Vasilikos master plan 2013 draft report

REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS
Prepared for Noble Energy International
on behalf of the
Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry and Tourism
MASTER PLAN OF THE VASILIKOS AREA
(UPDATE)
VOL 1
31 October 2013

Noble Energy International
Master Plan of the Vasilikos Area
NOTICE:
The Vasilikos Master Plan (the “Master Plan”) has been prepared
by Poten & Partners, Inc. (“Poten”) and ALA Planning Ltd. (“ALA”)
for the Government of the Republic of Cyprus and paid for by
Noble Energy International Ltd (“Noble Energy”) within the context
of the necessary planning in the area, in order to host an LNG
Plant.  Noble Energy has not participated in the preparation of the
Master Plan and it is not the work product of Noble Energy.

No representations or warranties, however, either expressed,
implied, or statutory are made by Poten, ALA or Noble Energy with
respect to the Master Plan, or any of the contents thereof,
including any representation or warranty with respect to (i) the
condition, quality or suitability of the land upon which the Facility
is intended to be constructed, (ii) the condition, quality, or
suitability of the architectural, engineering, or technical designs, or
(iii) any other information that is made available or communicated
herein.  Poten, ALA and Noble Energy furthermore disclaim any
representation or warranty, express or implied, of merchantability,
fitness for a particular purpose, conformity to models or samples of
materials of any equipment, or condition. In no event shall Poten,
ALA, Noble and/or any of their respective affiliates have any
liability to any party in connection with this Master Plan.

Poten & Partners
Report Prepared for Noble Energy International
on behalf of
Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry & Tourism

MASTER PLAN FOR THE VASILIKOS AREA
(UPDATE)

Contents

Volume 1 – The Master Plan for the Vasilikos Area: Report
Section Page
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1‐1
2. Terms of Reference .................................................................................................... 2‐1
3. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 3‐1
4. Characterisation of the Vasilikos area ........................................................................ 4‐1
5. Current establishments, activities & plans ................................................................. 5‐1
6. Safety, security & environment .................................................................................. 6‐1
7. Baseline Master Plan .................................................................................................. 7‐1
8. Master Plan Summary and Conclusions ..................................................................... 8‐1

Vol 2 – The Master Plan for the Vasilikos Area: Plans

Vasilikos Area Master Plan Update
1
Glossary
amsl Above mean sea level
BEMRS British East Mediterranean Relay
Station
Bgl,
b.g.l.
Below ground level
BLEVE Boiling liquid expanding vapour
explosion
BOD Basis of Design
CBM Conventional buoy mooring
CPA Cyprus Ports Authority
CPSCL Cyprus Petroleum Storage Company
Ltd
DC Direct current
DEFA Public Natural Gas Company (∆ΕΦΑ)
DFMR Department of Fisheries and Marine
Research
DLI Department of Labour Inspection
DSM Transmission System Operator for
Cyprus
DTPH Department of Town Planning and
Housing
EAC Electricity Authority of Cyprus
EC European Commission
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EU European Union
GOC Government of Cyprus
ha Hectare
HFO Heavy fuel oil
HV High voltage
ISPS
Code
International Ship and Port Facility
Security Code
JV Joint venture
km Kilometre
LNG Liquefied natural gas
LOA Length overall
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
M, m3
Metre, cubic metre
MECIT Ministry of Energy, Commerce,
Industry & Tourism
MOD Ministry of Defence
mt Metric tonne (1000 kg)
Mtpa Million tonnes per year
MW,
MWe
Megawatt (1000 kilowatts) of
electricity
MWth Megawatt thermal (heat)
NFPA National Fire Protection Agency (US)
nm Nautical mile
OHTL Overhead transmission lines
QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment
PIANC The World Association for
Waterborne Transport Infrastructure
(formerly the Permanent International
Association of Navigation
Congresses)
PSC Policy Statement for the Countryside
ro-ro Roll-on, roll-off loading or unloading
facility
SBA Sovereign Base Area
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
SPM Single Point Mooring
tdwt Tonnes deadweight, i.e. the carrying
capacity of a ship
TSO Transmission System Operator in
Cyprus, DSM
VCW Vassiliko Cement Works
VEC Vasilikos Energy Centre
VTTV VTT Vasilikos Ltd

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Section 1 Introduction
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Government of Cyprus expropriated land at Vasilikos in 2003 and 2008 for the construction of the
Vasilikos Energy Centre (VEC), which was to comprise an LNG regasification terminal to import LNG
and storage for white and black oil products. The policy to import gas would benefit EAC by eliminating
the need to retrofit flue gas desulphurization (FGD) at two oil-fired units at Vasilikos power station and
also by reducing CO2 emissions because the availability of natural gas would permit the construction of
more efficient gas-fired combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants.
The government commissioned a Master Plan for the Vasilikos area in 2009, which was based on an
onshore LNG import terminal by the coast east of the Vasilikos power station and oil products storage in
the north closer to the Larnaca-Limassol motorway. The strategic location of the Area and the
accessibility from the national road network is shown in Plan 1, Volume 2.
The original plans of the Cyprus Government for the design of the VEC have changed since the discovery
of natural gas. Noble Energy discovered gas in significant quantities in late 2011 in deepwater Block 12.
Recent results of the appraisal of the Aphrodite gas field indicate gross mean reserves of 5 trillion cubic
feet (Tcf), with a range of 3.6 to 6.0 Tcf. The Cyprus domestic market will consume some of this gas,
particularly for power generation where it would replace expensive fuel oil and gasoil, but the bulk would
need to be sold in international markets to make development of the field viable. Noble Energy and its
partner in Block 12, Israel’s Delek Group, signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Cyprus
government in June 2012 to develop a LNG liquefaction plant within the VEC site. The government
awarded Production Sharing Contracts for additional Blocks in early 2013 to consortia led by Total
(Blocks 10, 11) and Eni (Blocks 2, 3, 9).
Given the potential for further gas discoveries – the government has estimated 39 Tcf of possible gas
reserves offshore – this update of the 2009 Vasilikos Area Master Plan has to take account of the
additional space requirements to enable construction of several LNG liquefaction plants as well as
government policy to move hydrocarbon storage from Larnaca to Vasilikos.
1.2 STUDY TEAM
Poten & Partners has been engaged by Noble Energy to update the 2009 Master Plan, and has
subcontracted ALA Planning Partnership to provide local planning expertise and capability. ALA
Planning was co-author of the 2009 report. Poten & Partners is a consultant with specialized knowledge
and capability relating to natural gas and LNG, including extensive project development and energy
master planning experience.
1.2.1 Poten & Partners
Poten & Partners has been operating for more than 60 years, and while it originated as a ship broker it has
expanded into providing a range of commercial and consulting services related to supply, cargo trading,
and transportation of crude oil, petroleum products, condensates, naphtha, LPG, natural gas, & LNG,
chemicals, and chemical gases. The company currently employs 135 staff members and has offices in
New York, Houston, London, Athens, Perth, Singapore and Guangzhou.
Poten’s Natural Gas & LNG Consulting group provides consulting services to a wide range of natural gas
supply projects, buyers, lenders and other industry participants. With a full-time team of 35 natural gas

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and LNG professionals in London, New York, Houston and Perth (Australia), Poten has the largest LNG
advisory team in the world. Poten’s team consists of seasoned industry professionals who have been
involved in a majority of the world’s major LNG projects, and a large number of gas pipeline and
electricity projects. We are able to advise clients across strategic, technical, commercial and operational
levels.
1.2.1.1 Poten project team
Poten’s project team for the Vasilikos Area Master Plan includes the following:
James Briggs
An experienced senior consultant in the energy business, with a track record of developing major projects
internationally and a combination of in-depth, industry wide, technical knowledge and strategic
commercial vision. Extensive experience in project development, including preparation of Master Plans
for major hydrocarbon projects, financing and new technologies. Jim is based in Poten’s New York office
and leads Poten’s Natural Gas & LNG Consulting Group. Responsible for evaluation of technical and
safety aspects of hydrocarbon developments.
Captain Douglas Brown
Doug joined Poten & Partners in April 2013 as LNG Shipping Specialist. He spent over 40 years working
for BP in shipping, both as a serving ship’s officer up to the rank of Master and as a marine advisor to a
large number of LPG, LNG and offshore oil loading projects. He has also acted as Technical Adviser to
the Society of International Gas Tanker & Terminal Operators (SIGTTO) and had a major involvement in
the preparation of a number of LPG/LNG industry best practice publications, including Liquefied Gas
Handling Principles on Ships and in Terminals and LNG Operations in Port Areas. Doug was also
responsible for co-chairing a working group carrying out extensive revision to operational sections of the
IMO International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk.
Since joining Poten, Doug has already been involved in a number of high profile projects from the
Russian Arctic to Southern Africa and Australia. Responsible for marine aspects of the Master Plan.
J Blair MacIntyre
With nearly 45 years of experience in Shipping Technology and an extensive background in LNG, Blair
is responsible for development and implementation of technical aspects of shipping projects for Poten.
Responsible with Capt. Brown for marine aspects of the Master Plan.
Martin Massy
An engineering graduate from Cambridge University, Martin Massy has over 30 years experience
working in the energy industry. He has a practical engineering background in power generation,
especially coal-, oil- and gas-fired technologies and a wide range of experience in planning, restructuring
and privatization, power plant construction, project management, and consultancy. He has international
consulting experience in management, restructuring, privatisation, power generation and transmission
planning, and commercial agreements and analysis in the electricity and gas industries. Responsible for
Master Plan coordination and evaluation of electricity infrastructure.

