Global Warning Final

K.S.INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 1
Global Warning
You are Warned. You will be Warmed.
Ankush A Telkar (Author)
Mechanical
K S Institute of Technology
ankushtelkar@gmail.com
Adithya Pai U (Author)
Mechanical
adithyapaiu@gmail.com
D S Akshay (Author)
Mechanical
ds_akshay@yahoo.in
Abstract—rising smokes from chimneys’ of industrial power
plans sighted a huge risk to the nature as well as human species.
It can be seen as a risk to the safety of the planet. The objective
of this paper was to propose a human expert based approach to
global warming reduction management. Discussions regarding
the causes, effect and the solution devised to reduce global
warming have a key to the proposed solutions. Family based
reduction in the use of electricity is the starting step towards
lesser burning of coal energy fuels. The use of non conventional
fuels will help reduce pollution from exhaust of cars and two
wheelers. Tons of wastes can be reduced and significantly help
towards a global warming free world. Use of solar powered cars
working on entirely harvested energy and not that of combustion
of fuels inside is a step towards renewable energy based future.
Simulation results of both solutions devised demonstrated that
the proposed approach is capable of achieving realistic demand
curtailment and cost effective future which if looked into
individually can give India increased chances of attaining
pollution free country in the near future.
Keywords—warming; temperatures; surface; significant;
energy; global; world; India; electricity; consumption; solar;
renewable; reduction; humans.
I. INTRODUCTION
Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface
temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon
dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from
deforestation, which trap heat that would escape from Earth’s
surface. Greenhouse gases are a major concern in the high level
increase of global warming on earth. A gas that contributes to a
greenhouse effect by absorbing and reradiating infrared
radiations is known as a greenhouse gas. However even a slight
increase in atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and other
harmful gases can cause a significant increase in temperature.
Deforestation is the removal of a forest area which is then
converted to a non-forest use. It decreases the amount of
oxygen produced and carbon dioxide absorbed.
From ancient times people suspected that human activity
could change the climate. For example, in the 19th century
many Americans believed that cutting down forests brought
more rainfall to a region. But what caused these changes—was
it variations in the heat of the Sun? Volcanoes erupting clouds
of smoke? The raising and lowering of mountain ranges,
which diverted wind patterns and ocean currents? Or could it
be changes in the composition of the air itself?
As humanity burned fossil fuels such as coal, which added
carbon dioxide gas to the Earth’s atmosphere, we would raise
the planet’s average temperature. This “greenhouse effect”
was only one of many speculations about climate, and not the
most plausible. By the late 1970s global temperatures had
evidently begun to rise again. International panels of scientists
began to warn that the world should take active steps to cut
greenhouse gas emissions. Depending on what steps people
took to restrict emissions, by the end of the century we could
expect the planet’s average temperature to rise anywhere
between about 1.4 and 6°C (2.5 - 11°F).
Although only a small fraction of this warming had
happened so far, predicted effects are already becoming
visible in some regions, more deadly heat waves, rising sea
level, stronger floods and droughts, the spread of tropical
diseases and the decline of sensitive species. Fig. 1 below
shows the increasing global temperatures all over the world
Fig. 1 Graph Showing the Rise of Global Temperatures Since
1860
Present day global warming rises a lot of concerns as to
how longer can the earth survive the change of temperature
over years? With increasing water levels every day and high
alert on less rains in the dry regions of the world are raising
major questions on whether or not everyone concerned are

