This document discusses basics of building science and civil engineering materials. It describes the key components of buildings like foundations, walls, roofs, etc. It then focuses on basic building materials like aggregates, cement, blocks, and concrete. It provides details on types of aggregates, their sources and properties. It explains that aggregates which make up 60-75% of concrete volume are divided into fine and coarse aggregates. Fine aggregates are smaller than 4.75mm while coarse aggregates are larger. Selection of proper aggregates is important for concrete strength and properties.

1. BASICS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

2. BASICS OF BUILDING SCIENCE
Module 2
1/20/2023

3. MODULE 2 : Basics of Building Science
Materials
Fine aggregate, Coarse aggregate, Cement, building blocks,
Concrete;
Components of a building
Foundation, Wall, Roof, Staircase, Door, Window, Beam,
Column, Slab, Chejja, Lintel
Types of structures
Adobe, Masonry building, Framed structures, Steel structures,
Tall buildings
Sustainability in Civil Engineering
Sustainable construction materials
SSC- Rain water harvesting; Energy Efficient buildings;
1/20/2023

4. Basic Building materials
 Building Material is any material that is used for
construction purpose
 Naturally occurring / Manmade Products
 Aggregates
 Cement
 Building blocks
 Mortar and Concrete
 Construction Industry are the Largest consumer of raw
material
1/20/2023

5. Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand,
gravel, or crushed stone
Properties of concrete is substantially affected by various
characteristics of aggregates
Aggregates derived from natural resources are most widely
used aggregates in concrete, mortar and other applications
For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be clean,
hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings
of clay and other fine materials that could cause the
deterioration of concrete
Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total
volume of concrete, are divided into two distinct categories-
Fine and Coarse 1/20/2023

6. Fine Aggregates
150µm<Particle Size <4.75mm
Coarse Aggregates
Particle Size > 4.75mm
1/20/2023

7. Aggregates strongly influence concrete's freshly mixed
and hardened properties, mixture proportions, and
economy
Consequently, selection of aggregates is an important
process
Although some variation in aggregate properties is
expected, characteristics that are considered include
well graded, angular and durable aggregates
1/20/2023

8.  Fine Aggregates : Size less than 4.75mm
 Natural sand
 Crushed sand: Crushed stone sand
Crushed gravel sand
Mixed sand
 Manufactured Fine aggregates- thermal
process, separation, washing, scrubbing
1/20/2023

9. Source
Natural aggregate
Sand
Crushed rock
such as Quartzite,
Basalt, Sandstone
Artificial aggregate
Broken brick
Sintered fly ash
1/20/2023

10. (Source: Concrete Technology, M S Shetty)
1/20/2023

11. Fig. Shape and Size of aggregates
(Source: Concrete Technology, M S Shetty)
1/20/2023

12. Grain Size Distribution
Sieve Analysis Hydrometer Analysis
Determination of GSD:
In coarse grain …... By sieve analysis
In fine grain …... By hydrometer analysis
hydrometer
stack of
sieves
sieve
shaker
1/20/2023

13. 7
Sieve Analyses
1/20/2023

14. Sieve Analysis
1/20/2023

15.  Coarse Aggregates : Size greater than
4.75mm
Natural gravel
Crushed gravel
Partially Crushed gravel
Manufactured coarse aggregates-
thermal process, separation, washing,
scrubbing
 All in all aggregates
1/20/2023

16.  Aggregates shall be free from harmful organic
impurities, chemicals, Sea shells etc., which affects
the durability
 Aggregates used for RCC shall not contain any
material liable to attack the steel reinforcements
1/20/2023

17. Naturally occurring concrete aggregates are a
mixture of rocks and minerals
 Minerals
 Silica (ex. Quartz)
 Silicates (ex. Clay)
 Carbonate (ex. Calcite, dolomite)
 Igneous rocks
 Granite
 Basalt
 Sedimentary rocks
 Sandstone
 Limestone
 Shale
 Metamorphic rocks
 Marble
 Slate
1/20/2023

18. Particle sizes found in aggregates for use in concrete
1/20/2023

19. Physical requirement – Uniform colour, Flat, Sharp Edges, Free
from white patches and nodules
Mechanical Requirement – Compressive strength, Water
absorption, Tolerance, Efflorescence
1/20/2023

20. Solid Blocks Hallow Blocks
Building Blocks
1/20/2023