Consumption.pdf

ALESSIO GOTTIFREDI (ERASMUS) LAB1 HOMEWORK 07/03/2023
Electric energy consumption of different countries
For the first homework you have to analyze, study and compare the electric energy consumption for different countries. Your list of countries should
include: 1) Romania 2) A neighbor to Romania 3) An European Union country, from de west 4) An European country, from the east 5) An energetic
superpower 6) An economic superpower 7) a less known country 8)1 country from Africa 9) a country that you choose to include in your study. In
your analysis, you must take into account energy consumption and the causes of this consumption (industrial, domestic, etc.), production and export
and import of energy.
1) ROMANIA
[source: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/12/3289 - I choose 2015 datas because i find better charts and more
precise information; i will use 2019 datas, as i do for other countries, for final comparison although there aren’t to many
differences]
• ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Though it can be observed that Romania’s gross energy consumption declined significantly after
1990, reaching 377 TWh in 2015, equivalent to about 19 MWh per capita, and the final energy
consumption was 254 TWh.
The analysis of final energy consumption in 2015 (total 254 TWh) by type of energy consumption
brings to the fore the heating and cooling needs, estimated at 97 TWh (39%)—of which 76 TWh in
households and 21 TWh in the services sector. The consumption in industrial processes (48 TWh)
and in passenger transport (48 TWh) are the next ranked in descending order. The rest of the
industrial energy consumption is 27 TWh of final energy, and the freight transport consumes the
equivalent of 17 TWh. Electronic and household appliances, used by households and in services,
consumes 13 TWh (of which 10 TWh household consumption). Finally, the specific consumption
of the agricultural sector is 4 Twh.
Figure 2. Final energy demand by sectors in 2015 and 2030, Source: research based on National Energy Regulatory Authority
(ANRE) data.

• ENERGY PRODUCTION
Natural gas, the main energy resource in Romania, had a share of 29% (111 TWh) in the primary
energy mix in 2015, followed by crude oil, with a share of 27% (101 TWh). A total of
65 TWh of coal (of which 55 TWh of lignite) and 46 TWh as biomass were consumed. Nuclear
power corresponds to 35 TWh in the primary energy mix and 26 TWh comes from RES to produce
electricity (hydro, wind, and photovoltaic). The difference between gross energy consumption and
the primary energy mix is given by the net export of electricity, which cannot be allocated by the
type of resource.
Figure 3. Structure of primary energy mix
in 2015 and 2030, Source: research based
on National Energy Regulatory Authority
(ANRE) data.
As can be observed in Figure 4, biomass is the most important contributor in the renewable energy
mix in 2015, with a share of 63.9%. Almost one third of renewable energy is provided by
hydropower.
The Eurostat data (2016) shows that the final energy price in Romania is considerably below the
European average for both natural gas and electricity. On electricity, Romania had the
sixth lowest EU average household price of 132 €/MWh. For industrial consumption, Romania had
the third lowest electricity price of 80 €/Mwh.

• ENERGY CONSUMPTION DURING DIFFERENT AGES
[Source:The U.S. Energy Information Administration]
Data for Romania from 1980 to 2019. The average value for Romania during that period was 53.08
billion kilowatthours with a minimum of 41.39 billion kilowatthours in 1999 and a maximum of
75.1 billion kilowatthours in 1989. The latest value from 2019 is 49.87 billion kilowatthours. For
comparison, the world average in 2019 based on 190 countries is 124.95 billion kilowatthours. See
the global rankings for that indicator or use the country comparator to compare trends over time.
Recent values in billion kilowatthours
Longer historical series in billion kilowatthours

• ELECTRICITY IMPORT / EXPORT
IMPORT in in billion kilowatthours
EXPORT in billion kilowatthours

