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Laser and Photonics
in Aquitaine
Higher education and research are key levers in achieving a new form of
growth that is smarter, more sustainable and more inclusive, with the goal
being to prepare for a knowledge society in which future generations can
achieve fulfilment.
The University of Bordeaux and its partners intend to address this challenge
by shaping a campus of excellence with an international reputation, uniting
its research forces around high-level scientific pillars.
These are neuroscience, medical imaging, cardiology, public health,
materials of the future, environment, archaeology, laser optics and digital
technologies.
These priorities reflect the research strengths of the Bordeaux site whose
excellence is clearly recognised in terms of the standards applicable to the
discipline and its high international profile.
Certifications by the French national“Investments for the Future”
programme in 2011 have strengthened this dynamic of ambitious
multidisciplinary projects. Today, these centres of excellence backed by
innovative training offer great prospects for development, French research
and the socio-economic world.
The pursuit of excellence is thus at the heart of the development policy
of the University of Bordeaux. Through this tremendous momentum,
the University of Bordeaux is seeking to answer the challenges of our
environment to prepare for tomorrow’s society.
Preparing the future
The strength of
a university is
partly related to its
research, meaning
the creation of
knowledge that it
can then pass on and
disseminate.
Lionel Canioni, director
LAPHIA is building a unique centre of excellence, which is becoming
recognised among the most prominent national and international laser and
photonics research centres.
Funded by the Excellence Initiative of the University of Bordeaux, LAPHIA (Laser and Photonics in
Aquitaine) boosts research through collective site projects, drawing on the excellence of materials science
and physics teams.
LAPHIA unites the academic community in three main areas:
• Lasers and high energy physics
• Photonics and materials
• Innovative imaging
LAPHIA
Missions
To federate the entire scientific community through
interdisciplinary projects in the field of lasers and
photonics, and raise the international profile of Bordeaux
research.
To develop an area for collaborations with the
industrials, laboratories and international partners.
To accelerate the process of technology transfer and the
employability of its students by strengthening ties with
businesses.
To provide students with a range of internationally-
recognised training courses, to enable them to become
managers in photonics.
Gouvernance
A steering committee: Director: Lionel Canioni,
Deputy Director - Education: Evelyne Fargin,
Deputy Director - Research: Philippe Balcou,
Deputy Director - Valorisation: Philippe Bouyer.
A scientific council: issues a scientific opinion on
programme activities and projects and monitors
these.
A strategic council: assesses strategy for research,
training and development components, and
provides expertise on current and future actions.
Innovation / Collaboration / Dissemination
• 250researchers, engineers, PhD students and
post-doc working on complementary themes
• 3 major research areas: photonics and materials,
lasers and imaging
• More than 200publicationsa year
• 11 top-level research laboratories
• 20 start-up businesses
and SMEs (companies with less than 10
employees) created in 10 years, employing more than
260 people
Key figures
Our community
Who is part of it?
Collaboration is the key to innovation
Symposium
Industry Academics
International
Each year an international
symposium is organised, an
opportunity for everyone to enrich
their own knowledge and broaden
the scientific debate.
The monthly
seminars given by
both researchers
from Bordeaux and
international guests
address a wide
variety of topics. They
are an opportunity
for everyone to
build a strong
interdisciplinary
culture in lasers and
photonics.
This provides industry
with an opportunity
to interact directly
with the academic
community while
benefitting from
excellent scientific
resources.
Seminars
Academics
The academic hub comprises
around 20 teams in 11 research
laboratories. LAPHIA unites the
community for better coordination
of research efforts.
Industry
Companies can invest in our
network through the Aquitaine
Affiliate Club, hence achieving
greater synergies between academic
research and industry.
International
LAPHIA is developing international
cooperations, for example with Laval
University in Quebec and Yonsei
University in South Korea. LAPHIA
is raising its profile by taking part in
Photonics 21 networks (European
Photonics Community) and SPIE (an
international network in optics and
photonics).
Aquitaine
Affiliate
Club
Innovation / Collaboration / Dissemination
Main partners
Research mobility
projects
Mobility support
(students, PhD students and post-doc, professors and researchers, invited professors)
STANFORD
SINGAPOUR
LAPHIA seminars bring together students, professors,
researchers and industrial partners associated with the laser
and photonics scene. These seminars are a time for meetings
and discussions, creating collaborative strength and raising
the profile of our community. These seminars also help to
effectively promote new scientific results.
