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SOLUCIONES
Mezcla de dos o más compuestos
TIPOS DE MEZCLAS
 HOMOGÉNEA: 1 sola fase
 HETEROGÉNEA: 2 ó más fases
 SOLUCIÓN COLOIDAL
SOLUCIONES:
INSATURADA SOLUTO: sustancia que se disuelve
SATURADA +
SOBRESATURADA SOLVENTE: sustancia que contiene un soluto
 EJEMPLO: SAL = Soluto AGUA= Solvente
 SOLUCIÓN COLOIDAL EJEMPLO: Leche, jugos
CONCENTRACION DE DISOLUCIONES
 PORCENTAJE EN MASA
% Masa =
Masa del soluto
Masa de la disolución
x 100
% Masa =
Masa del soluto
Masa del soluto + Masa del solvente
x 100
 Ejemplo: 100 g de NaOH en 200 g de Agua
 Masa del soluto = 100 g
 Masa de la solución = 100 g + 200 g = 300g
 % Masa de NaOH =
100 g
300 g
x 100 = 33,3 %
 Ejercicio:
¿ Cual es el porcentaje de KCl en una
solución de 200 g que contiene 40 g de KCl?
 PORCENTAJE EN VOLUMEN
 % Volumen =
Volumen del soluto
Volumen de la solución
x 100
 Ejemplo: 50 mL de alcohol en 150 mL de agua
 Volumen del soluto = 50 mL
 Volumen de la solución = 50 mL + 150 mL = 200 mL
 % Volumen de alcohol =
50 mL
200 mL
x 100 = 25,0 %
CONCENTRACIÓN MOLAR
 M =
𝒏
𝑽
=
𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐝𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐨
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐝𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐜𝐢ó𝐧 (𝐋)
 Ejemplo: Solución 2M de HCl son 2 moles
de HCl en un litro de solución.
 ¿Cuál es la molaridad de una solución que contiene
80 g de NaOH en 500 mL de una solución?
# moles de NaOH =
80 g
40 g/mol
PMNaOH = 40 g/mol
# moles de NaOH = 2 moles
𝑀 =
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0,5 𝐿
= 4 mol/L
M NaOH = 4 M
 Ejercicio:
¿ Cual es la molaridad de una solución de
cloro (Cl2) que contiene 100 g Cloro en
500 mL de agua?
CONCENTRACIÓN EN PARTES POR
MILLÓN (ppm)
ppm =
mg soluto
litro de solución
 Ejemplo: 2,5 mg de iones de Calcio en 0,4 L son:
ppm de Ca+2
=
2,5 mg 𝐶𝑎+2
0,4 L
= 6,25 ppm
NORMALIDAD
N =
Equivalentes gramos de soluto
litros de solución
EQUIVALENTES GRAMOS DE SUSTANCIAS CONOCIDAS
 NaOH PM = 40g/mol Peq = PM/1
(1 OH)
Peq = 40g/eq
 HCl PM = 36g/mol Peq = PM/1
(1 H)
Peq = 36g/eq
EQUIVALENTES GRAMOS DE SUSTANCIAS CONOCIDAS
 H2SO4 PM = 98g/mol Peq = PM/2
(2 H)
Peq = 49g/eq
 H3PO4 PM = 98g/mol Peq = PM/3
(3 H)
Peq = 32,7 g/eq
Ejemplo:
Calcular la normalidad de una disolución de HCl que contiene 100
gramos de soluto en 3 litros de disolución. (Dato: peso molecular del
HCl = 36,5).
Respuesta:
Normalidad = nº equivalentes HCl / litros de disolución
•Equivalente de HCl = peso molecular / nº de H+ = 36,5 / 1 = 36,5
•nº de Equivalentes en 100 g de HCl = 100 / 36,5 = 2,7
•Normalidad = 2,7 / 3 = 0,9 N
NORMALIDAD
ÁCIDOS Y BASES
 pH de una solución ácida
HA H+ + A-
Ácido Iones
pH = - log [H +]
 Ejemplo
HAc H+ + Ac -
Acido Acético Ion Acetato
Hidrógeno
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3
-
Acido Carbónico Bicarbonato
BASES
 pOH = - log [OH -]
 NaOH Na+ + HO -
Solución Catión Hidroxilo
Sodio
 NH3 NH4
+ + -OH
Amoniaco Amonio Hidroxilo
pH + pOH = 14
 Ácidos Fuertes pH = 1 a 3
 Ácidos débiles pH = 4 a 6
 Neutra pH = 7,0
 Bases débiles pH = 8 a 11
 Bases Fuertes pH = 12 a 14
 Si pH = 8,0 pOH = 6,0
 Si pH = 4,0 pOH = 10,0
NEUTRALIZACIÓN
 H+ + OH - H2O
Acido Base Agua
 HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
Ácido Base Agua Sal
1 mol + 1 mol 1 mol + 1 mol
0,5 mol + 0,5 mol 0,5 mol + 0,5 mol
pH ‹ 7,0 pH› 7,0 pH = 7,0

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6 estudio soluciones jel

  • 1. SOLUCIONES Mezcla de dos o más compuestos TIPOS DE MEZCLAS  HOMOGÉNEA: 1 sola fase  HETEROGÉNEA: 2 ó más fases  SOLUCIÓN COLOIDAL
  • 2. SOLUCIONES: INSATURADA SOLUTO: sustancia que se disuelve SATURADA + SOBRESATURADA SOLVENTE: sustancia que contiene un soluto
  • 3.  EJEMPLO: SAL = Soluto AGUA= Solvente  SOLUCIÓN COLOIDAL EJEMPLO: Leche, jugos
  • 4. CONCENTRACION DE DISOLUCIONES  PORCENTAJE EN MASA % Masa = Masa del soluto Masa de la disolución x 100 % Masa = Masa del soluto Masa del soluto + Masa del solvente x 100
  • 5.  Ejemplo: 100 g de NaOH en 200 g de Agua  Masa del soluto = 100 g  Masa de la solución = 100 g + 200 g = 300g  % Masa de NaOH = 100 g 300 g x 100 = 33,3 %
  • 6.  Ejercicio: ¿ Cual es el porcentaje de KCl en una solución de 200 g que contiene 40 g de KCl?