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1.2.2 ALA Planning Partnership
1.2.2.1 Company Scope
ALA Planning Partnership is a multi-disciplinary consultancy based in Cyprus, providing full consultancy
services on Planning, Transport and Environmental issues. The company’s philosophy is to design and
undertake actions through an integrated approach with a focus on the fundamentals of sustainable
development. The company offers a full range of regional/strategic, town, environmental and transport
planning services in a responsible and highly professional manner, backed up by scientific expertise and
extensive experience. According to the specific needs of each project, professional experts are drawn
from a pool of external national and international associates specialising in a wide range of disciplines
such as coastal engineering, mining engineering, tourism, economics, ecology, architecture, geology,
chemistry, chemical engineering, marine biology, architecture, etc.
In the context of the current project, ALA Planning Partnership has been appointed by Poten & Partners
on behalf of Noble Energy, to provide Consulting Services with regard to the preparation of an up-to date
and comprehensive new Master Plan for the Vasilikos Area. In 2009 ALA Planning Partnership, in
collaboration with Wardell-Armstrong prepared a Master Plan of the Vasilikos Area that defined the
planning zones and land uses, mapped out the existing and planned transport infrastructure and other
basic infrastructure such as drinking water, sewage, electricity networks etc.
1.2.2.2 ALA Project Team
The Project Team of ALA comprised the following experts:
Anna Caramondani
Civil Engineer and Town and Regional Planner. Has done the Project Management on behalf of the ALA
Project Team and provided input on all issues involving land use and planning zones, committed and
other developments in the immediate and wider area and on land transport planning. Has organised and
attended a number of the meetings of the Project Team with all the relevant Government Departments and
other stake holders and kept records and minutes.
Dr. Achilleas Kalopedis‐Civil Engineer.
Has acted as the assistant Project Manager of the Project and provided input and coordination on all
issues concerning the existing and proposed basic infrastructure such as electricity, telecommunications,
drinking water, and sewage networks. Has organised and attended a number of the meetings of the
Project Team with all the relevant Government Departments and other stake holders and kept records and
minutes.
Michalis Michael‐Town and Regional Planner and GIS expert.
Has organised and supervised the collection of all the necessary data from various Government
Departments and other key stake holders and has prepared all the maps of the Project.
Demos Kyriakou‐Transport Engineer.
Has done all the work involving traffic counts, meetings with the Public Works Department and the
Department of Town Planning and Housing, has recorded the existing road network and prepared the plan
for the proposed road network of the immediate and wider area.

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Section 2 Terms of Reference
2.1 OBJECTIVES
The new Master Plan is required to record the existing facilities, examine their compatibility with the
proposed facilities and assist in the planning of the development of this area in such a way that both
current and future establishments operate in an efficient, cooperative, safe and environmentally sound
manner.
The overall objective is to offer a complete picture of the area and to examine whether the existing
facilities and the proposed future projects and general development of the area for the next 30 years will
be compatible with current facilities, based on risk, safety, security, environmental and social
consideration. The Master Plan of the Vasilikos area will constitute a tool for the optimum development
of the entire area within the time horizon of the next 30 years.
The Master Plan will evaluate and make recommendations to ensure the safety, security – including the
possibility of a terrorist attack or a severe natural disaster (e.g. seismic activity, tsunami, extreme climate
conditions) – and environmental compatibility of the future developments, especially the LNG plants and
Cyprus operational and strategic stocks.
It should be noted that the level of detail of the proposed Master Plan concerning the proposals for
Planning Zones and other proposed facilities such as the compressor station do not always follow the
boundaries of specific plots. These refinements can be made by the appropriate Authorities after the
Master Plan is approved. The road layout is also a diagrammatic proposal which took into account
constraints such as contours and major existing uses but it will need refinement and detailed drawing after
the approval of the Master Plan.
2.2 STUDY AREA
The area under study is the greater Vasilikos Area located on the south coast of Cyprus, approximately
25 km east of the town of Limassol, 30 km southwest of the town of Larnaca and 40 km south of the
island’s capital city, Nicosia.
The Study Area of the current Master Plan as specified by the Ministry of Energy, Commerce, Industry
and Tourism (MECIT) in 2013 for the purposes of this Study is shown in Plan 2 in Volume 2 of the
Master Plan report. This 2013 Study Area as compared to the 2009 Study Area has been extended to the
west to include the ‘Evangelos Florakis’ Naval Base.
The 2013 MECIT Study Area is delimited to the west by the western boundary of the ‘Evangelos
Florakis’ Naval Base, to the north by the A1-motorway connecting Nicosia with Limassol, to the east by
the Vasilikos river valley and to the south by the southern coastline of Cyprus including the relevant
offshore area including the fisheries and aquaculture activities located in the entire Vasilikos Bay as well
as EAC’s fuel importation buoy.
During the course of the Study preparation, the Project Team has examined various aspects affecting the
Master Plan as discussed with various stakeholders and with the MECIT. As a result of this consultation
procedure, the Project Team extended the Study Area limits, mainly to the east and to the north, to cover
the various issues that were discussed during the Study preparation. As a result the proposed Master Plan
covers a wider area than originally specified by the MECIT. The extended Study Area is shown in Figure
2-1.The only community located within the Study Area is Mari village which is situated approximately 1

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km north of the coast. The nearest coastal community is Zygi village, which is located just to the east of
the Study Area and is mainly being used for tourism and fishing activities. The extended Study Area also
includes part of the coastal area of the administrative boundaries of the community of Tochni, which is a
village situated to the north of the Nicosia-Limassol motorway but with administrative boundaries
reaching the coastline. The community of Kalavasos is located to the north of the Study Area. The
communities of Mari, Tochni, Zygi and Kalavasos are within the administrative boundaries of Larnaca
District. To the West and North West of Mari are the communities of Pentakomo and Asgata respectively,
which are located within the administrative boundaries of Limassol District.
Figure 2-1 Extended study area for the Vasilikos Master Plan
The study area also includes the road network serving the Vasilikos area, comprising the old Nicosia-
Limassol main road between the Zygi and Governor’s Beach junctions (including the junctions
themselves).
2.3 POTENTIAL FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
The primary new developments anticipated over the short to medium term will be a number of LNG
liquefaction plants for the production, export and sale of liquefied natural gas (LNG), and a major Oil
Products Storage Terminal, including storage for LPG.
The first phase of LNG development is expected to consist of three LNG trains (with a possibility for
further expansion) and the relevant infrastructure (offshore installations, berth, pipeline system, etc.). The

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necessary land for these establishments has been expropriated. The pre-FEED study of the LNG Plant has
been nearly completed.
The Vasilikos Oil Products Storage Terminal will comprise an oil products storage terminal for Cyprus’s
operational stocks as well as the strategic stock requirements and will also allow for transit trading. The
establishment of an area for the storage of oil products will enable the existing storage facilities in
Larnaca to be closed and transferred to Vasilikos. A key requirement is the urgent transfer of LPG storage
facilities to the Vasilikos area.
Apart from the above there are plans for several other facilities within the area such as a HVDC converter
station for an electrical submarine cable (the EurAsia Interconnector), a wind farm, warehouses, fish food
manufacturing plants, etc. In addition, VTTV Ltd is in the process of establishing an oil storage depot in
the area, and is also planning the expansion of this depot on reclaimed land near the Vasilikos Industrial
Port. Another major development is the current expansion of the existing oil storage depot owned and
operated by Petrolina (Holdings) Public Ltd. A complete list of the future facilities expected to be
developed in the area, with an indication of the area needed for each facility, has been provided by the
MECIT (see Appendix A).

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Section 3 Methodology
Given the objectives for the Master Plan, the priority has been to ensure that adequate space has been
allocated for the potential development of up to five LNG liquefaction plants (LNG Trains 1-5) each of
5 million tons per year (Mtpa) capacity. Other key parameters for the overall zoning plan are:
 The requirement to accommodate potentially large volumes of hydrocarbon storage
(including an urgent requirement to move LPG storage from Larnaca to Vasilikos and to
store some or all of the island’s strategic oil stocks),
 Safety, and the need to incorporate adequate separation distances both between adjacent
facilities and between facilities and the general public,
 Recognition of planned developments in the area.
The Study Team has consulted widely with companies and government departments that have plans for
future development in the area or jurisdiction over safety, security and planning aspects. Appendix B lists
the organisations contacted and information received. Appendix C details the documentation received.
The team has also visited the Vasilikos area and Vasilikos Port to assess options and practicability of
siting new installations, and also to Limassol, in that case specifically to assess potential alternative sites
for bitumen import and storage.
The conclusions of preliminary studies of noise and risk assessment carried out by Noble Energy for LNG
Trains 1-3 have been taken into account in the Master Plan, although they will clearly evolve as the LNG
projects are developed.
There is insufficient information available at this stage to determine how emissions of pollutants such as
nitrogen oxides (NOx) (primarily from the proposed LNG plants) would affect ambient air quality. The
Master Plan assumes that emissions will not affect the proposed zoning or the ability of the Vasilikos area
to accommodate the proposed industrial facilities. Companies planning new facilities will be required to
carry out further analysis (air dispersion modelling), which will also take account of emissions from
existing industries in the area (including the Vassiliko Cement Works and the Vasilikos power station).
The Vasilikos Master Plan proposes zones for future development; these are not intended to be
prescriptive in the sense of allocating plots to individual companies or developments (with the exception
of LPG), but rather providing areas within which future development can take place in an optimal fashion.
The Master Plan also includes corridors (rights of way for pipelines and utilities) and roads (proposed and
existing) that provide access to all major establishments in the area.
The Master Plan is presented as a Base Case, with scenarios to address different planning assumptions.
The Base Case assumptions are that existing facilities and activities will remain (except for the
Archirodon Port, which will be used to offload materials for construction of the LNG plant and as a
harbour for tugs – a new port should be found for the Archirodon construction company) and that space
should be allocated for the possible construction of five x 5 Mtpa LNG trains. Every endeavour has been
made to incorporate the requirements of all organisations within the Master Plan. Where those
requirements are incompatible with Master Plan constraints (available locations and safety distances for
new installations such as LPG), the Master Plan presents alternative proposals.

Section 3 Methodology
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The following planning scenarios have been analysed (see section 8):
 Naval base closure and relocation outside the Vasilikos area, which would permit the land to
be used for development and remove the restriction on structures within the restricted zone;
 Relocation of Mari village, which would remove constraints on safety and emissions caused
by its proximity to potential installations and hence allow facilities to be built further north.

