This is a lecture on environment science.

1. Lecture #1
Environmental Problems,
Their Causes and Sustainability
EV10003: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
13 & 20 Mar 2023
Dr. Aditya Kumar Patra
Department of Mining Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
E-mail: akpatra@mining.iitkgp.ac.in

2. Global environmental issues

3. Causes of modern environmental concerns

4. Overpopulation

5. Exponential population growth
 World population will reach 8.1 billion in 2025, by mid-century it will top 9.5 billion
and is predicted to reach nearly 10 billion by 2100.
Mid-18th Century
under 800 million
Current over
7.6 billion
8 billion
by 2025
9 billion
by 2040
11 billion
by 2100

6. OVERPOPULATION - ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
1. Air Pollution 2. Land Degradation
SOURCE : Rick Leblanc - https://www.thebalancesmb.com Image 2 - https://www.aljazeera.com
Image 1 - https://www.nationalgeographic.com Image 3 - https://group21environment.wordpress.com

7. 3.Water Contamination 4. Global Warming & Climate change
5. Deforestation & Soil Erosion 6 .Overconsumption of Resources
SOLUTIONS
• Read, educate yourself
about population issues
• Reduce your personal
consumption
• Raise awareness about
overpopulation
SOURCE : Image 1 - http://ririryandrigeography.blogspot.com Image 2 - https://climate.nasa.gov
Image 3 - https://biodiversityrevolution.wordpress.com Image 4 - http://landdegredationassignment.weebly.com
https://mahb.stanford.edu
OVERPOPULATION - ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

8. Overpopulation: Why does it matter?
 A sharply increasing population, especially in urban areas, alongside strong economic
growth, has resulted in a rising demand for natural resources, including food, water and
energy.

9. Overconsumption

10. Affluenza
 Affluenza is the unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and
materialism exhibited in the lifestyles of affluent consumers in the
developed countries.
 Many consumers in developed countries have become addicted to
buying more and more stuff in their search for fulfilment and
happiness.
 Inability for an individual to understand the consequences of their
actions because of their social status and/or financial privilege.

11. Lifestyles of many affluent
consumers
High levels of consumption
and unnecessary waste of
resources
It takes about 27 tractor-trailer loads of
resources per year to support one
American, or 7.9 billion truckloads per
year to support the entire US
population
FACT
Result
The average environmental impact per person, in
the United States is much larger than the average
impact per person in developing countries
SOURCE : Living in the Environment -G. Tyler Miller, Jr., Scott E. Spoolman
https://www.investopedia.com/
AFFLUENZA

12. Affluence has harmful and beneficial effects
 Affluence have harmful environmental impact due to
 high levels of consumption.
 high levels of pollution.
 unnecessary waste of resources.
 Affluence can, however, provide funding for developing
technologies to reduce
 pollution.
 environmental degradation.
 resource waste.

13. Comparison of Developed and Developing Countries, 2008
SOURCE : Living in the Environment -G. Tyler Miller, Jr., Scott E. Spoolman
ILL EFFECTS OF AFFLUENZA

14. Overconsumption of limited resources

15. Poverty

16. Poverty
 Occurs when people are unable to meet their basic needs for adequate food,
water, shelter, health, and education.
 Many of the world’s poor do not have access to the basic necessities for a
healthy, productive, and decent life.

17. Harmful Results Of Poverty
POVERTY
Depletion and Degradation of
forests, soil, grasslands,
fisheries, and wildlife, at an
ever-increasing rate.
Desperate for short-
term survival
Not worrying about
long-term environmental
quality or sustainability.
More misery, Survival
more uncertain!!!
SOURCE : Living in the Environment -G. Tyler Miller, Jr., Scott E. Spoolman
Image 1 - https://www.iberdrola.com, Image 2 - https://theconversation.com, Image 3 - https://www.pambazuka.org
POVERTY

18. Poverty has many harmful effects
Poor people
focused on
getting enough
food, water, and
fuel for day to
day survival.
Degenerate forests,
soil, grasslands, and
wildlife leading to
environmental
degradation.
Degraded
environment further
impoverishes
the poor.
 Poverty and environment are linked in a downward spiral; poor people are forced to
overuse environmental resources to survive from day to day, and their impoverishment
of their environment further impoverishes them, making their survival ever more difficult
and uncertain.

