These syngeneic mouse
leukemia models were initially
grown as ascites tumors in
mice.
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19. • DMBA induced mouse skin
Papillomas
• N-methyl, N-nitrosourea
(MNU) induced rat Mammary
gland Carcinogenesis
• DMBA induced rat Mammary
gland Carcinogenesis
• MNU induced Tracheal
Squamous cell carcinoma in
Hamster
• MNU induced Prostate cancer
in Gerbils
• N,N- Diethylnitrosamine (DEN)
induced lung
adenocarcinoma in Hamester
• Azoxymethane (AOM) induced
Aberrant Crypt Foci in Rat
• Hollow Fiber technique
• Use of Xenografts
• Nude mouse model
• New born rat model
• Transgenic mouse model
• DMBA induced oral cancer in
Hamster
• DMBA Sustained release suture
technique
• 3-Methylcholanthrene induced
Fibrosarcoma tumors in Mouse
• 3-Methylcholanthrene induced
skin tumors in Mouse
• Benzopyrene induced
Forestomach tumors in Mouse
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• High Fat diet induced
NAFLD/NASH model in mouse
• Pancreatic Cancer Models
• Angiogenesis Assays
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Chemically Induced
Tumor Models
Methods Involving Cell Line/
Tumor Pieces Implantation
Other Models
• 1,2- Dimethylhydralazine induced
Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in
Rat and Mouse
• N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-
nitrosamine induced carcinoma
in Mouse
21. “
Diabetes mellitus group of
metabolic disorder, characterized
by absolute lack of insulin. About
2.8% of global populations affected
by diabetes mellitus.
Experimentally diabetes mellitus is
generally induced by chemical,
surgical and genetic manipulation.
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24. Antidiabetes Model
Chemical Induced
• Alloxan induced
• Streptozotocin induced
• Dithizone induced
• Monosodium glutamate
induced
• Insulin antibodies
induced
•Ferric nitrilotriacetate
induced
• Goldthioglucose obesed
Virus Induced
• D-Variant
Encephalomyocarditis
(EMC-D)
• Coxsackie viruses
Diabetic Obese
Rodent Models
• Kuo Kondo mouse
• ob/ob mouse
• db/db mouse
• Zuker Diabetic Fatty
(ZDF) rat
• New Zealand Obese
(NZO) mouse
• Otsuka Long-Evans
Tokushima Fatty (OLETF)
rat
• Nagoya-Shibata-
Yasuda (NSY) mouse
• M16 mouse
Hormone Induced
• Growth hormone
induced
• Corticosteroid
induced
Diabetic Non-Obese
Rodent Models
• Goto Kakizaki (GK) rat
• Cohen diabetic rat
• Spontaneously
Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat
Surgical Model
• Full and partial
pancreatectomy
models
• Genetically modified
models
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25. Principle
Broad spectrum antibiotic, causing beta islet cell damage by free
radical generation.
Streptozotocin
Induced Dibetes
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Virus Induced
Diabetes
Principle
Etiological agents producing diabetes mellitus by infecting and
destroying beta cells of pancreas.
26. Principle
Dexamethosone, a steroid possessing immunosuppression action,
causing an autoimmune reaction in the islet and produces type 1
diabetes.
Corticosteroid
Induced Diabetes
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Ob/Ob Mouse
Principle
The ob/ob mouse strain, have leptin deficiency because of the
mutation in leptin gene leading to severe insulin resistance. The
ob/ob mice exhibit rapid gain in body weight, insulin resistance
and hyperinsulinemia occurs.
27. Principle
A polygenic non obese model shows insulin resistance,
normolipidemia and impaired insulin secretion.
Goto-Kakizaki Rat
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Surgical Models of
Diabetic Mellitus
Principle
Used to induce diabetes with complete removal of pancreas.
28. 28
SOURCE PART EXTRACT MODEL
Caesalpinia bonducella Seeds Aqueous and 50%
ethanolic extract
Streptozotocin diabetic
rats
Capparis decidua Fruit Aqueous extract Alloxan induced diabetic
rat
Coccinia indica Leaves Dried extract Alloxanized diabetic dog
Momordica charantia Fruit, Seeds and tissues Ethanolic extract Streptozotocin diabetic
rats
Tinospora ccordifolia Root Aqueous extract Alloxan induced diabetic
rat
Aegle marmelos Leaves Aqueous extract Alloxan induced diabetic
rat
Azadirachta indica Whole plant Hydro alcholic extract Streptozotocin diabetic
rats
42. • Blatt, N. L., Mingaleeva, R. N., Khaiboullina, S. F.,
Kotlyar, A., Lombardi, V. C., & Rizvanov, A. A. (2013). In
vivo screening models of anticancer drugs. Life Sci.
J, 10(4), 1892.
• Karthikeyan M, Balasubramanian T, Kumar P
(2016). In-vivo Animal Models and In-vitro
Techniques for Screening Antidiabetic Activity. J
Develop Drugs. 5(2):1-6.
• Dewangan, H., Tiwari, R. K., Sharma, V., Shukla, S. S.,
Satapathy, T., & Pandey, R. (2017). Past and Future of
in-vitro and in-vivo Animal Models for Diabetes: A
Review. INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH, 51(4), S522-S530.
• Adinortey, M. B., Ansah, C., Galyuon, I., & Nyarko, A.
(2013). In vivo models used for evaluation of
potential antigastroduodenal ulcer
agents. Ulcers, 2013.
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43. • Kumar, A. E., Susmitha, K., Swathy, B., Ramu, E., &
Venkatesh, B. (2014). A review on liver disorders and
screening models of hepatoprotective agents. Int.
J. Allied Med. Sci. Clin. Res, 2(2), 136-150.
• Delgado-Montemayor, C., Cordero-Pérez, P.,
Salazar-Aranda, R., & Waksman-Minsky, N. (2015).
Models of hepatoprotective activity
assessment. Medicina universitaria, 17(69), 222-228.
• Mushtaq, S., Daş, Y. K., & Aksoy, A. (2018). Alternative
Methods to Animal Experiments. Türkiye Klinikleri.
Tip Bilimleri Dergisi, 38(2), 161-170.
• Modak, M., Dixit, P., Londhe, J., Ghaskadbi, S., &
Devasagayam, T. P. A. (2007). Recent advances in
Indian herbal drug research guest editor: Thomas
Paul Asir Devasagayam Indian herbs and herbal
drugs used for the treatment of diabetes. Journal
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