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Section 4 Characterisation of the Vasilikos Area
4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SITUATION
The area that will be covered by the Master Plan is a brownfield site used for the past 3-4 decades for
industrial and other purposes, both onshore and offshore. The current facilities and industries located in
the area include the largest cement manufacturing plant on the island (Vasilikos Cement Company), the
largest power plant of Cyprus, EAC’s Vasilikos Power Plant and the ‘Evangelos Florakis’ Naval Base.
There is also a port for dry bulk and other general cargo, mostly used by the cement factory, a small port
(Archirodon port) which includes a small floating dry dock for ship maintenance and repairs, a shelter for
fishing boats, two (2) active clay quarries and a small petroleum products storage depot, which is
expanding, owned by Petrolina (Holdings) Public Ltd, a local oil company. Furthermore, VTT Vasiliko
Ltd (VTTV Ltd), a private company, is developing an oil terminal, in three phases, close to the already
established Petrolina depot, for the storage and management of petroleum and oil products with an
eventual storage capacity of 858,000 m3
. The major facilities of the area are shown in Figure 4-1.
In the area there are many other small industrial facilities and workshops in operation, some habitation
and agricultural land and also available land for new developments. This area is the only coastal heavy
industry zone available in Cyprus and therefore the only one providing opportunities for the creation of
the proposed LNG Plant, the location of oil storage and LPG facilities, and is the only site with the
potential to expand to cover future needs and uses associated with the current Government plans for
industrial development in the area.
Figure 4-1 Vasilikos Area Major Facilities
The topography of the Study Area is quite varied as can be seen from the contours shown in Plan 3,
Volume 2. The central hill with its highest point at approximately 120m above mean sea level (amsl) to
the north and 85m high cliff of “Mandres tou Mikhali” overlooking the sea to the south stands between
two river valleys. The village of Mari lies at an approximate level of 80m amsl and the eastern slopes

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which lead down to the valley of the river Vasilikos where the Vassiliko Cement Works (VCW) is
located. To the west is the Vasilikos Power Station adjacent to a low-lying area with a small watercourse,
which was formed into level platforms to accommodate the construction of the former Hellenic Chemical
Industries (HCI) plant, and which was demolished to ground level in 2006. Along the shoreline there are
areas of reclamation with the Archirodon Port at the centre and the Vasilikos industrial port to the East.
The ‘Evangelos Floraki’ Naval Base is situated at the western part of the Study Area. The British East
Mediterranean Relay Station (BEMRS), which will soon be dismantled, occupies a large site of the
eastern part of the Study Area. The HCI site, together with a large area of land to the north and part of the
“Mandres tou Mikhalis” hill to the east, was expropriated by MECIT for the construction of the Vasilikos
Energy Centre (VEC) as proposed in 2009. It should be noted that the topography of the central part of
the study area is changing due to the quarrying activities carried out by the VCW.
Figure 4-2 Location of ‘Mandres tou Mikhali’
4.2 GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY
The local geology of the study area can be seen in Plan 4, Volume 2. The central section of the study area
consists generally of the Nicosia Formation, comprising yellow brown marls, khaki sands and limestone
and the Marine Terrace Formation comprising sands and gravels. Surrounding the Nicosia and the Marine
Terrace Formations are alluvium and colluvium soils (sand, silts, clays and gravels). To the west of the
study area, located at the site of the existing Vasilikos Power Station and part of the site of the proposed
VEC are areas comprising the Pachna Formation consisting of chalk and chalky marls. Small areas of
beach sand and gravel also exist at the south-west sections of the study areas.
The local hydrogeology map of the area can be seen in Plan 5, Volume 2. The figure shows that a central
section of the study area consists of unconfined water, generally at shallow depth in connection with
riverbeds, deltaic gravel-sand deposits and including estuarine deposits. Located at the west part of the
study area are sections of ground water in highly retentive rocks such as chalk interbedded with marl.
The locations of three identified contaminated sites have been provided by the Geological Survey
Department and can be seen in Plan 4, Volume 2.
The report, Validation Report, Demolition of the Former Hellenic Chemical Industries Plant, prepared by
Environmental Protection Engineering SA and Van Vliet Sloopwerken BV, dated May 2007, states the
following with regard to the area expropriated for the construction of the proposed Vasilikos Energy
Centre:

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“The site is founded on sedimentary rocks or alluvial materials. During construction of the plant
the area was cut and filled slightly to achieve a relatively flat site. Generally the pre-construction
site investigation found sandy clays, sands and gravels of alluvial nature overlying a grey clay
confining layer stratum, which extends to the gypsum aquifer at 125-150m depth below ground
level (b.g.l.). The gypsum aquifer was proved to over 250m depth b.g.l. Groundwater was found
occasionally in the gravels in channelised deposits at 2-3 metres depth. The general groundwater
table is at a depth of 70-150 metres depth b.g.l.”
4.2.1 Parcel Permits and Quarrying Licences
A copy of the Parcel Permit for the Vassiliko Cement Works has been provided by the Department of
Mines. Vassiliko Cement Works has been granted quarrying licences for six separate parcel areas under
the licence issued by the Department of Mines in 1966 and modified in 1996. Two of the parcels, Parcels
B and C lie within the study area and are shown in Plan 4, Volume 2, as are the extents of the quarrying
licences. Parcel B is the parcel for the clay quarry whereas Parcel C is the location of the cement factory.
The quarrying licences are valid until 2042. In 2009 we were informed that there was currently a
government process for revising the boundaries of Parcel B, although this revision has not yet been
confirmed.
4.3 ANTIQUITIES
The Antiquities Department categorises antiquities either as Class A or Class B:
 Class A: No development allowed. These antiquities usually involve compulsory acquisition
of the land by the Antiquities Department.
 Class B: Any development requires authorisation by the Antiquities Department.
All the existing important antiquities within or near the Study Area as provided by the Antiquities
Department are shown on Plan 6, Volume 2 (Existing Planning Zones and Antiquities). According to the
Antiquities Department there are ten (10) important archaeological sites in and near the Study Area The
Antiquities Department first informed the Project Team during the preparation of the 2009 Master Plan of
the existence of antiquities numbered 8, 9 and 10 on Plan 6 in Volume 2.
The sites numbered as 1-7 on Plan 6 were identified as antiquities by the Department of Antiquities
during the preparation of the current 2013 Master Plan. Sites 9 and 10 are in the Kalavasos administrative
area to the north of the Study Area and include both Class A and Class B antiquities. The rest of the sites
are currently classified as Class B antiquities. Some of the sites are protected with planning Zones Z2 but
most of the sites are not protected by any special protection zones.
The Antiquities Department has specifically stated that if any construction work within the Master Plan
area is foreseen for archaeological sites 3-9 then the Department should be notified to discuss the
handling of the matter. The critical Archaeological sites that may affect the Master Plan are sites 2 and 6.
Site 2 is named as “Mari Mazera” and according to the Antiquities Department, is a Cemetery of the
Archaic Period. In the cases of cemeteries the standard practice of the Department of Antiquities is to
evaluate and identify the antiquities found and then move them to the Museum. Based on this, site 2 is not
expected to cause any real delays in the implementation of the Master Plan.
Site 6, named as “Tochni Lakkia”, is a settlement of the late Bronze Age. According to the Antiquities
Department (information notified in late October 2013) once a settlement such as site 6 is excavated it

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becomes a Class A Monument belonging to the Government, and is a protected area which may be visited
by the public. At the moment it is not possible to know the exact extent of the area of the settlement
because there has been no excavation yet. It will therefore be imperative that more details are given by the
Department of Antiquities concerning the exact location and the extent of the area of Site 6, should the
Government decide to select the LPG 1(A) location as the preferred option for installation of LPG storage
facilities. The Department of Antiquities should also comment on the compatibility of the reclamation
proposed on the final Master Plan for the LPG 1(B) location with archaeological site 6.
4.4 CURRENT PLANNING ZONES AND LAND USE STATUS
4.4.1 Planning Legislation and Background Information
The responsibility for spatial planning in the rural areas of Cyprus rests with the Minister of Interior, the
Department of Town Planning and Housing, as well as the Planning Board, an independent body with
advisory power over large areas of planning policy. Before the 1974 forced division of Cyprus, planning
in the rural areas was promoted, guided and controlled by the “Island Plan”. After the division of the
island, the “Island Plan” was replaced by the Policy Statement for the Countryside (PSC) which refers to
all government-controlled territory. The PSC is a legally binding Development Plan in the form of an
adapted regional plan for the planning of development, development control and environmental protection
in villages and rural areas. The PSC consists of a written statement of policies for various sectors of
development (residential, commercial, tourist, industrial etc.) together with Planning Zones which
indicate the plot ratios and land use of various areas. Planning zones in Cyprus are reviewed every five
years.
The last review of the planning zones in Pentakomo Village which is in the Limassol District was
published on 11 January 2013 and the last review of the planning zones of the rest of the communities of
the Study Area including Mari village, which are in the Larnaca District, was published on 2 August
2013. It should be noted that in 2009 there was a Coastal Protection Zone covering the coastal area within
the Mari Administrative Area. The part of the Marie Coastal Protection Zone affecting the Heavy Industry
Zone of the area was abolished in 2010. . However, part of the Coastal Protection Zone in the Mari
administrative boundaries and in the coastal area of the administrative boundaries of Tochni which is
within the Study Area of the current (2013) Master Plan is still valid (see Plan 6, Volume 2). No
development is permitted in the Coastal Protection Zone.
4.4.2 Planning Zones in the Study Area
The planning zones and the Coastal Protection Zone of the Study Area are shown in Plan 6, Volume 2.
Planning zones are usually divided into two major categories, those within development boundaries,
where various forms of organized development are allowed, and those which lie outside development
boundaries. Zones within development boundaries are usually residential, commercial, industrial, tourist
and animal husbandry zones.
The wider area that could be affected by future industrial development in the Vasilikos area contains the
villages of Mari, Tochni, Kalavasos, Psematismenos, Zygi, Maroni and Pentakomo. All these
communities except Pentakomo are part of Larnaca District. Pentakomo falls within the administrative
boundaries of Limassol District. The planning zones of these communities consist mainly of residential
zones around the core of the village which are usually inland, of tourist zones along the coast and of
agricultural zones between the coast and the village core. The tourist zones that are very near the study
area are those of the communities of Pentakomo, Zygi, Psematismenos and Maroni. Zones in the coastal
area of Tochni, which is adjacent to the eastern boundary of the study area, are mainly agricultural zones