19. Earth’s ability to sustain humanity’s existence is linked to
the planet’s productivity and its biological capacity.
This does not only refer to the resources that humans
consume, but also nature’s capability to absorb and
regenerate the waste that we produce.
With a still growing population as well as an increasing use
of natural resources, biocapacity is under constant
pressure.
On a sustainable planet, all of humanity would only use the
resources and produces waste at a level that does not
deplete nature.
Earth’s Biocapacity

20. The ecological footprint, measured in global hectares (gha)
for the average biological productivity in a given year allows
to put the actual global hectares that are consumed (and
wasted) into the context of the existing biocapacity.
With changing consumption patterns and population
developments, the gap between these two has been
growing constantly and exceeds the biosphere’s
regenerative capacity.
Ecological footprint

21. Ecological footprint
MEASURES
how fast we consume resources and generate waste
Energy Settlement Timber & paper Food & fiber Seafood
COMPARED TO
how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate new resources
Carbon footprint Built-up land Forest Cropland & pasture Fishing grounds

22. Components of ecological footprint
The Ecological Footprint
measures the biological
productive area that people
need for provision of renewable
resources, occupy with
infrastructure, or require for
absorption of CO2 waste, using
global hectare (gha) as the unit
of measurement. What are the
components of the footprint?
GRAZING LAND
Represents the amount of grazing land
used to raise livestock for meat, dairy,
hide and wool products.
FOREST
Represents the amount of forest required
to supply timber products, pulp
and fuel wood.
CARBON
Represents the amount of forest land that
could sequester CO2 emissions from the
burning of fossil fuels.
BUILT-UP LAND
Represents the amount of land covered
by human infrastructure, including
transportation, housing, industrial
structures and reservoirs for hydropower.
CROPLAND
Represents the area used to grow crops
for food and fibre for human consumption
as well as the area for animal feed.
FISHING GROUNDS
Calculated from the estimated primary
production required to support the fish
and seafood caught.

23. Ecological Footprint per Capita 2019
Source: www.worldmapper.org
This map shows this overconsumption from the perspective of the world’s population, visualising the extent to which
people overuse the world’s natural resources colour coded by multiples of the carrying capacity of the planet in 2019.

24. Our resources are limited...and it matters!
Earth offers many natural
resources that help us to live.
Some of them are essential for
our survival while most are used
for satisfying our needs.
Renewable
Replenished in days to several hundred
years through natural processes as long
as it is not used up faster than it is
renewed.
e.g., solar energy, air, water, soil,
plants.
Non-Renewable
Exist in a fixed quantity in the Earth’s
crust and can be depleted much faster
when their rate of consumption exceeds
the rate than they are formed.
e.g., coal, oil, metals, non-metals.
Ecological footprint has global consequences

25. Overstepping ourselves
 In 2008, humanity’s total, or global, ecological footprint was at least 30% higher than the
Earth’s ecological capacity and is projected to be twice the planet’s ecological capacity by
around 2035.
 The date when humanity’s demand for ecological resources and services in a given year
exceeds what the Earth can regenerate in that year marks the Earth Overshoot Day. For the
rest of the year, we are maintaining our ecological deficit by drawing down local resource
stocks and accumulating carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

27. In 2019, Earth overshoot day was 29th July.
In 2020, there was 9.3% reduction in the global ecological footprint compared to the same
period last year.
Main drivers
carbon foot print - reduced by 14.5% (compared to 2019)
forest product foot print - reduced by 8.4% (compared to 2019)
COVID-19 and Earth overshoot day
Source: Global Footprint Network
Carbon footprint
Forest product footprint Food footprint
Result: Earth overshoot day on 2020 – 22 August (+ 24 days, as compared to 2019)