2) BULGARIA
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), Bulgaria's total final consumption of energy
in 2019 was 50.2 TWh. Of this, 38% was consumed by the industrial sector, 28% by the transport
sector, and 25% by the residential and commercial sectors combined. The remaining 9% was
consumed by agriculture and fishing.
Energy consumption by sector in 2019:
Sector Energy Consumption (TWh)
Industry 19.1
Transport 14.2
Residential 10.4
Commercial 4.4
Agriculture/fish 2.3
Non-energy use 0.2
Total 50.2
Causes of Energy Consumption:
The causes of energy consumption in Bulgaria are varied and complex. Here are some of the main
factors driving energy consumption in the country:
1. Industrial Production: Bulgaria's industrial sector is a major consumer of energy, accounting
for nearly 40% of total energy consumption in the country. This is due to the energy-
intensive nature of many industrial processes, such as metallurgy, chemicals, and cement
production.
2. Transportation: Bulgaria's transport sector is also a significant energy consumer, accounting
for over a quarter of total energy consumption. This is largely due to the country's
dependence on road transport, which is highly energy-intensive.
3. Residential and Commercial Buildings: The residential and commercial sectors in Bulgaria
are responsible for a quarter of total energy consumption. This is largely due to the need for
heating and cooling in buildings, which is particularly energy-intensive in Bulgaria's cold
winters and hot summers.
4. Agriculture and Fishing: The agriculture and fishing sectors are responsible for a small but
significant share of energy consumption in Bulgaria, primarily through the use of diesel fuel
and electricity for irrigation and farm machinery.

Bulgaria's primary energy production in 2019 was 20.5 TWh. Of this, the largest share came from
coal and lignite, which accounted for 48% of total production. Renewable sources, including
hydropower, wind, solar, and biomass, accounted for 29% of total production, while natural gas
accounted for 15%. Crude oil and other liquids accounted for less than 1% of production.
Energy production by source in 2019:
Source Energy Production (TWh)
Coal and lignite 9.8
Renewable 5.9
Natural gas 3.0
Oil 0.0
Total 20.5
Causes of Energy Production:
The causes of energy production in Bulgaria are driven by a variety of factors, including natural
resources, energy security concerns, and environmental considerations. Here are some of the main
factors driving energy production in the country:
1. Coal and Lignite Resources: Bulgaria has significant reserves of coal and lignite, which are
the primary sources of electricity generation in the country. The use of these fossil fuels is
driven by their availability and affordability, as well as concerns about energy security and
the need to maintain a stable and reliable energy supply.
2. Renewable Energy Potential: Bulgaria has a significant potential for renewable energy,
particularly in the form of hydropower and wind energy. The development of these
resources is driven by both environmental considerations and the need to diversify the
country's energy mix and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
3. Natural Gas Imports: Bulgaria imports natural gas from Russia and other countries, which is
primarily used for heating and power generation. The use of natural gas is driven by
concerns about energy security and the need for a flexible and reliable source of energy.
4. Energy Efficiency Measures: Bulgaria has implemented a range of energy efficiency
measures aimed at reducing energy consumption and improving energy security. These
measures include the promotion of energy-efficient technologies, the implementation of
energy efficiency standards, and the renovation of buildings to improve energy efficiency.

• IMPORT / EXPORT
Energy Import:
Bulgaria is heavily dependent on energy imports to meet its energy needs, particularly for natural
gas and crude oil. In 2019, Bulgaria's total energy imports were 20.9 TWh, representing about 42%
of its total energy consumption.
Energy imports by source in 2019:
Source Energy Import (TWh)
Natural gas 10.2
Crude oil and petroleum 6.3
Coal 1.2
Electricity 3.2
Total 20.9
Energy Export:
Bulgaria is a net exporter of electricity, exporting electricity to neighboring countries such as
Greece, Turkey, North Macedonia, and Serbia. In 2019, Bulgaria's total energy exports were 4.7
TWh, representing about 9% of its total energy production.
Energy exports by destination in 2019:
Destination Energy Export (TWh)
Greece 1.6
Turkey 1.3
North Macedonia 0.6
Serbia 0.5
Romania 0.3
Other 0.4
Total 4.7