4-5
and one zone for second homes. This second homes zone of the Tochni Village which is quite near and to
the east of the Study Area has not been developed as the land ownership is mainly Turkish Cypriot.
The Planning zones in the area under study as indicated in Plan 6, Volume 2 are the following:
 B2 Heavy Industry Zone. (Industry Zone Category A). The uses allowed in this zone are
described in detail in the PSC document and include:
- Production and processing of metal materials;
- Mineral industries (excluding metal minerals);
- Chemical industries;
- Industries dealing with paper production, car industries, etc;
- Energy industries; (industries with a thermal input of greater than 50 MWth, crude
oil refineries, installations for gasification and coal liquefaction and bitumen plants)
- Metal recycling;
- Waste treatment (sewage etc), waste recycling producing energy etc;
- Leather production industries;
- Slaughter houses;
- Nuclear energy production;
- Ship production/repairs;
- Aeronautical industries;
- Mushroom production.
- Warehouses which store the following materials: scrap metal, ashes, mining or
quarrying materials, used building or similar materials, old cars, old machinery,
organic fertilisers, and combustible or dangerous materials.
 A special part of Zone B2 (Zone B2* in Plan 6) at the north-western part of the zone adjacent
to the old Nicosia-Limassol road has been allocated for uses such as offices or similar uses
associated with the operation of the Vasilikos Energy Centre as it was proposed in 2009.
 Z1, Z2 and Z3 are protection zones with varying plot ratios according to the degree of
protection of each zone. Z3 (plot ratio 0.01:1), is the strictest protection zone and it protects
the banks of the Vasilikos River. Z2 is a less strict protection zone but with a quite high
degree of protection (plot ratio 0.03:1). This zone covers a wider “buffer” zone on each side
of the Vasilikos River and also a smaller area to the east of the Mari animal husbandry zone.
Zone Z1 has the least degree of protection with a plot ratio of 0.06:1. It forms a buffer zone
to the Heavy Industry Zone and around the A1 Nicosia-Limassol highway.
 Γ3 is a general agricultural zone with a plot ratio of 0.10:1. This zone also covers most of the
rural areas of Cyprus which lie outside development boundaries.
 Δ1 is the Animal Husbandry Zone of the village of Mari.
 H1 and H2 are the residential zones of Mari village which are developed around the village
core of the community in the eastern part of the study area.

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The maximum plot ratios, plot coverage percentages, numbers of floors and heights allowed in each
planning zone of the study area are given in Table 4-1, below.
Table 4-1 Planning Zone Parameters
Zone Maximum Plot
Ratio
Maximum number of
floors
Maximum height
(metres)
Maximum plot
coverage
Η1 1.20:1 2/3 8.30/11.40 0.70:1
Η2 0.90:1 2 8.30 0.50:1
B2 0.90:1 2 - 0.50:1
∆1 As given in the Policy Statement for the Countryside (PCS)
Γ3 0.10:1 2 8.30 0.10:1
Ζ1 0.06:1 2 8.30 0.06:1
Ζ2 0.03:1 1 5.00 0.03:1
Ζ3 0.01:1 1 5.00 0.01:1
According to the current legal status of the Coastal Protection Zone in the study area, no development is
allowed within this zone. Since the current Master Plan may suggest some activities such as the LPG
installations within this Coastal Protection Zone, it is suggested that the Department of Town Planning
and Housing advises the Ministry of Interior (the relevant Authority), to abolish the Coastal Protection
Zone within the extended Study Area of the current (2013) Master Plan, as shown in Plan 6, Volume 2.
4.4.3 Current Land Use and Land Ownership
The current land uses within the boundaries of the Heavy Industry Zone are the Vasilikos Power Station
to the west, the Vassiliko Cement Works to the east, the Vasilikos Port used for the import and export of
raw materials and cement, fuel tanks at the eastern coastal part of the area and the Archirodon port which
is currently used for ship repairs. There is also a derelict quarry at the northern part of the study area, and
two quarries that are active and used by the Vassiliko Cement Works. One of these quarries is at the
eastern border of the Heavy Industry Zone and a large part of it is located in the protection zone Z2 which
lies at the east of the Heavy Industry Zone.
The village of Mari, with around 180 inhabitants, is located at the east side of the main road which
connects the B1 Nicosia-Limassol Road with the Vasilikos port. The village is a Turkish Cypriot Village
and the inhabitants are mainly refugees. Development around the old village core which mainly consists
of old houses is very limited because most of the land belongs to Turkish Cypriots. South of the inhabited
area of Mari there is an animal husbandry zone with goats and sheep.
The Cyprus Government has proposed the relocation of the existing inhabitants of Mari to a coastal area
in Zygi. The Government has already allocated land for this residential development within the Zygi
tourist zone Τ2α. The plot ratio allocated for this development is 0.60:1. The Mari inhabitants consider
that the financial incentives given to them for relocation are not attractive and they are reluctant to
relocate.

4-7
The land ownership of the study area is shown in Plan 7, Volume 2. The majority of the land within the
study area is classed as Private Land. The details of the land ownership within the area which was
acquired by the Government for the Vasilikos Energy Centre is shown in Plan 7.
To the west of the study area is the ‘Evangelos Floraki’ Naval Base. Directly to the east of the study area
and located in the community of Tochni is the British East Mediterranean Relay Station (BEMRS) (see
Plan 8, Volume 2). Further information on the BEMRS is provided in section 5.
Two fish packaging and processing centres have been constructed along the Vasilikos-Zygi coastal road
by the companies Blue Island Holdings Ltd and Seawave Ltd. Similar fish farming companies are renting
coastal land from the Cyprus Ports Authority for the construction of small warehouses for fish packaging
within the Archirodon and Vasilikos Port areas.

Vasilikos Area Master Plan Update 2013
5-1
Section 5 Current establishments, activities & plans
The following paragraphs describe the current establishments and facilities within and immediately
adjacent to the study area. The major existing land installations are shown in Plans 8 & 9, Volume 2.
These were identified by a combination of site visits, (both in 2009 for the preparation of the 2009 Master
Plan and in 2013 for the preparation of this Master Plan), communication with the owners and internet
based satellite imaging. It should be noted that only major establishments and facilities have been
recorded. There may be a few scattered single dwellings within the extended Study Area which will have
to be taken into consideration when detailed plans are prepared by the relevant Authorities after the
Master Plan is approved.
The main proposals and commitments relevant to the area are presented in Plan 15, Volume 2.
5.1 ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION FACILITIES
5.1.1 Vasilikos power station
The existing electricity production facilities in the Vasilikos area comprise the generating units at EAC’s
flagship Vasilikos power station and some small units at the Vassiliko Cement Works.
Vasilikos is the largest and newest of EAC’s three power stations – the others being located at Moni,
about 10 km to the west, and Dhekelia, some 50 km to the east. The Vasilikos power station has three
130 MW heavy fuel oil-fired steam units and two 220 MW combined cycle gas turbine units. All are
relatively recent, the oil-fired units having been completed between 2000 and 2002, and the combined
cycle units in 2012 and 2013. There is also a 37.5 MW open cycle gas turbine, which was primarily
installed to provide black start capability, i.e. to provide power for station auxiliaries to restart the main
units in the event of a grid collapse. The total installed capacity at the site is 867.5 MW, representing
59 % of the thermal generating capacity in the southern part of Cyprus.
Unit 3 of the steam units has been retrofitted with seawater flue gas desulphurisation (FGD), which can
reduce sulphur emissions by up to 98 % and is compliant with the requirements of the EU’s Large
Combustion Plant Directive (2001/80/EC). EAC buys HFO with a maximum sulphur content of 0.23 %,
and gasoil with maximum 0.1 %. Units 1 and 2 have already been modified to enable them to burn natural
gas when it becomes available; Unit 3 will be converted when the date for first gas delivery is known. The
combined cycle units (4 & 5) are designed to burn natural gas, but currently burn (expensive) gasoil.
The photograph shown in Figure 5-1 was taken before the 11 July 2011 explosion at the adjacent
‘Evangelos Floraki’ Naval Base. It shows the steam units 1-3 to the left of the stack, and the two
combined cycle units 4-5 under construction to the right of the stack. The oil storage tanks are in the
background. In the foreground is the cooling water outfall. The plant has since been repaired and all the
units are now fully operational.

5-2
Figure 5-1 Vasilikos power plant
(Taken prior to the July 11, 2011 explosion at the naval base next door – the plant has since been
repaired and the combined cycle units completed)
EAC had planned an additional 220 MW combined cycle power plant on its Vasilikos power station site
(Unit 6), but this has been put on hold following the economic crisis and the subsequent collapse in
electricity consumption. EAC currently foresees no need for new power capacity until 2020-21 when new
capacity will be required to replace the steam units at Dhekelia following their planned closure.
The power station oil tank farm comprises six bulk storage tanks of 30,000m3
each, four for heavy fuel oil
and two for diesel, as well as three day tanks. Because of the volume of diesel stored, the tank farm has
been classed as a top tier establishment under the terms of EU Directive 96/82/EC (Seveso II) and EAC
has prepared a Safety Report as required by the Directive and the corresponding regulations in Cyprus.
The Safety Report indicates that the outer risk contour extends just beyond the site boundary.
There is potential to use EAC tanks for future storage of strategic reserves of high flashpoint liquid fuels
when units switch to gas-fired power generation.
Vassiliko Cement Works has 11 MW of internal combustion engines, which are capable of burning heavy
fuel oil or gasoil, and could (probably) be modified to burn natural gas.