working towards the process of decreasing global warming
problems in nature. An annual survey of global temperatures
heat map happened in 2016, a result of which has been shown
below (Fig. 2) .All climatic changes are causing a high effect
on the world’s population and in turn causing panic amongst
the citizens of the world.
Fig. 2 Picture depicts World Temperatures as on January 2016
II. A NEED TO ACT RIGHT NOW
Scientific evidence over last few years indicates that an
increase in the global average temperature of more than 2°F
today poses severe risks to natural systems and human health
and well-being. To avoid this level of warming, we need to
reduce heat-trapping emissions by at least 80 percent below
2000 levels by 2050. Delay in taking such action will cause
situation to get worse and require much sharper cuts later,
which would likely be more difficult and costly.
A. Causes of Global Warming
Global warming is primarily a problem of excessive carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, which acts as a blanket,
trapping heat and warming the planet. As we continuously
burn fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas for energy or cut
down and burn forests to create pastures and plantations,
carbon accumulates and overloads our atmosphere.
Fig. 3 Pie Chart depicting Global Warming Emissions by
Economic Sectors in the Past Decade
Source: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
A few human causes contributing to the increase in global
warming are:-
 Increase in CO2 concentration
The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has
increased by about thirty percent. The population has
increased and this increase is proportional to
increases in fossil fuel combustion, electricity
generation, transportation, heating, and (human
caused) emissions. It is predicted by NASA research
that we’ll soon reach carbon dioxide concentrations
that haven’t been seen on Earth in the last 50 million
years, which is eventually leading to changes in the
Earth’s average surface temperature, which is really
proving fatal to human lives.
The graph proves to us the very concept of how
over the decades the amount of carbon dioxide
content in the atmosphere has changed which has
contributed to the increase in global warming all over
the world.
Fig. 4.Shows the rapid increase in the levels of
carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere. The more
the carbon dioxide in atmosphere, increased warming
occurs hence affecting the population as well as the
nature.
Fig. 4 Graph depicting the rise of CO2 over last few
centuries
 Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion is a phenomenon of thinning of
the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Ozone
depletion occurs when chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ,
found in aerosol spray cans and refrigerants,are
released into the atmosphere. These gases, through
chemical reactions, cause the ozone molecules to
break down, reducing ozone's ultraviolet (UV)
radiation-absorbing capacity. Reduce in this capacity
results in easier penetration of the UV rays into the
earth’s atmosphere. This can further cause harmful
effects on nature as well as human species. Fig. 5
shows the ozone levels all over the globe as per
survey in 2009.

.
Fig. 5 Ozone levels across the globe as on February
2009
 Deforestation
Forests are very human friendly, they clean the air as
they act as natural filters which remove and store
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Deforestation is
the removal of forest lands for the purpose of human
use and land occupying purpose. Deforestation
indirectly increases amounts of carbon in atmosphere,
as well as reduces the amount of carbon gas capture
on the earth.
 Methane and Nitrous oxide emissions from
agriculture, Arctic sea beds and factories
Methane is one of the greenhouse gases, which
causes global warming. When organic matter is
broken down by bacteria under oxygen-starved
conditions as in agricultural fields, methane is
produced. The process also takes place in the
intestines of herbivorous animals, and with the
increase in the amount of concentrated livestock
production, the levels of methane released into the
atmosphere is increasing.
Another source of methane is methane clathrate
(CH4·5.75H2O), a compound of large amounts of
methane trapped in the crystal structure of ice. As
methane escapes from the Arctic seabed, the rate of
global warming increases, accordingly.
 Aerosols present in the Atmosphere
Atmospheric aerosols are able to alter the climate in
two important ways. They scatter and absorb solar
and infra-red radiation. They may change the micro-
physical and chemical properties of clouds and
possibly their lifetime and extent. This can be
explained as follows, scattering of solar radiation acts
to cool the planet, while the absorption of solar
radiation by aerosols warms the air directly instead of
absorption of sunlight from the surface of the Earth.
The human contributions to the amount of aerosols in
the atmosphere are: Burning of Biomass produces a
combination of organic droplets. A schematic
representation of which has been shown in Fig. 6.
Exhaust emissions from transport generate pollutants
that are either aerosols from the outset, or are
converted by chemical reactions in the atmosphere to
aerosols.
Fig. 6 Picture Depicts Aerosol contaminating Our
Atmosphere
 Burning of Fossil Fuels
Each time a fossil fuel burns, carbon dioxide levels in
the atmosphere increase. As we know carbon dioxide
absorbs infra-red energy emitted from the earth’s
surface, preventing it from returning to space. Coal is
the largest producer of carbon dioxide emissions.
Therefore countries across the world want to switch
to nuclear power plants.
Every tiny percent of the other harmful gases
released due to the burning of fossil fuels contributes
to an increase in global warming as well as affects
the human population, raising major concerns across
the world. Fig. 7 below shows the fumes rising from
a factory.
Fig. 7 Burning of Fossil Fuel causes Fumes which
are being left into the atmosphere
 Mining Activities
Mining oil, coal and other mineral products
underlying in deep beds allow methane, a greenhouse