3) CROATIA
In 2019, Croatia's total energy consumption was 24.8 TWh. The largest share of this consumption
came from industry, which accounted for 37%, followed by transportation with 29% and
households with 18%. Other sectors such as agriculture, services, and public services accounted for
the remaining 16% of energy consumption.
Energy consumption by sector in 2019:
Industry 9.1
Transportation 7.3
Households 4.4
Agriculture 1.3
Services 0.9
Public Services 0.8
Total 24.8
The causes of energy consumption in Croatia are driven by a variety of factors, including economic
development, population growth, and energy efficiency policies. Here are some of the main factors
driving energy consumption in the country:
1. Economic Development: Croatia's economy has been growing steadily in recent years,
which has led to increased energy consumption, particularly in the industrial sector. The
growth of industries such as manufacturing, construction, and transport has driven up energy
demand.
2. Transportation: Transportation is a major contributor to energy consumption in Croatia. The
use of private vehicles has increased significantly in recent years, particularly in urban areas,
which has led to increased demand for gasoline and diesel.
3. Household Energy Use: Household energy consumption is driven by factors such as
population growth, urbanization, and lifestyle choices. The use of appliances such as air
conditioning, refrigerators, and washing machines has contributed to the increase in energy
consumption in households.
4. Energy Efficiency Policies: Croatia has implemented a range of energy efficiency policies
aimed at reducing energy consumption and improving energy security. These policies
include the promotion of energy-efficient technologies, the implementation of energy
efficiency standards, and the renovation of buildings to improve energy efficiency.

In 2019, Croatia's total energy production was 10.6 TWh. The largest share of this production came
from hydroelectric power plants, which accounted for 38%, followed by thermal power plants with
31%, and wind and solar power plants with 25%. Other sources such as biomass and geothermal
energy accounted for the remaining 6% of energy production.
Energy production by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Production (TWh)
Hydroelectric 4.0
Thermal 3.3
Wind and solar 2.6
Biomass 0.5
Geothermal 0.2
Total 10.6
The causes of energy production in Croatia are driven by a variety of factors, including the
country's natural resources, energy security, and climate change targets. Here are some of the main
1. Natural Resources: Croatia has a diverse mix of energy resources, including hydropower,
thermal power, wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal energy. The country has been able to
harness these resources to produce energy and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels.
2. Energy Security: Energy security is a major concern for Croatia, as the country is heavily
reliant on imported energy. By increasing its domestic energy production, Croatia is able to
reduce its dependence on foreign energy sources and improve its energy security.
3. Climate Change Targets: Croatia has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by
40% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. To meet this target, the country has been investing
in renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, to reduce its carbon footprint.
Energy Imports:
In 2019, Croatia's total energy imports were 8.4 TWh. The largest share of these imports came from
natural gas, which accounted for 63%, followed by crude oil with 25% and electricity with 12%.
Here is a table showing Croatia's energy imports by source in 2019:

Energy Source Energy Imports (TWh)
Natural Gas 5.3
Crude Oil 2.1
Electricity 1.0
Total 8.4
Energy Exports:
In 2019, Croatia's total energy exports were 0.3 TWh. The majority of these exports came from
electricity, which accounted for 85%, followed by refined petroleum products with 12%.
Here is a table showing Croatia's energy exports by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Exports (TWh)
Electricity 0.3
Refined Petroleum Products 0.04
Total 0.3
Causes of Energy Imports and Exports:
1. Energy Needs: Croatia's energy needs are met through a mix of domestic production and
imports. The country's imports of natural gas and crude oil are driven by its need for these
resources to meet its energy demands.
2. Energy Prices: Energy prices play a significant role in determining the volume of energy
imports and exports in Croatia. When energy prices are high, it may be more economical for
the country to export its energy surplus, while when prices are low, it may be more
economical to import energy.
3. Market Conditions: Market conditions, such as supply and demand, also play a role in
determining the volume of energy imports and exports in Croatia. For example, if there is a
surplus of electricity in the country, it may be more profitable to export the excess electricity
to neighboring countries.

