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The-World-of-Plants.pdf
1. The World of Plants
Welcome to the fascinating world of plants. They are essential to life on
earth and come in many shapes, sizes, and colors. Let's take a closer look.
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2. Types of Plants
Woody
Woody plants have stiff, woody
stems and are typically trees or
shrubs. They can live for
hundreds or even thousands of
years like the giant redwoods.
Herbaceous
Herbaceous plants have soft,
flexible stems and usually die
back to the ground each year.
Flowers like orchids are an
example of herbaceous plants.
Succulents
Succulents like cacti have thick,
fleshy leaves or stems that store
water. They are well-adapted to
dry environments.
3. Plant Anatomy and Physiology
Leaves
Leaves are the primary site of photosynthesis
and gas exchange.
Stems
Stems provide support and transport water
and nutrients.
Roots
Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and
nutrients from the soil.
Flowers
Flowers attract pollinators and develop into
fruits and seeds.
4. Photosynthesis
1
Light Dependent Reactions
Light energy is converted into chemical
energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
2
Light Independent Reactions
Carbon dioxide is converted into glucose
using the ATP and NADPH produced in the
light-dependent reactions.
3
Pathways and Cycles
The Calvin cycle and C4 and CAM pathways are
adaptations to different environments.
5. Importance of Plants to Humans
Food
Plants provide us with essential
nutrients like vitamins, minerals,
and fiber.
Medicine
Many drugs are derived from
plant compounds. Plants like
lavender, chamomile, and
valerian are used for relaxation.
Materials
Wood, cotton, and other plant
fibers are used to make
clothing, paper, and furniture.
6. Threats to Plant Species
Deforestation
Forests are cleared for
agricultural and urban
development, causing
habitat loss and biodiversity
decline.
Invasive Species
Non-native plants can
outcompete and displace
native species, altering
ecosystems.
Pollution
Toxic chemicals like
pesticides and herbicides
can harm plants directly or
indirectly through soil and
water contamination.
7. Conservation Efforts
Propagation
Plants can be propagated
through seeds, cuttings, and
tissue culture to increase their
numbers.
Reforestation
Organizations like the Arbor Day
Foundation and National Forest
Foundation plant trees to
combat deforestation.
Ecological restoration
Restoration projects aim to
restore damaged ecosystems
and reintroduce native plant
species.
8. Future of Plant Research
1 Gene Editing
CRISPR technology can edit plant DNA to improve their traits and resistance to pests
and disease.
2 Vertical Farming
High-tech indoor farms use LED lights, hydroponics, and AI to grow crops more
efficiently, using less land and resources.
3 Food Security
Developing new plant varieties for different climates, improving crop yields, and
reducing food waste are critical for feeding a growing population.
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