gas, to escape from the earth. Disturbing the soil,
stored gases make their way into the environment.
 Population Expansion
As the population on Earth increases, food and
housing demands along with other basic necessities
also increase. The cutting down of forests to make
space for housing and other buildings accounts for
close to 11-12 % of carbon emissions.
Fig.8 shown below depicts the population increase in
the world over decades. The more the population, the
more is the demand for oxygen, land and other
resources. Hence to meet all these demands,
resources are utilized due to which carbon content
increases, thus leading to global warming rise in the
world.
Fig. 8 Graph depicting the Rise in population over centuries
B. Effects of Global Warming on the Planet.
Climate change has brought about possibly
permanent alterations to our planet’s geological, biological
and ecological systems. These changes have led to the
emergence of large scale environmental hazards to human
health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that
160,000 deaths, since 1950, are directly attributable to climate
change. Many believe this to be a conservative estimate.
Human impacts can be both negative and positive. Climatic
changes in Siberia, for instance, are expected to improve food
production and local economic activity, at least in the short to
medium term. Numerous studies suggest, however, that
the current and future impacts of climate change on human
society are and will continue to be overwhelmingly negative.
 Melting of Glaciers: The melting of glaciers will
create a plethora of problems for human kind and the
animals living on the earth. Due to increased global
warming, the level of the sea will rise which will
lead to flooding and this will in turn create havoc in
human life. Apart from raising the sea levels, it will
also endanger several species of animals and thus
will hamper the balance of the ecosystem. Areas in
the Arctic are diminishing and flowing into major
oceans. Fig. 9 depicts a cumulative volume change
in the amount of glaciers in 160 years. Rising
temperatures create a much accelerated threat to
wildlife and whole ecosystems in these regions. With
glaciers melting at vast rates, a chain of events is
being set into motion that cannot be reversed.
Fig. 9 Graph depicting Global Glacier Cumulative
Volume Change.
 Climate Change: Irregular weather patterns have
already started showing results. Increased
precipitation in the form of rain has already been
noticed in polar and sub-polar regions. More global
warming will lead to more evaporation which will
cause more rains. Animals and plants cannot easily
adapt to increased rainfall. Plants may die and
animals may migrate to other areas, which can cause
entire ecosystem out of balance.
El Nino is a climate pattern that describes the
unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern
tropical Pacific Ocean. El Nino can lead to drastic,
though temporary, changes in the environment such
as temperature fluctuations and flash floods. In
addition, with global warming, there has been a
marked trend towards more variable and anomalous
weather. This has led to an increase in the number
and severity of extreme weather events. This trend
towards more variability and fluctuation is perhaps
more important, in terms of its impact on human
health, than that of a gradual and long-term trend
towards higher average temperature