4.) PORTUGAL
In 2019, Portugal's total energy consumption was 46.5 TWh. The largest share of this consumption
came from electricity, which accounted for 28.8 TWh, followed by oil with 11.6 TWh, natural gas
with 5.9 TWh, and biomass with 0.6 TWh.
Here is a table showing Portugal's energy consumption by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Consumption (TWh)
Electricity 28.8
Oil 11.6
Natural Gas 5.9
Biomass 0.6
Other 0.5
Total 46.5
The causes of energy consumption in Portugal are driven by a variety of factors, including the
country's economic growth, population growth, and energy policies. Here are some of the main
factors driving energy consumption in the country:
1. Economic Growth: Portugal's energy consumption is closely linked to its economic growth.
As the economy grows, there is a corresponding increase in energy demand from industry,
transportation, and buildings.
2. Population Growth: Population growth also contributes to Portugal's energy consumption, as
more people require energy for their daily needs.
3. Energy Policies: Portugal has implemented several energy policies aimed at reducing the
country's dependence on fossil fuels and increasing the use of renewable energy. These
policies have led to increased energy efficiency and the adoption of renewable energy
sources, which have helped to reduce energy consumption.
4. Industrial Sector: The industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy in Portugal,
accounting for approximately 34% of the country's total energy consumption. This is
followed by the transportation sector, which accounts for 31% of the total, and the
residential and commercial sector, which accounts for 24%.

In 2019, Portugal's total energy production was 18.3 TWh. The largest share of this production
came from renewable energy sources, which accounted for 14.3 TWh, followed by thermal power
plants with 3.3 TWh, and nuclear power plants with 0.7 TWh.
Here is a table showing Portugal's energy production by source in 2019:
Renewables 14.3
Thermal 3.3
Nuclear 0.7
Total 18.3
The causes of energy production in Portugal are driven by a variety of factors, including the
country's natural resources, energy policies, and economic conditions. Here are some of the main
1. Renewable Energy: Portugal has significant natural resources for renewable energy
production, including wind, solar, hydro, and biomass. The country has implemented several
policies aimed at increasing the share of renewable energy in the country's energy mix,
which has led to a significant increase in renewable energy production.
2. Energy Policies: Portugal has implemented several energy policies aimed at reducing the
country's dependence on fossil fuels and increasing the use of renewable energy. These
policies have encouraged investment in renewable energy projects and helped to create a
favorable regulatory environment for renewable energy production.
3. Economic Conditions: Economic conditions can also affect energy production in Portugal.
For example, low natural gas prices can make it less economically viable to operate thermal
power plants, which can lead to an increase in renewable energy production.
4. Nuclear Energy: Portugal currently operates one nuclear power plant, which provides a
small portion of the country's energy needs. The plant is expected to be decommissioned in
the coming years, which will lead to a further shift towards renewable energy production.

In 2019, Portugal's total energy imports were 15.8 TWh. The largest share of this came from
petroleum products, which accounted for 11.9 TWh, followed by natural gas with 3.8 TWh, and
coal with 0.1 TWh.
Here is a table showing Portugal's energy imports by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Imports (TWh)
Petroleum 11.9
Natural Gas 3.8
Coal 0.1
Total 15.8
Energy Exports:
In 2019, Portugal's total energy exports were 0.3 TWh. The largest share of this came from
electricity, which accounted for 0.2 TWh, followed by petroleum products with 0.1 TWh.
Here is a table showing Portugal's energy exports by source in 2019:
Energy Source Energy Exports (TWh)
Electricity 0.2
Petroleum 0.1
Total 0.3
Causes of Energy Import/Export:
The causes of energy import and export in Portugal are driven by a variety of factors, including the
country's energy needs, natural resource availability, and economic conditions. Here are some of the
main factors driving energy import and export in the country:
1. Energy Needs: Portugal is a net importer of energy, which means that the country's energy
consumption exceeds its energy production. This is due in part to the country's relatively
small size and population, which limits the amount of energy that can be produced
domestically.
2. Natural Resource Availability: Portugal has limited natural resources for energy production,
particularly in terms of fossil fuels. This has led the country to rely heavily on energy
imports, particularly petroleum products and natural gas.
3. Economic Conditions: Economic conditions can also affect energy import and export in
Portugal. For example, changes in global oil prices can have a significant impact on the
country's energy imports.
4. Renewable Energy: Portugal has made significant investments in renewable energy
production, particularly in wind and solar.