  • 7.  PORCENTAJE EN VOLUMEN  % Volumen = Volumen del soluto Volumen de la solución x 100  Ejemplo: 50 mL de alcohol en 150 mL de agua  Volumen del soluto = 50 mL  Volumen de la solución = 50 mL + 150 mL = 200 mL  % Volumen de alcohol = 50 mL 200 mL x 100 = 25,0 %
  • 8. CONCENTRACIÓN MOLAR  M = 𝒏 𝑽 = 𝐌𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐬 𝐝𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐨 𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧 𝐝𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐜𝐢ó𝐧 (𝐋)  Ejemplo: Solución 2M de HCl son 2 moles de HCl en un litro de solución.
  • 9.  ¿Cuál es la molaridad de una solución que contiene 80 g de NaOH en 500 mL de una solución? # moles de NaOH = 80 g 40 g/mol PMNaOH = 40 g/mol # moles de NaOH = 2 moles 𝑀 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 0,5 𝐿 = 4 mol/L M NaOH = 4 M
  • 10.  Ejercicio: ¿ Cual es la molaridad de una solución de cloro (Cl2) que contiene 100 g Cloro en 500 mL de agua?
  • 11. CONCENTRACIÓN EN PARTES POR MILLÓN (ppm) ppm = mg soluto litro de solución  Ejemplo: 2,5 mg de iones de Calcio en 0,4 L son: ppm de Ca+2 = 2,5 mg 𝐶𝑎+2 0,4 L = 6,25 ppm
  • 12. NORMALIDAD N = Equivalentes gramos de soluto litros de solución EQUIVALENTES GRAMOS DE SUSTANCIAS CONOCIDAS  NaOH PM = 40g/mol Peq = PM/1 (1 OH) Peq = 40g/eq  HCl PM = 36g/mol Peq = PM/1 (1 H) Peq = 36g/eq
  • 13. EQUIVALENTES GRAMOS DE SUSTANCIAS CONOCIDAS  H2SO4 PM = 98g/mol Peq = PM/2 (2 H) Peq = 49g/eq  H3PO4 PM = 98g/mol Peq = PM/3 (3 H) Peq = 32,7 g/eq
  • 14. Ejemplo: Calcular la normalidad de una disolución de HCl que contiene 100 gramos de soluto en 3 litros de disolución. (Dato: peso molecular del HCl = 36,5). Respuesta: Normalidad = nº equivalentes HCl / litros de disolución •Equivalente de HCl = peso molecular / nº de H+ = 36,5 / 1 = 36,5 •nº de Equivalentes en 100 g de HCl = 100 / 36,5 = 2,7 •Normalidad = 2,7 / 3 = 0,9 N NORMALIDAD
  • 15. ÁCIDOS Y BASES  pH de una solución ácida HA H+ + A- Ácido Iones pH = - log [H +]
  • 16.  Ejemplo HAc H+ + Ac - Acido Acético Ion Acetato Hidrógeno H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 - Acido Carbónico Bicarbonato
  • 17. BASES  pOH = - log [OH -]  NaOH Na+ + HO - Solución Catión Hidroxilo Sodio  NH3 NH4 + + -OH Amoniaco Amonio Hidroxilo
  • 18.
  • 19. pH + pOH = 14  Ácidos Fuertes pH = 1 a 3  Ácidos débiles pH = 4 a 6  Neutra pH = 7,0  Bases débiles pH = 8 a 11  Bases Fuertes pH = 12 a 14  Si pH = 8,0 pOH = 6,0  Si pH = 4,0 pOH = 10,0
  • 20. NEUTRALIZACIÓN  H+ + OH - H2O Acido Base Agua  HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl Ácido Base Agua Sal 1 mol + 1 mol 1 mol + 1 mol 0,5 mol + 0,5 mol 0,5 mol + 0,5 mol pH ‹ 7,0 pH› 7,0 pH = 7,0