32. Earth overshoot day
Resource demand within the
Earth’s biocapacity
Resource demand exceeds
the Earth’s biocapacity

34. Overstepping ourselves

36. GEP is the total value of final ecosystem goods and services supplied
to human well-being in given region annually, like a county, a
province, or a country.
GEP is a measure of the aggregate monetary value of ecosystem-
related goods and services.
It is considered as the product and service value that the ecosystem
provides for human welfare, economic and socially sustainable
development including provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem
services.
GDP vs GEP?
According to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of
the United States of America, GEP and GDP measure different things.
GEP counts the value of inputs from nature but not the entire value of
all final goods and services in an economy, while GDP includes many
final goods and services not counted in GEP.
Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP)

37. 1- It can be applied as a scientific basis for Eco-compensation
and public financial transfers.
2- It can be applied to measure the status of ecosystem
services, an important indicator of sustainable development.
3- It can also be used to measure the progress of eco-
civilization.
4- It can help assess the impact of anthropological pressure on
our ecosystem and natural resources.
Gross Ecosystem Product (GEP)

38. Ecosystem Assets
Ecosystem Assets are the natural resources that produce and provide
ecological goods and services.
• Natural Ecosystem Assets
• Natural -Based Artificial Ecosystem Assets
• Wild fauna and flora resources

39. Gross economic-ecological product as an integrated
measure for ecological service and economic products.
Gross Economic Ecological Product

40. • A concept articulated by the British economist “William Forster
Lloyd” in 1833 and later by human ecologist “Garrett Hardin” in
1968.
• It states that individuals acting independently and rationally
according to each’s self-interest behave contrary to the best
interests of the whole group by depleting some common resource.
TRAGEDY OF COMMONS

41. Tragedy of the commons
 A common-property or free-access resource, which is owned by no one but is
available to all users free of charge.
 Degradation occurs because the user reasons: “If I do not use it someone else
will. The little bit I use or pollute is not enough to matter.”
 Example: Nobody really owns the groundwater; it is technically up for grabs.
However, individual pumping of too much groundwater can result in the
exhaustion of the resource. Eventually, depletion by a few means depletion for
all. That is the ‘tragedy’.

42. What is COMMON ?
Natural resources not
owned by anyone
Resources are
available for all
Using it for
own self
interest
Tragedy of
Commons
How we can avoid “ Tragedy of commons ” ???
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
TRAGEDY OF COMMONS

43. TRAGEDY OF COMMON
https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/tim-kelly/tragedy-of-the-commons

44. TRAGEDY OF COMMON
Results
It is this logic that has led to the current situation in ocean
fisheries, the Amazon rain forest, and global climate change
Solution
Use shared renewable resources at rates well below their
estimated sustainable yields.
Convert open-access renewable resources to private ownership.

45. IPAT environmental impact model
I = P  A  T
Total Human Impact
Population
Affluence
Technology
 Proposed by Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren in the early 1970s, the IPAT model determines
the environmental impact of human activities.

46. IPAT environmental impact model

47. IPAT environmental impact model
One of the earliest attempts to describe the role of multiple factors
in determining environmental degradation was the IPAT equation.
It describes the multiplicative contribution of population (P),
affluence (A) and technology (T) to environmental impact (I).
Environmental impact (I) may be expressed in terms of resource
depletion or waste accumulation; population (P) refers to the size of
the human population; affluence (A) refers to the level of
consumption by that population; and technology (T) refers to the
processes used to obtain resources and transform them into useful
goods and wastes.
The formula was originally used to emphasize the contribution of a
growing global population on the environment, at a time when world
population was roughly half of what it is now. It continues to be
used with reference to population policy.