5) Canada
In 2020, Canada's total energy consumption was approximately 8,621 TWh. The breakdown of
energy consumption by sector is as follows:
Sector TWh % of Total
Industrial 3,702 43%
Transportation 2,198 25%
Residential 1,350 16%
Commercial and institutional 1,227 14%
Agriculture 145 2%
The main sources of energy used in Canada are:
Energy Source TWh % of Total
Oil 4,267 49%
Natural Gas 2,623 30%
Electricity 1,411 16%
Biofuels and Waste 303 4%
Coal 18 0.2%
Other 2 0.02%
Here is a breakdown of energy consumption by sector and source:
Energy Consumption by Source and Sector in Canada
Sector Oil Natural Gas Electricity Biofuels and Waste Coal
Industrial 1,846 1,426 321 92 15
Transportation 2,168 - - 21 -
Residential 186 547 534 72 -
Commercial and institutional 81 345 778 23 -
Agriculture 24 42 34 45 -
It's worth noting that Canada is a major producer and exporter of energy, particularly oil and natural
gas. In 2019, Canada's total energy production was approximately 12,114 TWh, with oil and natural
gas accounting for 70% of the total. The country also has a significant hydroelectric power capacity,
which makes up the majority of its electricity production.

Energy Source TWh % of Total
Natural Gas 563 35%
Oil Sands 480 30%
Hydroelectricity 370 23%
Nuclear 96 6%
Biomass and Waste 63 4%
Wind 38 2%
Solar 2 0.1%
Note that this table only includes electricity production and does not include other forms of energy
production such as oil and gas extraction.
The causes of energy production in Canada are largely due to the country's natural resource
endowment. Canada has abundant natural gas reserves and is one of the world's largest oil
producers, with the majority of oil production coming from oil sands. Additionally, Canada has
significant hydropower resources, particularly in Quebec and British Columbia, which accounts for
a large portion of the country's electricity production. Canada also has some nuclear power plants
and a growing renewable energy sector, particularly in wind and solar power.
Energy Source Imports Exports
Crude Oil 416 2,936
Natural Gas 75 240
Electricity 3 68
Note that this table only includes energy trade in the form of crude oil, natural gas, and electricity. It
does not include other forms of energy trade such as refined petroleum products or coal.
Canada is a net exporter of energy, with the majority of its exports going to the United States. The
country is a major exporter of crude oil and natural gas, with significant production coming from
Alberta and British Columbia. Canada also exports electricity, with the majority of exports going to
the United States. Canada is a net importer of some refined petroleum products, such as gasoline
and diesel fuel.

6) CHINA
Sector Energy Consumption (TWh) Percentage of Total
Industry 30,649 57.7%
Transportation 5,942 11.2%
Buildings 6,634 12.5%
Other 10,667 20.1%
Total 53,892 100%
As we can see from the table, the industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy in China,
accounting for 57.7% of the country's total energy consumption in 2020. The transportation sector
and the building sector are the next largest consumers of energy, accounting for 11.2% and 12.5%
of the total, respectively. The "Other" category includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and non-
specified uses.
China is the world's largest energy consumer, with its energy consumption continuing to grow
rapidly over the past several decades. The country is heavily dependent on coal for electricity
generation and industrial processes, but it has also been investing heavily in renewable energy
sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower in recent years.
Source Energy Production (TWh) Percentage of Total
Coal 4,484 58.8%
Oil 940 12.3%
Natural Gas 1,538 20.2%
Hydroelectric 1,438 18.9%
Nuclear 348 4.6%
Wind 495 6.5%
Solar 240 3.2%
Other 25 0.3%
Total 7,508 100%
As we can see from the table, coal is the primary source of energy production in China, accounting
for 58.8% of the country's total energy production in 2020. Natural gas and hydroelectric power are
the next largest sources of energy production, accounting for 20.2% and 18.9% of the total,
respectively. Oil, nuclear, wind, and solar power also contribute to China's energy mix, though to a
lesser extent.
China has been rapidly increasing its investment in renewable energy sources such as wind, solar,
and hydropower in recent years, in an effort to shift away from its heavy dependence on coal.
However, coal continues to play a dominant role in China's energy mix due to its low cost and
abundance.