5-3
5.1.2 Wind farm
Wincono Cyprus Ltd plans to build four wind turbines in the northern part of the Vasilikos Energy Centre
site, with a combined capacity of 6 MW. However, average wind speeds are low (4.9 m/s), which will
result in relatively low output and therefore casts doubt on the likely economic viability. The proposed
turbines are Vensys 1.5 MW class, with hub height 85 or 100 m and rotor diameter up to 87 m. The
direct-drive design eliminates the need for a gearbox, and should result in a quieter machine. These wind
turbines have already been installed in Cyprus by the same company at the Alexigros wind farm.
5.1.3 PEC Power
PEC Power has proposed a 230 MW combined cycle gas turbine power station to be located on land
leased from the Cyprus Ports Authority north of the ‘Evangelos Florakis’ Naval Base. The project has a
generation licence for 230 MW supply to the Cyprus electricity transmission grid.
5.1.4 Vouros Power
Vouros Power Industries plans to build a power station at Vasilikos in conjunction with Israel Electric
Corporation (IEC). Vouros has a generation licence for a 50 MW heavy fuel oil-fuelled power plant
although, according to the Vouros website, planned capacity is 300 MW combined cycle. Vouros has
leased a 27 ha site on reclaimed land controlled by the CPA located just east of the Archirodon port,
which would provide ample room for the proposed plant.
5.2 VASSILIKO CEMENT WORKS
The Vassiliko Cement Works (VCW) has been in operation since 1967 and has a production capacity of
approximately 2.0 million tonnes of cement per annum. In 1983, the Company constructed the Vasilikos
Port next to the cement plant, through which half a million tonnes of cement are exported each year. This
port is also available to third parties for the import and export of bulk cargoes. A 25,000 tonne cement
silo has been in operation since 2000, and in 2002 a new modern and energy efficient cement mill was
installed.
Raw products for the cement works are extracted from nearby quarries, clay from the clay quarry on the
east side of the Mandres tou Michalis hill within the study area, and limestone from the Kalavasos quarry
to the north of the A1 motorway, outside the study area. These minerals are transported by lorry from the
quarries to the works. The quarry licences are valid until 2042.
Meetings with the Vassiliko Cement Works Company took place on 26th and 30th September 2013.
During these meetings and in an email dated 3 October 2013, the following was stated/requested by the
VCW (see also Figure 5-2).
1) The Moni quarry (located to the north west of the study area) should be directly handed over
to Vassiliko Cement Works since part of the land that they are now using will be used for the
proposed LNG installations. Large amounts of the clay expected to arise from the
excavations that will be carried out at the Energy Centre area can be stored within the quarry
for VCW’s future use.
2) Land to the north and adjoining the VCW factory cannot be handed over for other uses (e.g.
fuel storage) since it is used for keeping piles of raw materials and other alternative fuels,
etc. It has recently been requested by the VCW that the MECIT would grant to the VCW
some Turkish-occupied plots in that area in exchange for some VCW owned plots.

5-4
3) Some areas within Parcel B can be handed over immediately by VCW (see Plan 4,
Volume 2).
4) The two clay quarries NE and SW of the main Mari Road (which are located within Parcel
B), together with the gypsum stock (which will be gradually moved) can be handed over
progressively (in phases), according to the work progress and according to the overall
agreement that will be made for all the above mentioned items.
Figure 5-2 Vassiliko Cement Works proposal regarding parcel rights

5-5
5.3 PETROLINA
The local oil company and filling station operator, Petrolina (Holdings) Public Ltd, operates a tank farm
on the cliff just inland of the Archirodon port (Figure 5-3). The original facility comprises seven above-
ground tanks, with a capacity of 5,000m3
each (35,000m3
in total), storing a range of petroleum products.
Petrolina are currently expanding their facilities to incorporate an additional 7 storage tanks of 22m
diameter and 20m height, to the north of their existing facilities, as seen in Plan ???. The expansion
includes facilities for fire protection systems and fire-fighting automation. There are currently three
underground tanks containing approximately 5,000m3
of sea water and fresh water for emergency fire
fighting which are planned to be demolished in the near future. Petrolina currently uses five of their
existing tanks for Jet and Heavy Fuel Oil (380 and 60cst).
Figure 5-3 Petrolina Facilities
Products are offloaded at the West Berth in Vasilikos Port from Petrolina’s own tankers via a pipeline
passing through reclaimed land and up the cliff by means of a booster pump. The installations include
flexible hoses to pipe manifolds set back 10m from the jetty face to allow Vassiliko Cement Works to
handle bulk materials at the same berth. There are six lines in total for gasoline, diesel, gasoil, jet fuel &
HFO as well as a line for flushing.
Products are distributed by road tankers using an unofficial access road located to the north and west of
the Petrolina Site. Petrolina (Holdings) Public Ltd are keen that this road becomes an official road
recognised by the Land and Surveys Department.
Petrolina (Holdings) Public Ltd also store 35,000m3
of fuel products in their own tanks located in
Larnaca. Storage tanks in Larnaca, owned by Petrolina (Holdings) Public Ltd and totalling 50,000m3
, are
rented to the Cyprus Petroleum Storage Company Ltd (CPSCL) for the storage of crude oil. Petrolina also
operates three LPG depots in the Larnaca area. It is intended that the fuel currently stored in Larnaca will
be transferred to Vasilikos when the tanks are completed.
The current LPG storage in the Larnaca area is 4,000m3
. Α ministerial decision has been taken to move
the LPG facilities from Larnaca to Vasilikos and locations for these facilities are proposed in the current
Master Plan. The intention is to have 8,000m3
capacity for LPG storage (spheres and/or bullets).

5-6
5.4 VTTV
The company VTTI (which is owned 50% by the Vitol Group, the international energy trading group, and
50% by Malaysia International Shipping Corporation MISC Berhad of Malaysia) is currently constructing
the VTT Vasilikos (VTTV) oil storage terminal. Phase one of the terminal is under construction and
scheduled for completion in July 2014, creating 20 tanks for gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and gas oil, with
total capacity 357,000 m3
. Phase 2 with a further 8 tanks and 186,000 m3
will be completed in December
2014. Phase 3 would comprise 12 tanks for fuel oil total 315,000 m³, to be located on reclaimed
waterfront land under negotiation with the Cyprus Port Authority. All storage will be rented out to third
parties.
Additional to the tanks, a Jetty extending 1200m off-shore is under construction with four berths handling
oil products and 2 loading arms per berth per product; its proposed alignment can be seen in Plan 14,
Volume 2 (Existing Offshore and Marine Facilities). Berths 1 & 2 have a draft of 18.1m (50000 – 160000
tdwt) and berths 3 & 4 have a draft of 13.2m (10000 – 50000 tdwt). Figure 5-4 shows the jetty under
construction in August 2013.
Figure 5-4 VTTV jetty under construction

5-7
5.5 VASILIKOS PORT
Vasilikos Port (see Figure 5-5) is leased by the Cyprus Ports Authority to the Vassiliko Cement Works for
a period of 50 years, i.e. to 2036. The port handles all kinds of dry and liquid bulk cargoes, such as:
Imports
 Raw materials for cement production e.g. pet coke, perlite, calcium fluoride, white clinker
 Liquid fuel
 Soya
 Silica sand
Exports
 Cement and clinker
 Bentonite
 Wheat
 Soil
 Gravel
 Scrap metal
The port is protected by two breakwaters, the southern and the eastern. There are two main quays, the
northern of 360m length and the western of 125m. It has turning circle of 280m diameter, and the water
depth is about 9m. The maximum length of ship which can berth is 180m with a maximum draught of
8.6m. Situated about 100m outside the harbour wall, there is a redundant ‘loading pylon’ which used to be
connected to the shore by an aerial ropeway. Older plans also show a ‘tanker berth’ located about 700m
outside the harbour wall and 500m offshore and an oil pipeline is shown on some charts connecting this
point to the shore, although there is no evidence of this on site. It appears therefore that there has been a
floating mooring at this point which has now been removed.
Figure 5-5 Vasilikos Port

5-8
5.6 ARCHIRODON PORT
The small harbour (see Figure 5-6), located to the west of the Vasilikos Port is occupied by marine plant
and a small floating dry dock belonging to the contractors, Archirodon. This harbour also contains a small
harbour used by local fishing vessels. Currently the Archirodon Port is used as a repair and maintenance
centre for sea-going vessels. A metal covered structure, located at the east end of the Archirodon Port, is
used as a working area for Archirodon’s activities.
It is understood that the Archirodon Port’s operations will be terminated owing to the western part of the
port having been expropriated by the Government of Cyprus for the needs of the Vasilikos Energy Centre
and the fact that its operations are unrelated to the Vasilikos Energy Centre.
Archirodon are currently operating on a 6-month renewable lease basis and, according to information
received at a meeting held at their offices on the 26 September 2013, their preference would be to stay at
their existing location until a new location for them is ready. In order to relocate, Archirodon would
require an area of approximately 160,000m2
, including a protected harbour (ideally 140m by 350m by
10m deep with 100m of adjacent land apron). Such a move could cost about €10m.
Options for relocating the Archirodon Facilities are at the small boat harbour area outside the Vasilikos
Port fence at the eastern end ( a location also identified for bitumen storage and distribution), by the Relay
Station, or in the vicinity of the Naval Base.
Figure 5-6 Archirodon Port
5.7 ‘EVANGELOS FLORAKIS’ NAVAL BASE
To the west of Vasilikos Bay is the ‘Evangelos Florakis’ Naval Base, a small harbour of about 150m x
150m used for naval coastal patrol boats and dredged to a depth of 4m. It was constructed in 2004 and is
located at the south west corner of the study area (see Plan 8, Volume 2 and Figure 4-1) within the
administrative boundaries of Mari. Cyprus Government chart 1001 depicts a 500m restricted area around
this base (offshore and inland), centred on the light (Fl R 9m 3M) at the end of the southern breakwater.
It often carries out naval and shooting exercises in the Zygi firing range area.

5-9
On the 11 July 2011, containers of explosives stored within the Naval Base self-detonated causing an
explosion which severely damaged hundreds of nearby buildings including many buildings in Zygi as
well as the nearby EAC power station, responsible for supplying over half of Cyprus' electricity.
The Project Team held a number of meetings with the Ministry of Defence (MoD) on the 5th
and 28th
August 2013 as well as a meeting with the Cyprus Joint Rescue Coordination Centre on the 2nd
September
2013 in which various defence and security issues were discussed.
The following information has been received from the MoD:
 A coastal safety zone of the Naval Base, exists and is defined by a semicircle of radius of
500m centred on the edge of the windward southern breakwater of the Naval Base port (see
Plan 16, Volume 2). This zone is closed to shipping, fishing and any other activity or
approach by anyone who has not secured a license from the Ministry of Defence. Also, as
mentioned above the installation of any underwater cables and / or pipelines is forbidden.
 A Naval Base jurisdiction area (also called exclusion zone) exists (see Plan 16, Volume 2).
The coordinates that characterise this zone, as given formally by the Minister of Defence are:
34° 43' 458, 033° 17' 335
34° 42' 533, 033° 16' 313
34° 42' 500, 033° 17' 600
 Vessels may approach the planned LNG jetty through the sea area of the exclusion zone,
both temporarily and permanently, after obtaining permission by the Ministry of Defence.
Also, within the exclusion zone, underwater cables and / or pipes may be installed in the area
outside the safety zone and the approach channel at the port entrance. These facilities should
not create sediment movement that may reduce the approach depths at the port entrance or
within the Naval Base basin.
 There are no plans to relocate the ‘Evangelos Florakis’ Naval Base unless an imperative need
emerges during the final design of the Master Plan. In that case, the Ministry of Defence
would examine the possible relocation of the Naval Base, but only on the condition that the
necessary funding is ensured for the establishment of a new base, and provided that the move
will take place when the new Naval Base is built and its continuous operation without any
time gap is ensured.