48. Environmental
impact may be
expressed in
terms of
resource
depletion or
waste
accumulation
I = P  A  T
Population
refers to the
size of the
human
population
Affluence refers
to the level of
consumption
by that
population
and wastes
Technology
refers to the
processes
used to obtain
resources and
transform
them into
useful goods
The IPAT equation

49. The IPAT equation
Watch this video for more on IPAT: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1haK55QKJ8

50. Environmental
impact of population
(I)
Developing Countries
Population (P)
Developed Countries
Consumption
per person
(affluence, A)
Technological impact
per unit of
consumption (T)
IPAT connections

51. IPAT equation expressed as the sum of three terms,
each corresponding to a region of the globe:
I = P1 A1 T1 + P2 A2 T2 + P3 A3 T3
First World (#1)
Highly developed nations
(USA, Canada, Europe,
Japan, SE Asia)
Second World (#2)
Transition nations
(BRIC: Brazil, Russia,
India & China; Mexico)
Third World (#3)
Poor nations
Very little
affluence, some
dirty technology
(T3) and high
population (P3)
Diverse world economy and IPAT
Relatively clean
technologies and
stable population;
problem is
affluence (A1)
Moderate
affluence but dirty
technologies (T2)
and, for some,
population (P2)

52. I = P  A  T
To lower impact:
1. Lower the consumers
2. Lower consumption
3. Produce green
Cause of the
problem
Cleaning
up
Reducing our environmental impact

53. I = P1 A1 T1 + P2 A2 T2 + P3 A3 T3
First World (#1)
Highly developed nations
(USA, Canada, Europe,
Japan, SE Asia)
Second World (#2)
Transition nations
(BRIC: Brazil, Russia,
India & China; Mexico)
Third World (#3)
Poor nations
Very little affluence,
some dirty technology
(T3) and high
population (P3)
Impact reduction and IPAT
Relatively clean
technologies and stable
population; problem is
affluence (A1)
Moderate affluence but
dirty technologies (T2) and,
for some, population (P2)
Affluent countries
could contribute most
by reducing their level
of consumption
Countries with moderate
affluence could make the
greatest contribution by
making their technologies
more efficient
Poorer countries
could contribute
most by reducing
their population
However, opportunities exist in most nations
to make improvements in all three factors

54. Excluding Environmental Costs

55. Excluding environmental costs from market prices
 Nature provides resources at no cost. Human activities degrade these resources but
do not pay the cost.
 Example:
 Timber companies pay the cost of clear-cutting forests but do not pay for the
resulting environmental degradation and loss of wildlife habitat.
 Fishing companies pay the costs of catching fish but do not pay for the depletion
of fish stocks.
 Taxes and fines aim to fix this problem but it is not enough.

56. Environmental viewpoints

57. Environmental viewpoints
 Environmental worldviews lie on a continuum running from more self- and human-
centered (center) to life-, biosphere- or earth-centered (outer rings).

58. Sustainable Development

59. Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Source : Ademovic, Naida. (2018). SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CONCRETE BRIDGES.

60. Sustainable development
 Sustainability is development that satisfies the needs of the present
without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing
the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and
social well-being.
 Sustainable development is a concept that appeared for the first time in
1987 with the publication of the Brundtland Report, warning of the
negative environmental consequences of economic growth and
globalization, which tried to find possible solutions to the problems
caused by industrialization and population growth.
 Many of the challenges facing humankind, such as climate change,
water scarcity, inequality and hunger, can only be resolved at a global
level and by promoting sustainable development: a commitment to
social progress, environmental balance and economic growth.

61. Need and Importance of Sustainable Development
Need for
Sustainable
Development
Over exploitation of resources
Scarcity of resources
Climate change
Increase in atmospheric
Temperature and extreme
weather events
Rising Sea-levels
Extinction threat to
small island nations
Food production needs to double over next 40
years at a time when almost 23% of world’s
agricultural land has been degraded
Nearly 2/3rd of world population will be
living in water scarce/stressed areas by 2025
One million species on
track of extinction
Decline of more than 60%
world’s marine fishes

62. Principle of sustainability
The 3 Pillars of Sustainability
 Environment/Planet
 Economics/ Profit
 Society/People
Mark Fedkin. Adopted from the University of Michigan Sustainability Assessment [Rodriguez et al., 2002]