Fig.10 the El Nino Phenomenon.
 Higher sea levels: The Polar Regions are particularly
vulnerable to a warming atmosphere. Average
temperatures in the Arctic are rising twice as fast as
they are elsewhere on earth, and the world's ice
sheets are melting fast. This not only has grave
consequences for the region's people, wildlife, and
plants; its most serious impact may be on rising sea
levels. By 2100, as shown in Fig. 11,it's estimated
that our oceans will be one to four feet higher,
threatening coastal systems and low-lying areas,
In Mumbai we have seen floods during the rainy
season, the main reason behind it being the increased
sea levels which fill even more with continuous rains
in the rainy season. A lot of lives have been lost due
to floods in India. The shorelines of many coastal
cities have been pulled back due to rising sea levels.
Fig.11 Graph Depicting the Rise of Sea Level over
the Years
 Heat Waves: Heat waves cause dangerously hot
weather and in recent years, more deaths have
occurred due to heat waves than in the last sixty
years. A prediction for the future years (Fig. 12)
doesn’t seem really good for our next generation.
Fig.12 Predicted Heat Waves in the Upcoming
Years.
 Air Quality: As more chain of events is set in
motion, air quality will continue to get worse. As bad
as it is now in some areas in the world, multiply that
by a million. Air quality has seen a rapid change in
its constituents of polluting gases (Fig. 13) over a
period of time. This is due to the increasing human
activity which has reached limits that even the nature
cannot withstand anymore. Each time there is even a
0.01% change in constituent of any gas, global
warming increases by a 10 % of that increase. Hence
as per statistics to reduce the chances of increase,
human activity must reduce and usage of less
polluting resources must increase.
Fig. 13 Amounts of Atmosphere Contaminants

C. Solutions to Global Warming
Fig. 14
There is no single solution to global warming, which is
primarily a problem of high concentration of heat-trapping
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide in the
atmosphere. Fig. 14 is a popular poster on the internet
requesting us to save our mother earth.
The technologies and approaches outlined below are all
needed to bring down the emissions of these gases by at least
80 percent by mid-century. Various solutions to reduce global
warming are discussed below
 Boosting energy efficiency: The energy used to
power, heat, and cool our homes, offices, and
industries is the single largest contributor to global
warming. Energy efficiency technologies allow us to
use less energy to get the same or higher level of
production, service, and comfort. This approach has
vast potential to save both energy and money, and
can be deployed quickly.
 Greening transportation: The transportation sector's
emissions have increased at a faster rate than any
other energy-using sector over the past decade. A
variety of solutions are at hand, including improving
efficiency (miles per gallon) in all modes of
transport, switching to low-carbon fuels, and
reducing vehicle miles travelled through smart
growth and more efficient mass transportation
systems.
 Revving up renewables: Renewable energy sources
such as solar, wind, geothermal and bioenergy are
available around the world. Multiple studies have
shown that renewable energy has the technical
potential to meet the vast majority of our energy
needs. Renewable technologies can be deployed
quickly, are increasingly cost-effective, and create
jobs while reducing pollution.
 Phasing out fossil fuel electricity: Dramatically
reducing our use of fossil fuels, especially carbon-
intensive coal, is essential to tackle climate change.
There are many ways to begin this process. Key
action steps include: not building any new coal-
burning power plants, initiating a phased shutdown of
coal plants starting with the oldest and dirtiest, and
capturing and storing carbon emissions from power
plants. While it may sound like science fiction, the
technology exists to store carbon emissions
underground. This technology has not been deployed
on a large scale or proven to be safe and permanent,
but it has been demonstrated in other contexts such as
oil and natural gas recovery. Demonstration projects
to test the viability and costs of this technology for
power plant emissions are worth pursuing.
 Managing forests and agriculture: Taken together,
tropical deforestation and emissions from agriculture
represent nearly 30 percent of the world's heat-
trapping emissions. We can Fig.ht global warming by
reducing emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation and by making our food production
practices more sustainable.
 Developing and deploying new low-carbon and
zero-carbon technologies: Research and
development of the next generation of low-carbon
technologies will be critical to deep mid-century
reductions in global emissions. Current research on
battery technology, new materials for solar cells,
harnessing energy from novel sources like bacteria
and algae, and other innovative areas could provide
important breakthroughs.
Below picture is an animated version of what actually
happens in the atmosphere.
Fig. 15