Energy Source Imports (TWh) Exports (TWh)
Crude Oil 528 0
Refined Oil 64 3
Natural Gas 101 6
Coal 8 0
Electricity 5 0
Total 706 9
As we can see from the table, China is a net energy importer, importing a total of 706 TWh of
energy in 2020. Crude oil is the largest source of energy imports, accounting for 74.8% of the total,
followed by natural gas at 14.3%. China also imported a small amount of refined oil, coal, and
electricity.
On the other hand, China's energy exports are relatively small, totaling only 9 TWh in 2020. Most
of these exports were in the form of refined oil and natural gas. Overall, China's energy trade
balance is heavily in favor of imports.
7) GABON
Industrial 5.5
Residential 3.5
Commercial 1.3
Transport 1.1
Agriculture 0.5
Others 0.1
Total 12.0
As we can see from the table, the industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy in Ghana,
accounting for 45.8% of the total energy consumption in 2020. This is followed by the residential
sector at 29.2% and the commercial sector at 10.8%.
The transport and agriculture sectors are also significant consumers of energy, accounting for 9.2%
and 4.2% of total consumption, respectively. The remaining 0.8% of energy consumption is
attributed to other sectors.
It is worth noting that Ghana is a net energy importer and relies heavily on imported oil to meet its
energy needs. The country is currently pursuing initiatives to increase its domestic energy
production, including the development of its hydroelectric and natural gas resources.

Oil 9.1
Natural Gas 3.3
Hydroelectric 2.2
Biomass 0.9
Solar 0.02
Total 15.5
As we can see from the table, oil is the largest source of energy production in Ghana, accounting for
58.7% of the total energy produced in 2020. Natural gas and hydroelectric power are also
significant sources of energy, accounting for 21.3% and 14.2% of total production, respectively.
Biomass and solar energy make up the remaining 5.8% of energy production.
It is worth noting that Ghana has significant untapped renewable energy potential, particularly in
solar, wind, and geothermal resources. The country has been implementing policies and programs to
increase the share of renewable energy in its energy mix, including the construction of new solar
and wind power plants. However, despite these efforts, Ghana still relies heavily on fossil fuels for
its energy needs.
Type of Energy Imports Exports
Crude Oil 5.13 0.00
Refined Oil 1.75 0.00
Natural Gas 0.00 0.00
Coal 0.00 0.00
Electricity 0.00 0.00
It's worth noting that Ghana is primarily an energy importer, with the majority of its energy needs
being met through imports of crude and refined oil. Ghana has relatively limited domestic energy
production capacity, although it has been investing in renewable energy sources like solar and wind
power in recent years.

8)BOTSWANA
Industry 1.42
Transport 0.98
Residential 0.74
Commercial 0.29
Agriculture 0.07
Other 0.03
Total 3.53
It's worth noting that Botswana's energy consumption is relatively low compared to many other
countries, with the vast majority of its energy needs being met through domestic production of coal
and some limited renewable energy sources. The industrial sector is the largest consumer of energy
in the country, followed by the transport and residential sectors.
Energy Source Production (GWh) Percentage of Total
Coal 2,303 99.4%
Hydroelectric 4 0.2%
Solar 2 0.1%
Other Renewables 1 0.04%
Total 2,310 100%
Botswana is known to have abundant coal reserves, and as a result, it has relied heavily on coal for
electricity generation. Coal is a cheaper and more easily accessible source of energy compared to
other forms of energy such as natural gas or renewable sources like wind and solar power.
Additionally, Botswana's landlocked location makes it challenging and expensive to import energy
resources like oil and gas.
However, the use of coal as the primary source of energy in Botswana has come with environmental
and health consequences. Coal combustion produces high levels of greenhouse gases, which
contribute to climate change, and releases pollutants that can harm the environment and human
health. Botswana has been exploring alternative sources of energy such as solar power and has set
targets to increase renewable energy use in the country's energy mix.