5-10
Figure 5-7 Cyprus Chart 1001-Naval Base Exclusion Zone
5.8 LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANT
Noble Energy and its partner, Israel’s Delek Group, discovered gas in the Aphrodite field in Block 12 185
km offshore southern Cyprus in late 2011 and in June 2013 signed a Memorandum of Understanding with
the Cyprus government to build a liquefaction plant at Vasilikos next to the power station. Natural gas
would be sourced from the Aphrodite field, and the plant would export 5 million tonnes per year (Mtpa)
of LNG to international markets. Following drilling of an appraisal well completed in early October 2013,
the amount of gas has been calculated in the range 3.6 to 6.0 Tcf, with a gross mean of 5.0 Tcf. The Front
End Engineering Design (FEED) phase of an LNG project would typically take one to two years
depending on the envisaged contracting strategy for the plant. The construction phase of an LNG plant
typically takes four years and for the Vasilikos site, there are early works to prepare a level pad for the
plant. Hence the probable earliest date, as of October 2013, for an operational LNG plant at Vasilikos is
late 2018 and probable date would be 2020.
Noble Energy and the Cyprus government are also discussing the earlier provision of gas in the 2015-16
timeframe for domestic consumption (primarily for EAC’s Vasilikos power station).
From comparison with Poten’s data base on LNG plants around the world and early pre-FEED work
carried out by Noble Energy, the space allocated in Phase 1 LNG should be sufficient for three LNG
trains each of approximately 5 million tonnes per year (Mtpa) of capacity. The range of 4 to 6 Mtpa is a
commonly-built size of LNG plant. Only one train will be needed for the gas discovered to date. The
first LNG train will bear the cost burden of excavating the site and building infrastructure that only later
can be shared with subsequent trains. This infrastructure includes LNG storage tanks, LNG jetty and
LNG berth 1 together with necessary power generation units and utilities. It is therefore important that
the Master Plan does not impose on the first train any unnecessary pre-investment for subsequent LNG
trains. If it did, it is possible that the first LNG train would become uneconomic.
Trains 2 and 3 on the Phase 1 site would be built once additional gas resource is discovered or if
agreement is reached to process gas from a neighbouring country.

5-11
The area allocated for LNG Phase 1 has space for:
 Three 5 Mtpa LNG trains (liquefaction plants);
 Utility corridor carrying gas for power generation, LNG for export and power and other
utilities to the LNG plants
 Gas receiving facilities and LNG storage tanks on land to be reclaimed south of the LNG
trains. The LNG storage tanks are assumed to be full containment tanks and it is believed
that there is sufficient space on the plot to accommodate storage tanks for both Phase 1 and
2. This needs to be confirmed from logistical modelling of the LNG loading. Full
containment tanks reduce the risk to the surrounding areas, including other storage tanks and
the Master Plan spacing of facilities assumes this type of tank. It may be possible that other
types of LNG tanks can be shown as suitable for the site; this would be established during
the FEED process
 Common areas for power generation and utilities. These are assumed to be placed on the
northern end of the site to create an additional separation distance for Mari village to the
main process plant areas. This does not help with reducing noise impacts on Mari as the
utility area will include gas turbine driving power generation equipment.
 Site road ways. A wide strip has been allocated to the north of the site for the road way and
for space for safely terracing the difference in level between the excavated site for the LNG
plant and existing ground levels. The access gate to the LNG plant will be on the western
end of this strip. In normal operation, no access will be permitted to the LNG plant except
from this gate.
LNG loading facilities are discussed in section 7.10.1.1.
5.8.1 Offshore gas pipelines
Natural gas will be brought ashore from the offshore fields in pipelines around 20"-24" diameter. The
pipeline landing point will be the southeast corner of an area of land to be reclaimed for the gas receiving
area and LNG storage tanks. The Master Plan drawing (Plan 19 in Volume 2) shows the main gas pipeline
corridor as an inverted V with its apex at the landing point and angled approximately NW-SE. The
corridor lies between the LNG jetty on the west and the VTTV jetty on the east. Between the two jetties
and as far as the 60m depth contour pipelines will need to be buried in trenches to a minimum depth of
backfill of around 3m, depending on the seabed material. Directional drilling may be used to achieve the
required depth near the landing point.
Early gas may be delivered via a smaller, separate pipeline, known as the “Early Gas Pipeline” that would
approach from directly south of the Vasilikos power station between the cooling water intake culvert and
the subsea fuel oil pipeline from the EAC SPM. Its landing point would be the southeastern corner of
EAC’s property. The Ministry of Defence would need to give their approval for this pipeline which runs
along the eastern edge of the exclusion zone of the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base. The early gas facility
would be located onshore by the utility corridor between the EAC storage tanks and the Phase 1 LNG.
5.9 DC CONVERTER STATION
The DEH Quantum Energy consortium – a JV of the Public Power Corporation, (PPC/DEH) of Greece,
Cyprus-based Quantum Energy, the Bank of Cyprus Group and the electricity utilities of Cyprus and
Israel, EAC and the Israel Electric Corporation respectively – is planning to build the EuroAsia

5-12
Interconnector, a 1518 km, 2000 MW subsea cable connection linking Israel to Athens in Greece via
Cyprus and Crete. The currently planned route is shown in Figure 5-8. The project itself will be
challenging, with more electricity being transferred over a greater distance and in deeper water than any
existing project whilst negotiating plate boundaries and sharp changes in sea bed gradient.
Figure 5-8 EuroAsia Interconnector route
The project was recently added to the EU’s list of 248 Projects of Common Interest1
, which are
competing to secure a share of potential € 5.85 bn funding. The project includes a 500 MW DC converter
station at Vasilikos, which is currently planned to be sited adjacent to the proposed Vasilopotamos
substation, where EAC owns some land in plot 548 north of the Vassiliko Cement Works and the existing
Mari substation and east of the Vasilikos River. The converter station would be approximately 1.6 km
from the shoreline. The DSM2
estimates the converter station would occupy an area of 5.7 ha.
1
Projects of Common Interest are key infrastructure projects, which will help Member States to physically integrate
their energy markets, enable them to diversify their energy sources and help bring an end to the energy isolation
some of them are facing. They will also enable the power grid to cope with increasing amounts of electricity
generated from renewable energy sources and consequently help reduce CO2 emissions
(http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-13-880_en.htm, 14 October 2013).
2
DSM is the Transmission System Operator (TSO) for Cyprus, and is a wholly-owned but independently-managed
subsidiary of the Electricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC).

5-13
Figure 5-9 Proposed DC converter and Vasilopotamos substation
The Vasilopotamos substation has been planned by DSM to accommodate the rerouting of a 132 kV
overhead transmission line, which will be required prior to the start of construction of the first LNG
liquefaction plant (the areas allocated for the power generation and utilities blocks for the LNG plant
conflict with the route of the existing line). The planned location of the substation and converter station
and the route of the overhead lines conflict with the Master Plan zoning; the Master Plan therefore
recommends that these facilities be located elsewhere (see section 7.8).
5.10 QUARRYING ACTIVITIES
5.10.1 Quarrying
Four quarries, three clay and one limestone, are operated within the Mari boundaries under the
supervision of Vassiliko Cement Works (see Plan 3, Volume 2).
Two of the clay quarries, known as the “Vassiliko” and “Fragma” clay quarries (located west and east
respectively of the Mari–Vasilikos road), are located southeast of the Mari community, close to the
Vassiliko Cement Works, and produce feedstock for the cement production. The Vasiliko Clay Quarry
can be seen in Figure 5-10.
The third clay quarry (named Mari quarry) is located west of Mari Village and north of the Vasilikos
Power Station and was previously used by the Cyprus Cement Company. Vassiliko Cement Works are

5-14
requesting use of this quarry since part of the land that they are now using will be used for the proposed
LNG installations (see section 5.2).
Figure 5-10 Vasilikos Clay Quarry
The Kalavasos limestone quarry lies northwest of the study area and provides limestone to Vassilikos
Cement Works for the production of cement.
The former underground pyrite mines at Vasilikos are now derelict. The primary crusher, ball mills,
thickener tanks, etc. have been removed and only the concrete foundations remain. The pyrite was
exported directly overseas and there was little waste. The small settling lagoon that was on the site has
been incorporated into adjoining fields and is largely overgrown.
5.10.2 Parcel Permits and Quarrying Licences
A copy of the Parcel Permit for the Vassiliko Cement Works has been provided by the Department of
Mines. Vassiliko Cement Works has been granted quarrying licences for six separate parcel areas under
the licence issued by the Department of Mines in 1966 and modified in 1996. Two of the parcels, Parcels
B and C lie within the study area and are shown in Plan 4, Volume 2, as are the extents of the quarrying
licences. Parcel B is the parcel for the clay quarry whereas Parcel C is the location of the cement factory.
The quarrying licences are valid until 2042.
5.11 OTHERS
5.11.1 British East Mediterranean Relay Station
The British East Mediterranean Relay Station (BEMRS), (coordinates 34.721212° Β, 33.324644° Α) is
located on the coast within the administrative boundaries of Tochni and just outside the eastern study area
boundary, but within the extended Study Area (see Figure 2-1). It has been used until now to provide