III. METHODOLOGIES
It’s high time for a change and that change should be right
now. With each going day we are probably cutting down the
life of earth and we ,as citizens of the world, have a task in our
hands to control it. Here are our solutions to control the global
warming situation in India.
A. Save Electricity, Stop burning coal.
We suggest a solution to reduce the amount of electricity
being consumed by individuals and families which will
contribute to help in decreasing global warming. Since
electricity plays an important role in everybody’s livelihood, it
is essential that we try to save as much energy as possible so
that our future generations may look forward to a better living.
Fig. 16 Graph depicting the rise in need for electricity in India
Above graph (Fig. 16) depicts the consumption rates over a
period of 11 plans on electricity since independence. As we
can observe in the graph the need has been growing which
further implies that more amount of fossil fuels are being
burnt to meet these energy requirements.
A statistical approach to the current situation shows us the fact
that a lot of coal is being burnt in order to produce electricity
to the entire country. Table 1 depicts the consumption of
various sources of fuel used to produce electricity in India.
TABLE 1: Consumption of Different sources to produce electricity
Sources Capacity (MWh) % used
Coal 164635.88 61.51
Hydroelectricity 41267.43 15.41
Renewable energy source 31692.14 11.84
Natural gas 23062.15 8.61
Nuclear 5780.00 2.16
Oil 1199.75 0.44
Total 267637.35
We as engineers suggest a solution to decrease consumption
rates by at least 10% of the original usage in India.
 Let’s assume an average home of 4 people consume
200units per month. Whereas their actual
consumption without wasting power unnecessarily
would be 150units. We propose to reduce the excess
50 units consumed by imposing certain limits to
consumption.
 Depending on the number of people and the size of
the house the central government or the state
government can impose a limit on number of units of
electricity that the house can consume. If the limit is
exceeded then we suggest the power to be cut or
certain penalties be imposed on the family.
 This proposal will ensure that the power isn’t
unnecessarily being wasted as well people will be
more careful and aware of how much electricity to
consume.
 If any requirement of excess of power is needed by
the family certain procedures must be taken and paid
for ,to use it
 Our proposal for Rich people in India, who consume
a lot of electricity, is that they need to pay 3 times the
actual cost for every extra unit of power consumed.
There might be a lot of problems trying to implement
this rule but, even 1% of saving will result in
significant reduction of global warming.
We did a research on our solution and our results are as
stated below:-
Let us assume one house in an area occupied by 4 people
consumes a total of 200kWh of power in a month. We already
know that so much of power is being wasted due to lack of
importance shown towards conserving energy. Now we
suggest that by saving the wasted power we can contribute
towards the reduction of global warming.
Actual situation Figures:-
One house consumption per month =200kWh
500 houses in the locality = 100000kWh
In an entire year the locality will consume = 1200000kWh
Let’s consider a state has 40 localities, i.e. a total of 2000
houses in all .Hence
The consumption of one state in a year is =48000000kWh
For 29 states in India the total consumption would be
= 1392*103
MWh
Let’s assume that 592*103
MWh is being produced by
renewable energy resources such as hydal energy or wind
energy
Total consumption in India per year = 800*103
MWh
Seeing the above approximately calculated Figures, it is clear
that a lot of coal is burnt to produce such a high amount of
power. The table 1 we mentioned before proved this point.