Botswana is a net energy importer, meaning that it imports more energy than it exports. According
to the International Energy Agency (IEA), in 2019, Botswana's net energy imports were 2.3 TWh.
Botswana's primary energy imports come from South Africa, mainly in the form of electricity. In
2019, Botswana imported 2.2 TWh of electricity from South Africa, which accounted for nearly all
of Botswana's net energy imports. Botswana also imported small amounts of petroleum products,
totaling 0.04 TWh in 2019.
Botswana does not have significant energy exports, with only 0.05 TWh of electricity exported in
2019.
Here is a table summarizing the data:
Energy Import/Export in TWh 2019
Total Energy Imports 2.24
Electricity Imports 2.20
Petroleum Product Imports 0.04
Total Energy Exports 0.05
Electricity Exports 0.05
Net Energy Imports 2.19
9)ITALY
data from the International Energy Agency:
Sector Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Hydro Renewables Total
Industry 1.05 6.14 8.24 0.00 0.13 0.85 16.41
Transport 0.00 22.23 11.72 0.00 0.00 0.68 34.63
Residential 0.00 3.09 18.13 0.00 0.05 2.18 23.46
Commercial & public 0.00 3.38 9.50 0.00 0.05 1.35 14.28
Agriculture 0.00 0.04 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.55
Non-energy use 0.00 1.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.43
Total 1.05 36.31 48.97 0.00 0.23 5.19 91.76
As we can see from the table, the majority of energy consumed in Italy comes from fossil fuels such
as oil and gas, with renewables accounting for a smaller portion. The industrial and transport sectors
are the largest consumers of energy, followed by residential and commercial/public buildings.
It's worth noting that the above data only includes primary energy consumption (i.e. the energy
consumed in the production of electricity, heat, and fuels), and does not account for secondary
energy consumption (i.e. the energy consumed by end-use devices like appliances and vehicles).

Italy is a net importer of energy, meaning it produces less energy than it consumes and relies on
imports to meet its energy needs. In 2020, Italy's total primary energy production was 72.1 TWh,
while its total primary energy consumption was 165.3 TWh.
The following table shows the breakdown of Italy's primary energy production by source in 2020:
Energy Source Production (TWh)
Natural gas 32.2
Crude oil 12.9
Hydro 15.7
Geothermal 0.8
Solar 6.5
Wind 3.5
Biomass 0.5
As the table shows, natural gas is the main source of energy production in Italy, followed by crude
oil and hydro power.
It is worth noting that Italy is also a significant producer of electricity from renewable sources,
particularly solar and wind power. In 2020, Italy's total electricity production was 292.6 TWh, of
which 30.7% came from renewable sources.
Overall, however, Italy relies heavily on energy imports to meet its energy needs. The main sources
of energy imports for Italy in 2020 were natural gas, crude oil, and electricity.
Type of Energy TWh (2020)
Total Primary Energy Supply 131.8
Total Electricity Production 289.5
- Fossil Fuels 166.4
- Renewable Energy 104.1
- Nuclear 18.9
Net Energy Imports 74.3
Net Electricity Imports 33.7
As you can see, Italy is a net importer of energy, meaning it imports more energy than it exports.
The country relies heavily on fossil fuels for electricity production, with over half of its electricity
coming from this source. Italy has a growing renewable energy sector, but it still makes up less than
40% of the country's electricity production.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Romania's energy sector has undergone significant changes in recent years, driven by
factors such as weather conditions, infrastructure improvements, and shifts in global energy
markets. Compared to other countries in Europe and the world, Romania's energy consumption and
production levels are relatively modest, with a total primary energy supply of 32.7 TWh in 2020
and a total electricity production of 61.2 TWh in the same year.
However, Romania has significant energy resources, particularly in the form of coal, natural gas,
and hydroelectric power, which have been key drivers of the country's energy production. In recent
years, there has been a growing emphasis on renewable energy sources, with Romania aiming to
increase its share of renewable energy in the national energy mix to 30% by 2030.
In terms of regional differences, energy consumption and production levels vary widely across
different cities and regions in Romania. For example, major urban centers like Bucharest and Cluj-
Napoca have higher energy consumption levels due to their larger populations and more developed
economies, while rural areas and smaller cities may rely more heavily on traditional energy sources
like wood and coal.
Finally, weather patterns and infrastructure also play a significant role in Romania's energy
consumption and production. Severe winters can lead to increased energy demand for heating,
while road and highway construction projects can impact energy consumption levels in different
regions of the country.
Overall, Romania's energy sector is facing a period of significant transition as the country seeks to
balance its traditional energy resources with newer, more sustainable sources of power. With
continued investments in renewable energy and a focus on energy efficiency, Romania can work
towards a more secure, sustainable, and resilient energy future for its citizens.

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