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1. ‫تعريفا‬
‫ات‬
Nutrients :Chemical Substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, and
regulating agents to support grown, maintenance, and repair of body tissues .
Energy :The capacity to do work. (Energy in food is Chemical energy).
Calorie :The measure of energy that food supplies us with and one calorie (calories) is the amount
of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at regular
atmospheric pressure
High dense food and low dense food (with examples)
High : salmon , liver
low dense food : chips
Micronutrients and macronutrients ( with examples)
Micronutrients : Vitamins, Minerals
macronutrients Carbohydrate, Fat, Protein.
Cholesterol : Cholesterol: Found only in animal tissues.( it is a precursor Vit D dietary source
of cholesterol: egg, yolk, liver, kidney, and brains
Simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates
-Simple CHO 2-Complex CHO 3-“Fiber” Complex CHO
Simple carbohydrates (Sugars) : Glucose: Sometime known as blood sugar dextrose (G5).
• Fructose: Found in fruits, honey, and saps.
• Galactose: derived from the metabolism of lactose (Milk sugar).
Three are disaccharides: 1. Maltose = Glucose + Glucose (Glu + Glu). 2. Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose (
Glu + Fru). 3. Lactose = Glucose + Galactose (Glu + Gal).
The Complex Carbohydrates The complex carbohydrates contain many glucose unit (monosaccharides)
strung together as polysaccharides. Three types of polysaccharides are important in nutrition:
1. Glycogen: Found only limited in meats, and not at all plants. (important role in the body).

2. 2. Starches: plant polysaccharides (glucose), all starchy found in plants (legumes and tubers).
3. Fibers: There three type of fibers: (Fibers source come from naturally in plants).
→ Dietary fibers: in plant foods, (polysaccharides) not digested by human digestive.
→ Soluble fibers: indigestible food that (dissolve in water), come from fruit.
→ Insoluble fibers: indigestible food (no dissolve in water), found in strings of celery and skins of corn
kernels.
→ Fermentable: bacteria in the GI tract can breakdown fibers to fragments that the body can use
‫يحدث‬ ‫اين‬ Absorption for nutrients ‫الدوسية‬ ‫في‬ ‫جدول‬ ‫في‬ ‫موجود‬
Absorption happened in small intestine.
Saliva , gastric juice,Biles….. ‫افرازها‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫اين‬ ‫من‬
Salivary glands → Mouth → Saliva → 1. Eases swallowing 2. Breakdown Carbohydrate
Gastric glands → Stomach → Gastric juice → 1. Breakdown proteins 2. Protect stomach cells
Liver Gallbladder Bile Stored until needed
Gallbladder Small intestine Bile
DRI…. ‫الم‬ ‫لبعض‬
‫و‬
‫ا‬
‫الغذائية‬ ‫د‬
Fibers …..The DRI recommendation is slightly higher, at 14 grams per 1000-kcalorie intake.
Similarly, the American Dietetic Association suggests 20 to 35 grams of dietary fiber daily, which is about
two times higher than the average intake in the United States.
Proteins …essential and non essential
Essential-nine a.a: cannot be synthesized by our body and hence need to be obtained through our diet
like meat, poultry products, dairy products. Meat contains all essential a.a (complete protein)
)HISTIDINE,ISOLEUCINE,LEUCINE,LYSINE,METHIONINE,PHENYLANALANINE,THREONINE,TRYPOPHAN,VAL
INE )
Non-essential-thirteen a.a: can be synthesized by our body Plants (incomplete protein): missing or low
in one or more essential a.a.
(ALANINE,ARGININE,ASPARAGINE,ASPARIC ACID,CYSTEINE,GLUTAMIC
ACID,GLUTAMINE,GLYCINE.PROLINE,SERINE,TYROSINE)

3. Types of lipoproteins :: formed primarily in the liver. Are various combinations of
Triglycerides phospholipids and cholesterol with protein
HDL (high-density lipoprotein): the type of lipoprotein that transports cholesterol back to the liver from
the cells; composed primarily of protein.
VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein): the type of lipoprotein made primarily by liver cells to transport
lipids to various tissues in the body; composed primarily of triglycerides.
LDL (low-density lipoprotein): the type of lipoprotein derived from very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
as VLDL triglycerides are removed and broken down; composed primarily of cholesterol.
LDL -Very high in Cholesterol -Major component of total blood cholesterol including artery walls -Risk of
“high blood cholesterol” is from LDL, i.e., increases risk of CVD
HDL Carries cholesterol from tissues (including arteries) to Liver. Reduces risk of CVD
Source of vitamins and minerals …Iod
Water- soluble vitamins: Include → B Complex And C. • Fat-soluble vitamins: Include → A, D, E ,K.