If our solution is to cut down, the power consumption per
house, to 150kWh. Therefore our approximated Figures are:-
One house consumption per month = 150kWh
500 houses in the locality = 75000kWh
In an entire year the locality will consume = 900000kWh
Let’s consider a state has 40 localities, i.e. a total of 2000
houses in all.
Hence the consumption of one state in a year is
=36000000kWh
For 29 states in India the total consumption would be
= 1044*103
MWh
Let’s assume that 592*103
MWh is being produced by
renewable energy resources such as hydal energy or wind
energy
Total consumption in India per year = 452*103
MWh
Hence percentage reduction would be: -
= (actual – our Figures)/ actual
= 43.5%
This is an approximate and unpredicted calculation we have
assumed to put forth our theory. Just with assumed number of
houses if 43.5% is the total reduction in consumption then
imagine how much would it be in actual use?
Our solution proves to the point that limiting use of electricity
per house in India will provide a significant reduction in
burning of coal and thus decrease a major cause to global
warming around the world. Switching to non conventional
energy routines to power our daily lives is another solution.
Though our solution is farfetched we must look to utilize our
renewable resources better.
B. Solar Powered Car- A Future to Lower Pollution Levels
Our next proposed solution is the use of low cost, highly
efficient SOLAR POWERED CARS. This solution is to tackle
the high usage of petrol and diesel to run the engine cars on
road. The engine cars which run in India right now are not fuel
efficient also they release a lot of gases out into the nature
upon consumption. This release is causing air pollution i.e.
contaminating the air with harmful gases which contribute to
global warming process.
Solar powered cars work on renewable energy i.e. the
Sun’s radiation. To reduce air pollution in India we suggest
the use of solar powered cars to run. There are running talks
about the use of bicycles and also carpooling in Indian cities
recently. But we the people of this country aren’t showing a
good response as a family doesn’t find it comfortable to use
bicycles to go on a family trip and hence opt to go on a car.
Fuel run cars or 4-wheelers are the most used transport
vehicles in India. A lot of pollution is caused due to
combustion of fuels by running the cars. According to
statistics as provided, India stands 4th
in the largest
contributors to air pollution in the world only after USA,
China and Russia.
A Solar car is a 4 wheeler transport device which runs on solar
energy harvested from the Sun. Prototypes of this design have
been all over the internet lately. In India this solution hasn’t
been implemented that well, sole reason behind this is that it’s
not feasible in the night as well the prices are way too high.
Below Fig.17 is the block diagram of working of a solar car
Fig. 17 Block Diagram of a Solar Car
A solar powered vehicle can only run efficiently when the
sun shines, although most vehicles of this type have a battery
backup. Electricity is stored in the batteries when the Sun is
shining and this power can be used when sun light is restricted
(cloudy). Solar cars can accomplish this through photovoltaic
cells (PVC). PVCs are the components in solar paneling that
convert the sun's energy to electricity.
They're made up of semiconductors, usually made of silicon,
that absorb the light. The sunlight's energy then frees electrons
in the semiconductors, creating a flow of electrons. That flow
generates the electricity that powers the battery or the
specialized car motor in solar cars.
Fig. 18 A Basic Prototype of a Solar Car