Jean-Baptiste Trebbia, a researcher at the Laboratory for Photonics, Numerics and Nanosciences (LP2N).
LAPHIA’s international influence
QUÉBEC
DARMSTADT
JENA SéOUL
ORLANDO
LOUVAIN
What are the scientific challenges?
Our projects
Our laboratories
Developing new laser and high-energy physics technologies
Designing and developing tomorrow’s photonic materials
Working on imaging, a field in full development, covering both advanced microscopy and the use
of new radiation.
I2M: Institute of Mechanics and Engineering - CNRS (French public research body) / University of Bordeaux / IPB (Bordeaux Institute of Technology) / Arts
et Métiers - Paristech.
CRPP: Paul Pascal Research Centre - CNRS
LP2N: Laboratory for Photonics, Numerics and Nanosciences - IOGS (Institute of Optics Graduate School) / CNRS / University of Bordeaux
IMS: Laboratory of Material and Systems Integration - CNRS / University of Bordeaux / IPB
ISM: Institute of Molecular Sciences - CNRS / University of Bordeaux
ICMCB: Institute for Solid State Chemistry of Bordeaux - CNRS
LOMA: Aquitaine Waves and Matter Laboratory - University of Bordeaux / CNRS
CELIA: Intense Lasers and Applications Centre - CNRS / CEA / University of Bordeaux
CENBG: Centre of Nuclear Studies of Bordeaux-Gradignan - CNRS / University of Bordeaux
CEA CESTA: French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission – Aquitaine Scientific and Technical Studies Centre
SPH: Sciences, Philosophy, Humanity - University of Bordeaux / Bordeaux Montaigne University
Collaborative: the pillars of the
LAPHIA programme, these
projects are coordinated by
teams from several laboratories
on transdisciplinary topics.
“Risky”: the aim is to
encourage the emergence of
scientific breakthroughs. The
selected projects are risky but
have a high potential return on
investment.
Mobility : assistance for
research projects with an
international scope. These
projects enable local research
to receive wider recognition,
while promoting knowledge
transfer.
Cutting-edge research
I2M
CRPP
LP2N
ISM
IMS
ICMCB
LOMA
CELIA
CENBG
CEA
CESTA
SPH
Innovative
imaging
Photonics and
materials
Lasers and high-
energy physics
Human and social
sciences
Lasers and photonics, key technologies in the 21st
century
Innovation / Collaboration / Dissemination
The XANES time resolved project is a study that could only
be undertaken with the use of these facilities at Stanford
University (USA). The LAPHIA mobility project gave us
the possibility to finance the fees related to the project for
our teams so we could carry out experiments. This was a
great chance for us to be reactive so that we could make this
experiment a world first.
MULTIVOR uses defects in liquid crystal in devices used to
observe exoplanets. “Without LAPHIA’s risky project, my idea
would not have been investigated so quickly. LAPHIA helped
me find a full-time post-doctoral student to test my idea,” said
Etienne Brasselet.
Fabien Dorchies, CELIA researcher and coordinator of the XANES project
Artur Aleksanyan, post-doc at LOMA // Etienne Brasselet, researcher at LOMA and coordinator
of the MULTIVOR project (from left to right)
INPHOTARCH LAPHIA brings together leading-edge skills in
optics, lasers and materials chemistry. Initiated by LAPHIA,
it brings together around 20 people from four laboratories.
“On campus there were different areas of expertise within this
field. LAPHIA allowed these areas to be combined, and new
ideas to emerge”, said Vincent Rodriguez. Pooling research
efforts is an essential element of a policy of excellence. “The
outcome of this project is not a sum of its parts, but a genuine
synergy between the different skills involved,” said Mireille
Blanchard-Desce.
Petra Ivakovic, PhD student at CRPP/ISM // Vincent Rodriguez, researcher at the ISM and coordinator of
the INPHOTARCH project // Mireille Blanchard-Desce, researcher at the ISM (from left to right)
Mobility
What are our aims?
Opportunities offered by LAPHIA
The University of Bordeaux and schools are a breeding ground for future research. LAPHIA goes hand
in hand with the actors of training in physics and chemistry at the University of Bordeaux, in order to
extend the innovation effort of the laser and photonics sector.To open up training to an international
audience, LAPHIA offers mobility opportunities to partner universities.