63. Environmentally sustainable societies
Sustainable Society
• Energetically
Sustainable
Resource
Sustainable
Environmentally
Sustainable
Economically
Sustainable
Socially
Sustainable
• Power efficient
devices
• Use of renewable
energy
• Energy security
• Efficient
transportation
• Reduce,
Recycle, Reuse,
• Zero waste
generation
• Judicious use
• Waste
management
• Healthy living
environment
• Clean air and
water
• Reduce
environmental
impact
• Maintaining
biodiversity
• Long term
economic growth
and Economic
self-sufficiency
• Job security
• Technology
exchange
• Social equity
• Human and labour
rights
• Quality of life
• Diversity and
justice
• Population
stabilization

64. 2030 Agenda for sustainable development
As a part of a new sustainable development roadmap, the United Nations
approved the 2030 Agenda, which contains the Sustainable Development
Goals, a call to action to protect the planet and guarantee the global well-
being of people.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global
Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015.
This is A blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all by
2030.
It comprises of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and 169 targets.

65. 2030 Agenda for sustainable development
Background
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were born at the United Nations
Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012.
The SDGs replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which started a
global effort in 2000 to tackle the indignity of poverty.
For 15 years, the MDGs drove progress in several important areas: reducing
income poverty, providing much needed access to water and sanitation, driving
down child mortality and drastically improving maternal health.
Key MDG achievements
More than 1 billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty (since 1990)
Child mortality dropped by more than half (since 1990)
The number of out of school children has dropped by more than half (since 1990)
HIV/AIDS infections fell by almost 40 percent (since 2000)

66. 2030 Agenda for sustainable development
The SDGs coincided with two other historic agreement
The COP21 Paris Climate Conference, 2015
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Japan, 2015
These agreements provide a set of common standards and achievable
targets to reduce carbon emissions, manage the risks of climate
change and natural disasters, and to build back better after a crisis.
The SDGs are unique in that they cover issues that affect us all. They
reaffirm our international commitment to end poverty, permanently,
everywhere. They are ambitious in making sure no one is left behind.

67. 17
SDG
People
• End poverty
and hunger
• Dignity and
equality
Partnership
• Global
Partnership for
Sustainable
Development
Planet
• Protect the planet
from degradation
• Urgent action on
climate change
Prosperity
• economic, social
and technological
progress occurs in
harmony with
nature
Peace
• peaceful, just
and inclusive
societies which
are free from
fear and
violence.
2030 Agenda for sustainable development

68. Source: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/news/communications-material/

69. The Sustainable Development Goals are a call for action by all countries –
poor, rich and middle-income – to promote prosperity while protecting the
planet.
They recognize that ending poverty must go hand-in-hand with strategies
that build economic growth and address a range of social needs including
education, health, social protection, and job opportunities, while tackling
climate change and environmental protection.
The pandemic is an unprecedented wake-up call, laying bare deep
inequalities and exposing precisely the failures that are addressed in the
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement on
climate change.
The Sustainable Development Goals are vital for a recovery that leads to
greener, more inclusive economies, and stronger, more resilient societies.
17 Goals to Transform Our World
Source: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/

72. By 2030:
 Eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured
as people living on less than $1.25 a day
 Reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all
ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national
definitions
 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and
measures for all,
 Ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the
vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources
 Build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and
reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events
and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters
SDG Targets - Poverty

75. By 2030:
 End hunger
 Ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all
year round.
 End all forms of malnutrition
 Address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and
lactating women and older persons.
 Double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food
producers
 Ensure sustainable food production systems
 Implement resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and
production
SDG Targets - Hunger

76. Read summary and targets of all 17 Sustainable Development Goals
http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment

77. There are not many topics that unite the world, but since 2015 almost
every nation on the planet (196 countries and the EU) have backed the
Paris Agreement to limit global warming to between 1.5 oC and 2 oC by
2050.
These five feasible and effective climate solutions should give us reason
to hope.
5 possible climatic solutions