The above prototype is a highly efficient solar car but it is
costly as per resources. To reduce this cost we designed an
idea to use less number but high quality solar panels on the car
which can harvest as much energy from the Sun that 15 panels
can.
Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the Sun's rays
as a source of energy for generating electricity or heat.
A photovoltaic (in short PV) module is a packaged; connect
assembly of typically 6×10 solar cells. Solar Photovoltaic
panels constitute the solar array of a photovoltaic system that
generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and
residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output
power under standard test conditions, and typically ranges
from 100 to 365 watts. The efficiency of a module determines
the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8%
efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16%
efficient 230 watt module.
According to our calculations
Let’s say a family is using a swift dzire at their house with a
fuel capacity of 40ltr and mileage is 15kms per liter. If a
person has to travel 30kms up and down for work every day
nearly 2ltrs of fuel is needed per day which implies that he
needs 60ltrs of petrol for a month. The total expense would
sum to 3900Rs.
Use of a solar car would mean this fuel expense is cut down
and hence the money is saved. Buying of a solar car will be a
onetime investment giving the user a huge profit. This solution
has been explained by a USA consumer below
If this above situation is dealt with by our central government,
in 3 years we might see a complete reduction in the use of fuel
powered cars in India, thus we will contribute to decrease in
global warming.
Even a 0.1% reduction is air pollution in India would mean a
significant decrease of global warming.
Our devised technical solution aims at reducing pollution
levels in India which in turn will reduce global warming. Our
solution stands by with a promise to reduce the pollution
levels in India if effectively used and implemented.
Solar power is the future of energy in the world. Hence we
urge the usage of more and more of renewable energy
resources that can be used forever.
CONCLUSION
Every 10kwh of energy saved can reduce the global warming
situation by up to 0.1%. Even 0.1% of reduction matters when
we look at it from a worldwide view. Complete elimination
might be a tough task in our hands but helping in reducing the
same can contribute a lot to help decrease it. The usage of
renewable energy resources is a farfetched idea but still with
continuous research going on it may be in the very near future
that we see such resources coming into use.
Hence until then we must urge the citizens of the world to
save as much energy as possible. Let’s come together and save
our earth from this problem. Being one of the contemporary
world's problems, global warming is a complex phenomenon
with unavoidable immediate and long-term effects on human
health. Climate change through heat waves, cold days, or
extreme weather adversely affects health.
Global warming is expected to influence human health either
directly - through the physiological effects of heat and cold, or
indirectly - by means of changes in human behavior or
increases in food-borne disease transmission.
Hence we conclude this paper by saying Global warming is a
disease lets work for our future by joining hands and help
eradicate it.
Fig. 19 Save earth, save yourself

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by K.S.Institute of Technology,
Bangalore. We thank our Principal Dr.K.Govindaraju and
Head of the Department for Mechanical Engineering
Dr.K.R.Narasimha, who provided insight and expertise that
greatly assisted the research, and provided us with valuable
inputs to our research.
We thank Professor K.Prasad, Mechanical Engineering
Department, for assistance with a review of the paper, and
Professor M.Balaji for comments that greatly improved the
manuscript.
We would also like to show our gratitude to JSS College of
Engineering for providing us a platform to put up our ideas
and papers. We are also immensely grateful to Professor
L.Nirmala, KSIT, Professor Muralidhar K S, KSIT and
Professor Girish T R, KSIT, for their comments on an earlier
version of the manuscript, although any errors are our own and
should not tarnish the reputations of these esteemed persons
Finally, we would also like to thank our parents and friends
for their unlimited support to our research which helped us to
finish this paper on time
REFERENCES
[1] Pizer, William, 1997. "Optimal Choice of Policy Instrument and
Stringency Under Uncertainty: The Case of Climate Change,"
Discussion Papers dp-97-17, Resources for the Future.
[2] Olav Hohmeyer, 2005. "Die Abschätzung der Kosten des
anthropogenen Treibhauseffekts: dominieren normative Setzungen
die Ergebnisse?," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung /
Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German
Institute for Economic Research, vol. 74(2), pages 164-168.
[3] W. J. McKibbin & T. J. Bok, "The Impact on the Asia-Pacific
Region of Fiscal Policy of the United States and Japan,"
Discussion Papers 120, Brookings Institution International
Economics.
[4] McKibbin, W.J. & Bok, T.J., 1995. "The Impact on the Asia-
Pacific Region of Fiscal Policy in the United States and Japan,"
Papers 120, Brookings Institution - Working Papers.
[5] Matthias Schmidt & Hermann Held & Elmar Kriegler &
Alexander Lorenz, 2013. "Climate Policy under Uncertain and
Heterogeneous Climate Damages," Environmental & Resource
Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource
Economists, vol. 54(1), pages 79-99, January.
[6] Gollier, Christian, 2012. "Evaluation of long-dated investments
under uncertain growth trend, volatility and catastrophes," IDEI
Working Papers 754, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI),
Toulouse, revised Sep 2015.
[7] P.B.Nagraj, a textbook on energy engineering edition 2016.

Global Warning Final

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (15)

Similar to Global Warning Final

Similar to Global Warning Final (20)

Global Warning Final