4. Essential fatty acid
Linoleic Acid and the Omega-6 Family
Linolenic Acid and the Omega-3 Family
Ecosanoids
Energy intake
‫االناث‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الذكور‬ ‫للمراهقين‬ ‫الحديد‬ ‫احتياج‬
Adult nutrition for healthy life style
Sleeping regularly and adequately • Eating well-balanced meals, including breakfast, regularly •
Engaging in physical activity regularly • Not smoking • Not using alcohol, or using it in moderation •
Maintaining a healthy body weight
BMI
Body mass index (BMI):wt/ht square(Kg/m2(
<18.5 underweight
18-25 normal
25.0–29.9 = overweight
>30 = obese
>40 Grossly obese
How to lose weight
If more energy is expended than is taken in, a person loses weight.

5. Diet for DM1+2,protect from cancer,CHD….HTN..urinary
tract stones
Basla metabolic rate factors
13 ‫نقطة‬
BMR ale and female
Teenage girl: 2000-2300 calories/day
Parenteral solutions
Amino Acids
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Fluids and Electrolytes
Vitamins and Trace Minerals
Medications
Parenteral nutrition
parenteral (par-EN-ter-al) nutrition: the intravenous
provision of
nutrients that bypasses the GI tract.

6. Generally, parenteral nutrition is indicated for patients who
do not have functioning GI tracts and who are either
malnourished or likely to become so. Parenteral support
may also be of benefit if using the GI tract would cause harm
to the patient, as when severe tissue damage in the small
intestine requires bowel rest for an extended period.
Types of nutritional support
standard formulas
elemental formulas
specialized formulas
modular formulas
protein isolates
blenderized formulas
medium-chain triglycerides
Enteral nutritional support
enteral (EN-ter-al) nutrition: the provision of nutrients using
the GI
tract, including the use of tube feedings and oral diets
65 years old male went to hospital complaining of chest pain

7. His weight is 90 kgs, height 170cm
LDL 170
Triglycerides 220
HbA1C 8.5
B/P 180/90
With previous findings, what are the recommendations for
healthy life style?
1- BMI= wt/(ht)2=
90/(1.7*1.7)=31…obes
e
2- High LDL and high
Triglycerides
…..reduce fat daily
intake to less than 7%
a day by reducing
saturated fats)
3- Increase fiber intake
by increasing portion
of fruit and vegetables
(2 fruit , 3 vegetables)
4- Limit sodium intake
to less than 2400
mg/day

8. 5- Reduce intake of
processed products
6- Increase the intake of
whole grains
7- Limit the intake of
processed like pasta
8- Physical activities at
least 30 minutes a day
9- Weight reduction to
control CHD
St.nsg. Amran odeh
65 years old male went to hospital complaining of chest pain
His weight is 90 kgs, height 170cm
LDL 170
Triglycerides 220
HbA1C 8.5
B/P 180/90
With previous findings, what are the recommendations for
healthy life style?
1- BMI= wt/(ht)2= 90/(1.7*1.7)=31…obese
2- High LDL and high
Triglycerides

9. …..reduce fat daily
intake to less than 7%
a day by reducing
saturated fats)
3- Increase fiber intake
by increasing portion
of fruit and vegetables
(2 fruit , 3 vegetables)
4- Limit sodium intake
to less than 2400
mg/day
5- Reduce intake of
processed products
6- Increase the intake of
whole grains
7- Limit the intake of
processed like pasta
8- Physical activities at
least 30 minutes a day
9- Weight reduction to
control CHD
St.nsg. Amran odeh
65 years old male went to hospital complaining of chest pain
His weight is 90 kgs, height 170cm

10. LDL 170
Triglycerides 220
HbA1C 8.5
B/P 180/90
With previous findings, what are the recommendations for
healthy life style?
1- BMI= wt/(ht)2= 90/(1.7*1.7)=31…obese
2- High LDL and high
Triglycerides
…..reduce fat daily
intake to less than 7%
a day by reducing
saturated fats)
3- Increase fiber intake
by increasing portion
of fruit and vegetables
(2 fruit , 3 vegetables)
4- Limit sodium intake
to less than 2400
mg/day
5- Reduce intake of
processed products
6- Increase the intake of
whole grains

11. 7- Limit the intake of
processed like pasta
8- Physical activities at
least 30 minutes a day
9- Weight reduction to
control CHD
St.nsg. Amran odeh
St.nsg. Amran odeh