5-15
BBC broadcasting and telecommunications services (television, radio and mobile telephone) to the
Middle East.
Following concerns raised by the local communities, including those voiced during the meeting with the
communities held on the 18 February 2009, regarding the potential effect of the BEMRS on the health of
nearby residents, it has been agreed to add consideration of this aspect to the ToR of the 2009 Master
Plan.
Furthermore, due to the fact the BEMRS ceased transmission on the 31 March 2013 the possible land
availability of the Relay Station site has been taken into account in the current Master Plan. It should be
noted that according to informal information obtained from MECIT, the BEMRS land which currently
belongs to the British Government should eventually return to the original owners if and when the
BEMRS ceases to operate.
Due to concern, by the nearby communities, during the preparation of the 2009 Master Plan regarding the
potential effect of the BEMRS on the health of nearby residents communication took place with the
Department of Electronic Communication of the Ministry of Communications and Works who carry out
measurements of electromagnetic fields of all telecommunication and mobile telephone installations in
Cyprus. Details of these measurements can be obtained from their website which can be found at
http://www.emf.mcw.gov.cy/.
The Department of Electronic Communication has confirmed that measurements were carried out at the
BEMRS at three locations, during October 2006, based on EU standard methodology, as described in the
recommendation of CEPT/ECC/REC/(02)04 entitled "Measuring Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic
Radiation (9 kHz - 300 GHz)”, as listed in Table 4.11 below.
Table 5-1 Frequencies Measured
Frequency Name Frequency Type Frequency Range
FM Radio Frequencies 87.5 - 108 MHz
VHF TV Television Frequencies 174 - 230 MHz
UHF TV Television Frequencies 470 - 862 MHz
GSM 900 Mobile Telephone Frequencies 935.2 - 959.8 MHz
Custom 1-1.75 GHz Frequencies 1-1.75 GHz 1000 - 1750 MHz
GSM 1800 Mobile Telephone Frequencies 1805.2 - 1855 MHz
3G UMTS Mobile Telephone Frequencies 2110 - 2140 MHz
There is no continuous monitoring programme and new measurements are only carried out when the
installations are altered. The measuring locations with the dates of the most recent measurements can be
seen in Table 5-2 below:

5-16
Table 5-2 Measurement Locations and Dates
Measuring
Location
Coordinates Distance from
BEMRS
Date
taken
Exposure Quotient
(EQ, %)
1 34.43.18 N - 033.19.45 E 60 m 29-11-2006 48.3
2 34.43.15 N - 033.19.43 E 70 m 02-11-2006 70.6
3 34.43.15 N - 033.19.43 E 200 m 29-11-2006 41.8
The national limits adopted for Cyprus are those recommended in the Council Recommendation
1999/519/EC of the 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic
fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz), namely an Exposure Quotient of 100%. The results show that the magnitude of
the electromagnetic radiation, measured at all three locations is well below the national limits The
Department of Electronic Communication has also confirmed that electromagnetic radiation
measurements were carried out near the BEMRS site, on 30 March 2009 at three additional locations near
he site which also show that the electromagnetic fields were below the national limits.
Further concern was raised during the meeting with the communities on 18 February 2009 with regard to
exposure to persons on boats travelling along the coast in front of the relay station. The Department of
Electronic Communication stated that, while some exceedance had been identified towards the seaward
side very close to the station, since the wave field travels upwards at an angle of 5-10 degrees, there is no
danger to any persons travelling by boat, or on land for that matter.
Additional communication took place in August 2013 with the Department of Electronic Communication
in order to get an update on the levels of emissions., the Department of Electronic Communication
responded in September 2013 that “the levels of electromagnetic fields that have been recorded in the
area have been reduced to a minimum amount as the emissions by the British have reduced significantly
compared with the results given to you in 2009”.
5.11.2 Former Hellenic Chemical Industries Site
The area of flat land to the east of the power station and now proposed as part of the site for the Vasilikos
Energy Centre (VEC) was previously occupied by Hellenic Chemical Industries (HCI), which produced
sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and composite artificial fertilisers. The plant was decommissioned and
demolished to ground level under the control of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Tourism in 2006.
The “Validation Report, Demolition of the Former Hellenic Chemical Industries Plant” (prepared by
Environmental Protection Engineering SA and Van Vliet Sloopwerken BV, dated May 2007) together
with the Construction Phase Environmental Management Plan, Health and Safety Plan, Programme of
Works and Technical Specifications and an extract from the Georadar Report, have been made available
to the consultants. The validation report presents a summary of actions taken during decommissioning of
the plant, the majority relating to remediation of identified contamination.
Contaminated soil and surface wastes were reported to have been either disposed of offsite to licensed
waste management facilities or re-used on site after treatment to make inert. Treatment comprised mixing
of various materials and chemical testing to ensure that the mixed product was not significantly
contaminated. There has been a general ban on the mixing of hazardous wastes as a form of treatment
throughout European Union countries for many years, but there are some limited exceptions to this.
Foundations have not been demolished and the Validation Report indicates that the ground beneath the

5-17
foundations has not been investigated. A surface sample (1638/S1-1) from the north-west of the HCI site
contained an elevated concentration of lead, an order of magnitude above the human health screening
criteria for this metal. This sample is not in the vicinity of the Remediation Areas 1 to 6 referred to in the
report and no details are provided regarding the source of this potential contamination or how it has been
addressed.
A lagoon for the disposal of phosphor gypsum waste from the plant processes, some 5 ha in area, had
been established in the sea at the nearby shoreline. Prior to commencing the demolition works, the
material within the lagoon was investigated and found to be geotechnically stable, and although
contaminated, the concentrations recorded were not considered significant. The lagoon was then capped
by a geosynthetic liner and covered with around 100,000m3
of waste materials from the demolition
works, some 1.5m thick. The waste fill included such materials as caustic soda, pyrite cinders with high
concentrations of heavy metals, styrene, desiccants, colloids, polymers, resins and general contaminated
soil. Although the phosphor gypsum lagoon area is considered in the validation report as ‘suitable for
use’, depending on the future land use there may be long term issues relating to geotechnical stability and
potential contamination due to dissolution and migration to groundwater or seawater. It was reported that
the geosynthetic liner should not be compromised by boreholes or excavations during future site
development. Any development in this area is therefore likely to require special consideration.
5.11.3 Other Existing Minor Installations and Activities
There are also a number of additional smaller buildings, installations and important areas located within
or adjacent to our study area, as shown in Plans 8 & 9, Volume 2. These are listed below, with a short
description where necessary:
5) VTTV Plot 14, facilities that connect the jetty with VTTV Storage facilities.
6) Archirodon Offices: The offices employ approximately 15 members of staff of the
Archirodon Company, which support the Archirodon Port operations and local marine
construction works.
7) Storage Facility for Heavy Vehicles: Located west of the Petrolina Site, the installation
consists of a covered warehouse for storage of heavy vehicles.
8) VTTV Storage Site Expansion (previously Epiphaniou Scrap Metals).
Figure 5-11 VTTV Plot 14

5-18
Figure 5-12 Archirodon Facilities
9) Animal Husbandry Area.
10) Old Vasilikos Customs Offices.
11) New Vasilikos Customs Offices.
Figure 5-13 Animal Husbandry Area

5-19
Figure 5-14 Old Vasilikos Customs Offices Figure 5-15 New Vasilikos Customs Offices
12) Church: This is located south of the east-west road approaching the Petrolina fuel storage
installations.
13) Telia Vasiliko Ltd - Fish Food Storage Warehouse: This warehouse is in good condition and
is used primarily for fish food storage.
14) Booster Pump Building (Petrolina): The booster pump, located to the east of the Fish Food
Warehouse, is used to pump the fuel unloaded from the Vasilikos Industrial Port to the
Petrolina Fuel Storage Installations.
15) Ecofuel Installations, now dismantled.
16) Vouros Healthcare Clinical Waste Processing Unit, abandoned.
Figure 5-16 Church Figure 5-17 Telia Vasiliko

5-20
Figure 5-18 Booster Pump Building Figure 5-19 Vouros Healthcare Clinical Waste
17) Vassilikos Cement Crusher.
18) Animal Feed Storage Unit (Cyprus Soya): The unit is a metal structure warehouse, housing
Animal Feed Products for the company Cyprus Soya.
19) Ecofuel - Water Waste Processing Unit: The Ecofuel installations, store and process
waste/bilge water and oils from sea vessels.
20) Sulphuric Acid Storage: Located east of the Vasilikos Industrial Port, two 5m high tanks
used for the storage of Sulphuric Acid.
Figure 5-20 Animal Feed Storage

5-21
Figure 5-21 Ecofuel - Water Waste
Processing
Figure 5-22 Sulphuric Acid Storage
21) Mari Substation: The EAC Mari substation is located north of Vassiliko Cement Works in
plot 395, Plan LV36. It is intended that the substation will be downgraded following
construction of the new Vasilopotamos substation.
22) Bottle Recycling Area and Concrete Batching Plant: This area of land lies adjacent to
Vasilikos River and is used for temporary storing. A Concrete Batching Plant was observed
at the entrance of the Recycling Area.
23) Blue Island Warehouse and Fish Packing Facilities: Located adjacent to the British East
Mediterranean Relay Station, used for storing products and fish packing.
24) Old Loading Pylon: The Pylon, now disused, is located west of Vasilikos Port. It was used to
transport raw materials to/from vessels moored by the pylon to the port using an overhead
ropeway system.

5-22
Figure 5-23 Mari Substation Figure 5-24 Bottle and Concrete Storage
Figure 5-25 Blue Island Warehouse Figure 5-26 Old Loading Pylon
25) Scrap metal storage (electricity equipment). Includes a metal structure warehouse and a scrap
yard.
26) Economides Metal Recycling, scrap metal yard.
27) Scrap storage facility, metal structure warehouses and scrap yard.

5-23
Figure 5-27 Scrap metal storage
Figure 5-28 Economides Metal Recycling Figure 5-29 Scrap storage facility
28) Cement Storage Silo.
29) General Storage Yard.
30) Simona Construction.
31) Football Field.

5-24
Figure 5-30 Cement Storage Silo Figure 5-31 General Storage Yard
Figure 5-32 Simona Construction Figure 5-33 Football Field
32) VCW Medical Office.
33) Yiannakis Andreou Metal Storage and Retail.
34) Seawave Warehouse and Fish Packing Facilities, used for storing products and fish packing.
35) Gravel Trucks Weight Station.

5-25
Figure 5-34 VCW Medical Office Figure 5-35 Metal Storage and Retail
Figure 5-36 Seawave Warehouse Figure 5-37 Gravel Trucks Weigh Station
36) J&P Construction Camp, temporary camp for the VTTV facilities construction.
37) Air Pumps Machinery.
38) General Construction Machinery and Materials Storage.