Inbound and outbound:
This is supported through
partnerships between LAPHIA and
international universities for the
joint supervision of theses and
double Master’s degrees.
Finding employment is facilitated
by links which LAPHIA forges
with industries. Students receive
assistance for technology transfers,
entrepreneurship and development.
Personalised support for students
Sponsorship by industries
Contact with student associations
Initial education:
To help improve the experience of
students on optics and materials
courses, LAPHIA supports the
development of a sector specialising
in materials and photonics, by
sharing resources with the satellite
Institute of Optics Graduate School
(IOGS) in Bordeaux.
Vocational education
and training:
LAPHIA has partnered with PYLA,
the training centre for the Route des
Lasers cluster.
Entrepreneurship
training:
LAPHIA has partnered with the
Aquitaine Entrepreneurial Campus
(ECA) in order to access educational,
training and support tools for
business start-up or take-over.
Education
Networks Assistance
Excellence in training
Education at the heart of our success
An optics-photonics-lasers training platform was created to structure and develop the Bordeaux training in that
sector and to position it internationally.
Innovation / Collaboration / Dissemination
LAPHIA helped me financially and personally so that I could
find the right contacts for my placement project at LOMA. I
could focus on my research work, and not worry too much
about practical issues of mobility. From the beginning I felt
welcomed and supported, which motivated me to give my best.
With my International Master’s Degree in Lasers, Materials
Science and Interactions (MILMI), I was able to find a job in
a prestigious company. My Bordeaux/Central Florida (USA)
University double doctoral degree, which was supported by
LAPHIA, allowed me to have a better position to apply for jobs.
Mobility during a period of study is useful as much for personal
development as it is for providing an attractive profile for
industries. This double degree is a definite plus on my CV.
Wendwesen Gebremichael, 2ndYear Master’s Degree at the Friedrich–Alexander Universität (Germany), LAPHIA intern
Guillaume Guery, glass fibre engineer at Saint-Gobain
I wanted to see how science was carried out beyond
our borders. For me it was an opportunity to obtain an
international diploma enabling me to meet researchers from
around the world. LAPHIA helped me construct this project and
avoid giving up when things got tough.
Mathieu Chazot, 2nd
Year Master’s student on a Bordeaux/Laval (Quebec) University double degree programme
Passport
project
Combining our strengths!
Join our
community!
Your generosity
enables us
to carry out
research!
This is to demonstrate feasibility in
the laboratory. A boost to ensure
research meets the requirements of
the industrial world.
Financial sponsorship: a donation is 60% tax deductible
for businesses.
Sponsorship in kind or skills, to allocate products or
services for research.
www.fondation.univ-bordeaux.fr
Club members can take part in two key
initiatives:
Affiliate days
Sponsoring a student
Aquitaine
Affiliate
Club
Sponsorship
Innovative companies
A cutting-edge sector, creator of wealth
Research is preparation for tomorrow’s markets.
Get involved!
LAPHIA provides the“fuel”for technology transfer, via research projects and development.
LAPHIA supports projects with potential for technological breakthroughs. Progress in optics and
photonics plays an important role in many sectors of our society: aerospace, energy, automotive,
communications, health, medical, etc.The results of research supported by LAPHIA make
technological innovation possible, as well as development of new products and/or business creation.
Innovation / Collaboration / Dissemination
My project is to produce and sell laser machines for medical
applications and tattoo removal. Through LAPHIA, a laser
and health centre has been developed in Aquitaine. Actors
with a variety of complementary skills need to meet around a
table to drive research forward. This momentum in research
has allowed me to start from scratch and I have been able to
create a start-up business.
Romain Royon, PhD student at the Intense Laser and Applications Centre (CELIA), business creator
HiFretCancer is a project that aims to develop a very high
resolution optical imaging technique for use in oncology.
The long-term goal is to improve diagnosis and choices of
treatment for patients. With the funding of a one year post-
doctoral salary granted by LAPHIA, we have been able to test
our method with cancer markers. This project great potential
for development results from closer ties with a biotechnology
company. It is an example of the richness of collaboration
which can be fostered between research and industry.