78. “Carbon taxes...and similar
arrangements to increase the price
of carbon are the single most
powerful and efficient tool to
reduce fossil fuel CO2 emissions,”
according to a 2019 International
Monetary Fund report.
From incentivising energy
producers to go ‘green’ by directly
taxing emissions to encouraging
more industries and households to
switch energy supply by making
renewables comparatively cheaper,
placing a tax on every ton of
greenhouse gas emission is simple
and effective.
Carbon tax

79. What’s more, the tax would generate
significant revenues, which can be
used to further address environmental
and eco-social issues.
For example, the US Congressional
Budget Office (CBO) estimated that a
USD25 per metric ton tax on CO2
emissions would not only reduce
emissions by 11% by 2028, but also
raise USD1 trillion.
40 national governments have so far
adopted some form of fiscal measure
– Sweden's carbon tax has cut
emissions by over a quarter in the
past 27 years, for instance, and it’s
time that others followed suit.
Carbon tax

80. Just as pilots use simulators to perfect their
flying techniques and train for emergency
procedures, so can climate scientists road-test
and perfect climate-fixing solutions.
Scientists can use computer simulations of the
planet’s complex climate system – from shifting
weather patterns to the changing ocean currents
– to run different scenarios in global, regional or
localised contexts to see what works best and
how to improve them.
Computer simulation

81. For example, as part of the Destination Earth initiative launched earlier this year
by the European Commission, a ‘digital twin’ of the Earth will be created. The
plan is to monitor climate developments, perform high-precision simulations,
improve our predictive capacities and ultimately support policy making and
implementation for mitigating climate change, such as strategic planning of solar
farms and food management.
Computer simulation
DestinE will:
 Support the prediction of both
natural disasters and man-
made environmental damage
with high precision.
 Enable the continuous and
accurate monitoring of the
health of the planet by focusing
on the effects of climate
change, for example on the
oceans, water, Earth’s ice
caps, land use etc.
 Allow us to better understand
the socio-economic effects of
climate change and the
occurrence of extreme natural
disasters.

82. Only 2% of the U.S.’s 280 million cars are electric, just 19% of the world’s energy
consumption is electric and around a quarter of EU households’ final energy
consumption is electric. The potential of electrification is vast.
Once deemed ‘dirty’ energy derived from fossil fuels, electrification now holds the key
to the sustainable decarbonisation of the energy system. As the world develops and
populations increase, energy demands will rise and therefore an affordable, efficient
and zero-carbon energy supply is vital for our daily lives.
Sourced from renewables, electricity will be needed to take on an increasing role in
worldwide transport, heating, cooling, industry and building construction.
Renewable electricity generation expected to grow from 25% to 85% of total
electricity production by 2050.
Electrification

83. As we move towards more sustainable production, the world of bio-products is entering the
mainstream. Instead of dumping 10 million tonnes of plastic into the oceans each year, we could be
creating bio-plastics with similar useful properties but made from natural materials like shells,
pineapple leaves and agricultural waste.
Take lignin, for example. A natural substance found in all plants, lignin is like nature’s glue and
makes an ideal fossil-fuel derived alternative for adhesives and resins. It also happens to be a by-
product of pulp production.
Yet, bio-composites are not merely plastic substitutes; they’re new desirable materials, too.
Materials that have never previously existed, such as combining wood cellulose with spider silk to
create a new substance with the toughness of wood and the elasticity of spider silk.
Plastics fundamentally changed the 20th century; bio-plastics can fundamentally change the 21st.
Alternatives to fossil-based materials

84. We all want to be more sustainable, but often our actions don’t match our
intentions. If only we could be nudged in the right direction. Well, that’s exactly what
behavioural scientists are trying to do.
Behavioural science is currently a hot topic in climate conversations as an effective
method to bridge the intention-action gap by making sustainability the default
option.
For instance, the UN has been devising behavioural science projects to achieve its
17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) since 2016, such as creating a
recycling app in Ecuador that connects citizens to local waste pickers. The result? A
700% increase in the amount of material delivered to waste pickers.
With governments and private companies able to use behavioural science to
positively impact the environment, the potential for transformative change is huge.
Behavioural changes

86. How can we live more sustainably?