5-26
Figure 5-38 Construction Camp
Figure 5-39 Air Pumps Machinery Figure 5-40 Construction Machinery
5.11.4 Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
The Department of Agriculture has stated that there are intense agricultural and husbandry activities
within the study area, including the Mari Husbandry Area which was created in 1988 on Turkish Cypriot
land. The husbandry area is divided into seven agricultural plots, five of which are leased for cattle
farming and two for sheep farming. Outside the husbandry area, there are five further sheep farming units
and a single cattle farming unit. Under Measure 1.7 “Spatial Livestock Development” from the Rural
Development Scheme 2007-2013, the Department creates the required infrastructure in husbandry areas
in order to assist with their smooth operation. Due to the minimal amount of waste created, the Mari
Husbandry Area does not have a negative impact on the environment and the wider area does not lie
within a nitrate sensitive area. Should the Mari residents relocate, this would be at a nearby area (2 to 3
km away) and the husbandry activities would not be affected. The creation of the LNG and other heavy
industry uses in the area may affect the wellbeing of the livestock in the Mari animal husbandry zone due

5-27
to the amount of heavy vehicle movement expected in the area. In any case, if the LNG Phase 3 scenario
is adopted the animal husbandry area of Mari will have to be relocated or abolished.
There are large areas of irrigated arable land, twenty greenhouse units growing vegetables and flowers
and one unit growing mushrooms. The location of these units can be seen in Table 5-3 and Table 5-4
below and in Plan 9, Volume 2.
Table 5-3 Greenhouse Units in the Vasilikos Area
Unit No. Dept. of Land and Registry Plan No. Plot No. Area (hectares)
1 55/20 559 0.40
2 55/20 559 0.30
3 55/20 558 0.30
4 55/20 473,728 0.25
5 55/20
55/20 W1
516
53, 55
0.35
0.40
6 55/20 570, 640, 71 0.18
7 55/28 329, 345, 335,
703
0.20
8 55/28 109 0.15
9 55/28 284, 285, 432
559
0.15
0.25
10 55/28 284, 285, 432 0.10
11 55/28 653, 608 0.70
12 55/28 614 0.80
13 55/28 614 0.80
14 55/28 614 0.40
15 55/29 474 0.40
16 55/29 434, 443, 442 0.70
17 55/29 24 0.20
18 55/37 60 0.20
19 55/37 60 0.20
20 55/37 61, 62 0.65
Table 5-4 Mushroom Growing/Cultivation Units in the Vasilikos Area
Unit No. Dept. of Land and Registry Plan No. Plot No. Area (hectares)
1 55/20 568 0.25

5-28
In addition there are important areas of irrigated land growing citrus fruit, olive trees, deciduous trees,
vegetables, strawberries, carob trees and plants used for feedstuff (corn, grain etc). The soil within these
areas is deep and fertile and of good quality (see Figure 5-41).
Figure 5-41 Good Agricultural Land
5.12 INFRASTRUCTURE
5.12.1 Roads
The existing road network of the study area includes the official inter-urban and rural road hierarchy and
also unofficial and private roads as is typical of many rural areas of Cyprus. A road survey has been
conducted which identifies the roads and summarises their standard/type, function, ownership, road
surfacing and condition. The local road network within and around the study area is presented in Plans 10
& 11, Volume 2. Plan 10 shows the road hierarchy distinguishing between five different types of road,
based on the Geometric Design Standards of the Public Works Department (PWD), as follows:
 Primary Distributor Motorway (e.g. A1 Nicosia-Limassol highway)
 Primary Distributor Class A (e.g. B1 Nicosia-Limassol road)
 District Distributor Class B (e.g. Mari-Vasilikos road)
 Main Local Network (asphalt road)
 Main Local Network (gravel/dirt road)
The two main roads which form the backbone of the network are the A1 Nicosia-Limassol highway and
the old B1 Nicosia-Limassol road. The inter-urban national road network is shown in Plan 1, Volume 2.
District and local distributors connect to this network. A road inventory and condition survey, to a level of
detail appropriate for of this study, has been conducted which identifies the roads and summarises their
standard/type, function, ownership, road surfacing and condition. The results of this survey are presented
in Plan 11, Volume 2.

5-29
A1 Nicosia-Limassol Highway
The A1 Nicosia-Limassol highway provides excellent accessibility to the national and regional road
network. The area can be accessed from the highway via the Zygi and Governor’s Beach grade-separated
junctions, Junctions 15 and 16 (see Plan 10), by traffic travelling from the east and west respectively. The
section of highway in the vicinity of the study area is a dual 2- lane standard with a 100 kph speed limit.
A motorway overpass secures access from the Kalavasos Quarry to Vasilikos Cement Works (VCW)
installations (node A, Plan 11). Several narrow underpasses are also built so that agricultural vehicles can
cross the motorway. PWD official data estimate an average of 17,300 vehicles per day for each direction
of the motorway at the section near Vasiliko.
Figure 5-42 Nicosia – Limassol Motorway near Vasiliko
B1 Nicosia-Limassol Road
Joining the A1 highway at the two highway junctions is the old B1 Nicosia-Limassol road, which runs
parallel to the highway. It connects to the local distributor road network and the access roads to the
various sites within the study area (nodes B, C, D and I1 to I7, Plan 10). The B1 Nicosia-Limassol road is
a single 2–lane road, of around 6m – 8m in width, with a 65 – 80 kph speed limit. According to the PWD,
relatively high accident rates have been observed at the junctions between the B1 Nicosia-Limassol road
and the district distributor roads. Thus a roundabout has been built at the B1/Zygi Road junction (node B,
Plan 10).

5-30
Figure 5-43 Roundabout at B1 / Zygi Junction
The remaining junctions along the road, including a crossroad at the B1/Mari Road (node D, Plan 10) are
dangerous. The main reasons are over-speeding from locals, the high proportion of heavy vehicles, the
relatively narrow width and the lack of dedicated right turning lanes. The accident record for the road (for
the years 1998 to 2012), provided by traffic police, is shown in Table 5-5 below.
Table 5-5 Road Collisions at Area’s Primary Roads
Governor’s Beach – Mari (B1) Mari Crossroad Mari – Zygi (B1)
Fatal 2 1 0
Severe 5 6 5
Non-severe 12 13 4
Light 9 12 7
Figure 5-44 B1 Old Nicosia – Limassol Road

5-31
Mari - Vasilikos Road
The Mari – Vasilikos Road can be classified as a district distributor. The road connects B1 Nicosia –
Limassol Road with Vasilikos area (link A-D-E-F, Plan 10). The road provides access to the Mari village,
Vassiliko Cement Works, the Vasilikos Industrial Port, Petroleum Storage facilities (Petrolina, VTTV)
and other industrial and construction installations. The road is of a 2-lane standard and asphalt-surfaced.
Five priority junctions at the north part of the road grant access to Mari Village (nodes M1 to M5,
Plan 10).
Figure 5-45 Mari – Vasilikos Road near Mari Village
Part of the road (link D-E, Plan 10) consists of 2 lanes of total 6 metres asphalted width and a gravel
shoulder of sufficient width on the east side of the road. Officially it is not a public road, as the land
corridor has not been expropriated . The southern half, at the industrial and port zone of Vasilikos (link E-
F, Plan 10) is a public road. It has been fully constructed including pedestrian footways, bus stop bays and
street lighting .The road is heavily used by dump trucks. There could be 50 to 60 trucks per hour using the
road especially during the Kalavasos Quarry operating hours. The road can be considered potentially
dangerous due to heavy traffic, dirt from trucks and construction and lack of asphalted shoulders.
Figure 5-46 Heavy Trucks West of Mari Village

5-32
Motorway – Zygi Road
The road connecting the village of Zygi with the Nicosia – Limassol motorway, is also a major district
distributor road. The road connects the south part of J15 motorway junction (from Nicosia / to Limassol)
with B1 road and Zygi. A roundabout has been constructed in order to cope with the safety issues of the
former crossroad (node B, Plan 10). Further south, the road connects the village of Zygi with the inter-
urban road network. The road is of a 2-lane standard and asphalt-surfaced, with a concrete / asphalted
shoulder. Pedestrian footways have also been built along some parts of the road. Within the boundaries of
Zygi village, traffic calming measures have been implemented, to the west of the community school. The
road serves the village efficiently, although over speeding could take place, due to the straight and flat
layout of the road. The major problem for the road is the large number of trucks from the VCW
installations to Nicosia – Limassol motorway that use the road.
Figure 5-47 Zygi Road towards Motorway
Minor (Secondary) Public Roads
There is an important number of public roads in the area, usually narrow, either asphalt or gravel
surfaced. These are indicated with a double dotted line on the official Land and Registry Plans and hence
fall into the category of “public roads”. These roads are in some cases useful roads giving access to
various land uses and having some continuity. The most important example is the road that connects B1
road with the Mari – Zygi road, east of the Vasilikos River and the VCW installation (link C-G, Plan 10).
In other cases these roads give access to single uses, usually of agricultural nature. It was observed after
site visits that, in some instances, the public roads indicated on the official Land and Registry Plans do not
exist on the ground.

5-33
Figure 5-48 Typical Minor Road of the area
Some of the public roads have been built with sufficient road standards. Most of them are located around
VCW, VTTV and Petrolina facilities. Pedestrian paths, lighting, signing, public parking and bus stop bays
have also been constructed along these roads.
Figure 5-49 Minor Road upgraded to industrial standards
Public Paths
These roads are indicated as a single dotted line on the official Land and Registry Plans and do not form
official public access for the purpose for most types of development. Usually they follow tracks along the
borders of private plots which in the past served as agricultural access roads for fields which were
cultivated. Some of these public paths have been upgraded on the ground into asphalt roads but they are
still not considered as official roads for the purposes of most types of development.

5-34
Figure 5-50 Path connected to Primary Road
Rural/Private Roads
These roads are unofficial routes which have been created on the ground by owners of private plots to
gain access to their plots and by Local Authorities to serve mainly agricultural activities. These roads,
although they exist on the ground and in some cases as asphalt roads, are not officially registered and are
not recognized for the purposes of any development. The most important rural/private unofficial roads in
the study area are the road which currently provides access to the Petrolina Fuel Storage Area and the
coastal road giving access to the Littoral Plots and the Archirodon port (link E-H, Plan 10). The north part
of the Mari – Vasilikos road (link D-E, Plan 10) is not a public road (as it is not shown on the official
Land and Registry Plans), although it is actually used as, and has been upgraded to, the standards of a
distributor road.
Figure 5-51 Path to Archirodon Port
Conclusions
The condition of the road network can generally be summarised as good. The asphalt on roads tends to be
of a good standard with minimal cracking and no significant sections with potholes or rutting, even
though the roads serve industrial areas where usage by heavy goods vehicles is high. The gravel roads are

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