Laurent Cognet, researcher at the Laboratory for Photonics, Numerics and Nanosciences (LP2N) and coordinator
of the HiFretCancer project
LAPHIA
www.otempora.com
For more information
laphia.labex.u-bordeaux.fr
Contact
info.laphia@u-bordeaux.fr
This project has benefited from an aid of state,
managed by the National Research Agency under
the“Future Investments”program in the framework
of the Bordeaux IdEx program wich the reference is
ANR - n ° ANR-10-IDEX-03-02.
Photocredit:LAPHIA/UniversityofBordeauxexceptfrontcover:Fotolia.com©SSilver-September2014

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Cluster LAPHIA_Presentation

  • 2. Higher education and research are key levers in achieving a new form of growth that is smarter, more sustainable and more inclusive, with the goal being to prepare for a knowledge society in which future generations can achieve fulfilment. The University of Bordeaux and its partners intend to address this challenge by shaping a campus of excellence with an international reputation, uniting its research forces around high-level scientific pillars. These are neuroscience, medical imaging, cardiology, public health, materials of the future, environment, archaeology, laser optics and digital technologies. These priorities reflect the research strengths of the Bordeaux site whose excellence is clearly recognised in terms of the standards applicable to the discipline and its high international profile. Certifications by the French national“Investments for the Future” programme in 2011 have strengthened this dynamic of ambitious multidisciplinary projects. Today, these centres of excellence backed by innovative training offer great prospects for development, French research and the socio-economic world. The pursuit of excellence is thus at the heart of the development policy of the University of Bordeaux. Through this tremendous momentum, the University of Bordeaux is seeking to answer the challenges of our environment to prepare for tomorrow’s society. Preparing the future The strength of a university is partly related to its research, meaning the creation of knowledge that it can then pass on and disseminate. Lionel Canioni, director LAPHIA is building a unique centre of excellence, which is becoming recognised among the most prominent national and international laser and photonics research centres.
  • 3. Funded by the Excellence Initiative of the University of Bordeaux, LAPHIA (Laser and Photonics in Aquitaine) boosts research through collective site projects, drawing on the excellence of materials science and physics teams. LAPHIA unites the academic community in three main areas: • Lasers and high energy physics • Photonics and materials • Innovative imaging LAPHIA Missions To federate the entire scientific community through interdisciplinary projects in the field of lasers and photonics, and raise the international profile of Bordeaux research. To develop an area for collaborations with the industrials, laboratories and international partners. To accelerate the process of technology transfer and the employability of its students by strengthening ties with businesses. To provide students with a range of internationally- recognised training courses, to enable them to become managers in photonics. Gouvernance A steering committee: Director: Lionel Canioni, Deputy Director - Education: Evelyne Fargin, Deputy Director - Research: Philippe Balcou, Deputy Director - Valorisation: Philippe Bouyer. A scientific council: issues a scientific opinion on programme activities and projects and monitors these. A strategic council: assesses strategy for research, training and development components, and provides expertise on current and future actions. Innovation / Collaboration / Dissemination • 250researchers, engineers, PhD students and post-doc working on complementary themes • 3 major research areas: photonics and materials, lasers and imaging • More than 200publicationsa year • 11 top-level research laboratories • 20 start-up businesses and SMEs (companies with less than 10 employees) created in 10 years, employing more than 260 people Key figures
  • 4. Our community Who is part of it? Collaboration is the key to innovation Symposium Industry Academics International Each year an international symposium is organised, an opportunity for everyone to enrich their own knowledge and broaden the scientific debate. The monthly seminars given by both researchers from Bordeaux and international guests address a wide variety of topics. They are an opportunity for everyone to build a strong interdisciplinary culture in lasers and photonics. This provides industry with an opportunity to interact directly with the academic community while benefitting from excellent scientific resources. Seminars Academics The academic hub comprises around 20 teams in 11 research laboratories. LAPHIA unites the community for better coordination of research efforts. Industry Companies can invest in our network through the Aquitaine Affiliate Club, hence achieving greater synergies between academic research and industry. International LAPHIA is developing international cooperations, for example with Laval University in Quebec and Yonsei University in South Korea. LAPHIA is raising its profile by taking part in Photonics 21 networks (European Photonics Community) and SPIE (an international network in optics and photonics). Aquitaine Affiliate Club
  • 5. Innovation / Collaboration / Dissemination Main partners Research mobility projects Mobility support (students, PhD students and post-doc, professors and researchers, invited professors) STANFORD SINGAPOUR LAPHIA seminars bring together students, professors, researchers and industrial partners associated with the laser and photonics scene. These seminars are a time for meetings and discussions, creating collaborative strength and raising the profile of our community. These seminars also help to effectively promote new scientific results. Jean-Baptiste Trebbia, a researcher at the Laboratory for Photonics, Numerics and Nanosciences (LP2N). LAPHIA’s international influence QUÉBEC DARMSTADT JENA SéOUL ORLANDO LOUVAIN
  • 6. What are the scientific challenges? Our projects Our laboratories Developing new laser and high-energy physics technologies Designing and developing tomorrow’s photonic materials Working on imaging, a field in full development, covering both advanced microscopy and the use of new radiation. I2M: Institute of Mechanics and Engineering - CNRS (French public research body) / University of Bordeaux / IPB (Bordeaux Institute of Technology) / Arts et Métiers - Paristech. CRPP: Paul Pascal Research Centre - CNRS LP2N: Laboratory for Photonics, Numerics and Nanosciences - IOGS (Institute of Optics Graduate School) / CNRS / University of Bordeaux IMS: Laboratory of Material and Systems Integration - CNRS / University of Bordeaux / IPB ISM: Institute of Molecular Sciences - CNRS / University of Bordeaux ICMCB: Institute for Solid State Chemistry of Bordeaux - CNRS LOMA: Aquitaine Waves and Matter Laboratory - University of Bordeaux / CNRS CELIA: Intense Lasers and Applications Centre - CNRS / CEA / University of Bordeaux CENBG: Centre of Nuclear Studies of Bordeaux-Gradignan - CNRS / University of Bordeaux CEA CESTA: French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission – Aquitaine Scientific and Technical Studies Centre SPH: Sciences, Philosophy, Humanity - University of Bordeaux / Bordeaux Montaigne University Collaborative: the pillars of the LAPHIA programme, these projects are coordinated by teams from several laboratories on transdisciplinary topics. “Risky”: the aim is to encourage the emergence of scientific breakthroughs. The selected projects are risky but have a high potential return on investment. Mobility : assistance for research projects with an international scope. These projects enable local research to receive wider recognition, while promoting knowledge transfer. Cutting-edge research I2M CRPP LP2N ISM IMS ICMCB LOMA CELIA CENBG CEA CESTA SPH Innovative imaging Photonics and materials Lasers and high- energy physics Human and social sciences Lasers and photonics, key technologies in the 21st century
  • 7. Innovation / Collaboration / Dissemination The XANES time resolved project is a study that could only be undertaken with the use of these facilities at Stanford University (USA). The LAPHIA mobility project gave us the possibility to finance the fees related to the project for our teams so we could carry out experiments. This was a great chance for us to be reactive so that we could make this experiment a world first. MULTIVOR uses defects in liquid crystal in devices used to observe exoplanets. “Without LAPHIA’s risky project, my idea would not have been investigated so quickly. LAPHIA helped me find a full-time post-doctoral student to test my idea,” said Etienne Brasselet. Fabien Dorchies, CELIA researcher and coordinator of the XANES project Artur Aleksanyan, post-doc at LOMA // Etienne Brasselet, researcher at LOMA and coordinator of the MULTIVOR project (from left to right) INPHOTARCH LAPHIA brings together leading-edge skills in optics, lasers and materials chemistry. Initiated by LAPHIA, it brings together around 20 people from four laboratories. “On campus there were different areas of expertise within this field. LAPHIA allowed these areas to be combined, and new ideas to emerge”, said Vincent Rodriguez. Pooling research efforts is an essential element of a policy of excellence. “The outcome of this project is not a sum of its parts, but a genuine synergy between the different skills involved,” said Mireille Blanchard-Desce. Petra Ivakovic, PhD student at CRPP/ISM // Vincent Rodriguez, researcher at the ISM and coordinator of the INPHOTARCH project // Mireille Blanchard-Desce, researcher at the ISM (from left to right)
  • 8. Mobility What are our aims? Opportunities offered by LAPHIA The University of Bordeaux and schools are a breeding ground for future research. LAPHIA goes hand in hand with the actors of training in physics and chemistry at the University of Bordeaux, in order to extend the innovation effort of the laser and photonics sector.To open up training to an international audience, LAPHIA offers mobility opportunities to partner universities. Inbound and outbound: This is supported through partnerships between LAPHIA and international universities for the joint supervision of theses and double Master’s degrees. Finding employment is facilitated by links which LAPHIA forges with industries. Students receive assistance for technology transfers, entrepreneurship and development. Personalised support for students Sponsorship by industries Contact with student associations Initial education: To help improve the experience of students on optics and materials courses, LAPHIA supports the development of a sector specialising in materials and photonics, by sharing resources with the satellite Institute of Optics Graduate School (IOGS) in Bordeaux. Vocational education and training: LAPHIA has partnered with PYLA, the training centre for the Route des Lasers cluster. Entrepreneurship training: LAPHIA has partnered with the Aquitaine Entrepreneurial Campus (ECA) in order to access educational, training and support tools for business start-up or take-over. Education Networks Assistance Excellence in training Education at the heart of our success An optics-photonics-lasers training platform was created to structure and develop the Bordeaux training in that sector and to position it internationally.
  • 9. Innovation / Collaboration / Dissemination LAPHIA helped me financially and personally so that I could find the right contacts for my placement project at LOMA. I could focus on my research work, and not worry too much about practical issues of mobility. From the beginning I felt welcomed and supported, which motivated me to give my best. With my International Master’s Degree in Lasers, Materials Science and Interactions (MILMI), I was able to find a job in a prestigious company. My Bordeaux/Central Florida (USA) University double doctoral degree, which was supported by LAPHIA, allowed me to have a better position to apply for jobs. Mobility during a period of study is useful as much for personal development as it is for providing an attractive profile for industries. This double degree is a definite plus on my CV. Wendwesen Gebremichael, 2ndYear Master’s Degree at the Friedrich–Alexander Universität (Germany), LAPHIA intern Guillaume Guery, glass fibre engineer at Saint-Gobain I wanted to see how science was carried out beyond our borders. For me it was an opportunity to obtain an international diploma enabling me to meet researchers from around the world. LAPHIA helped me construct this project and avoid giving up when things got tough. Mathieu Chazot, 2nd Year Master’s student on a Bordeaux/Laval (Quebec) University double degree programme
  • 10. Passport project Combining our strengths! Join our community! Your generosity enables us to carry out research! This is to demonstrate feasibility in the laboratory. A boost to ensure research meets the requirements of the industrial world. Financial sponsorship: a donation is 60% tax deductible for businesses. Sponsorship in kind or skills, to allocate products or services for research. www.fondation.univ-bordeaux.fr Club members can take part in two key initiatives: Affiliate days Sponsoring a student Aquitaine Affiliate Club Sponsorship Innovative companies A cutting-edge sector, creator of wealth Research is preparation for tomorrow’s markets. Get involved! LAPHIA provides the“fuel”for technology transfer, via research projects and development. LAPHIA supports projects with potential for technological breakthroughs. Progress in optics and photonics plays an important role in many sectors of our society: aerospace, energy, automotive, communications, health, medical, etc.The results of research supported by LAPHIA make technological innovation possible, as well as development of new products and/or business creation.
  • 11. Innovation / Collaboration / Dissemination My project is to produce and sell laser machines for medical applications and tattoo removal. Through LAPHIA, a laser and health centre has been developed in Aquitaine. Actors with a variety of complementary skills need to meet around a table to drive research forward. This momentum in research has allowed me to start from scratch and I have been able to create a start-up business. Romain Royon, PhD student at the Intense Laser and Applications Centre (CELIA), business creator HiFretCancer is a project that aims to develop a very high resolution optical imaging technique for use in oncology. The long-term goal is to improve diagnosis and choices of treatment for patients. With the funding of a one year post- doctoral salary granted by LAPHIA, we have been able to test our method with cancer markers. This project great potential for development results from closer ties with a biotechnology company. It is an example of the richness of collaboration which can be fostered between research and industry. Laurent Cognet, researcher at the Laboratory for Photonics, Numerics and Nanosciences (LP2N) and coordinator of the HiFretCancer project
  • 12. LAPHIA www.otempora.com For more information laphia.labex.u-bordeaux.fr Contact info.laphia@u-bordeaux.fr This project has benefited from an aid of state, managed by the National Research Agency under the“Future Investments”program in the framework of the Bordeaux IdEx program wich the reference is ANR - n ° ANR-10-IDEX-03-02. Photocredit:LAPHIA/UniversityofBordeauxexceptfrontcover:Fotolia.com©SSilver-September2014