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New-Product Development and Product Life-Cycle Strategies
- 1. 9- 1 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall i t ’s good and good for you Chapter Nine New-Product Development and Product Life-Cycle Strategies
- 2. 9- 2 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development and Product Life-Cycle Strategies • New-Product Development Strategy • New-Product Development Process • Managing New-Product Development • Product Life-Cycle Strategies • Additional Product and Service Considerations Topic Outline
- 3. 9- 3 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Strategy Acquisition refers to the buying of a whole company, a patent, or a license to produce someone else’s product New product development refers to original products, product improvements, product modifications, and new brands developed from the firm’s own research and development Two ways to obtain new products
- 4. 9- 4 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Major Stages in New-Product Development
- 5. 9- 5 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Idea generation is the systematic search for new-product ideas Sources of new-product ideas • Internal • External Idea Generation
- 6. 9- 6 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Internal sources refer to the company’s own formal research and development, management and staff, and intrapreneurial programs External sources refer to sources outside the company such as customers, competitors, distributors, suppliers, and outside design firms Idea Generation
- 7. 9- 7 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Inviting broad communities of people— customers, employees, independent scientists and researchers, and even the public at large—into the new-product innovation process. Crowdsourcing
- 8. 9- 8 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process • Identify good ideas and drop poor ideas • R-W-W Screening Framework: – Is it real? – Can we win? – Is it worth doing? Idea Screening
- 9. 9- 9 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Product idea is an idea for a possible product that the company can see itself offering to the market Product concept is a detailed version of the idea stated in meaningful consumer terms Product image is the way consumers perceive an actual or potential product Concept Development and Testing
- 10. 9- 10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Concept testing refers to testing new-product concepts with groups of target consumers Concept Development and Testing
- 11. 9- 11 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process • Marketing strategy development refers to the initial marketing strategy for introducing the product to the market • Marketing strategy statement includes: – Description of the target market – Value proposition – Sales and profit goals Marketing Strategy Development
- 12. 9- 12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Business analysis involves a review of the sales, costs, and profit projections to find out whether they satisfy the company’s objectives Marketing Strategy Development
- 13. 9- 13 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process • Involves the creation and testing of one or more physical versions by the R&D or engineering departments • Requires an increase in investment • Shows whether the product idea can be turned into a workable product. Marketing Strategy Development Product development
- 14. 9- 14 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Test marketing is the stage at which the product and marketing program are introduced into more realistic marketing settings Provides the marketer with experience in testing the product and entire marketing program before full introduction Marketing Strategy Development
- 15. 9- 15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Types of Test Markets Standard test markets Controlled test markets Simulated test markets
- 16. 9- 16 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process • Advantages of simulated test markets – Less expensive than other test methods – Faster – Restricts access by competitors • Disadvantages – Not considered as reliable and accurate due to the controlled setting Marketing Strategy Development
- 17. 9- 17 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Marketing Strategy Development When firms test market • New product with large investment • Uncertainty about product or marketing program When firms may not test market • Simple line extension • Copy of competitor product • Low costs • Management confidence
- 18. 9- 18 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall New-Product Development Process Commercialization is the introduction of the new product • When to launch • Where to launch • Planned market rollout Marketing Strategy Development
- 19. 9- 19 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Managing New-Product Development Successful new-product development should be: • Customer centered • Team-based • Systematic
- 20. 9- 20 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Managing New-Product Development Customer-centered new product development new ways to solve customer problems and create more customer satisfying experiences New-Product Development Strategies
- 21. 9- 21 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Managing New-Product Development Sequential new-product development company departments work closely together individually to complete each stage of the process before passing it along to the next department or stage • Increased control in risky or complex projects but may be slow New-Product Development Strategies
- 22. 9- 22 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Managing New-Product Development Team-based new-product development Company departments work closely together in cross-functional teams, overlapping in the product- development process to save time and increase effectiveness New-Product Development Strategies
- 23. 9- 23 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Managing New-Product Development Systematic new-product development innovative development approach that collects, reviews, evaluates, and manages new-product ideas • Creates an innovation-oriented culture • Yields a large number of new-product ideas New-Product Development Strategies
- 24. 9- 24 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Product Life-Cycle Strategies Product Life Cycle
- 25. 9- 25 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Product development – Sales are zero and investment costs mount • Introduction – Slow sales growth and profits are nonexistent • Growth – Rapid market acceptance and increasing profits. • Maturity – Slowdown in sales growth and profits level off or decline • Decline – Sales fall off and profits drop Product Life-Cycle Strategies
- 26. 9- 26 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Product Life-Cycle Strategies
- 27. 9- 27 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Product Life-Cycle Strategies Fads are temporary periods of unusually high sales driven by consumer enthusiasm and immediate product or brand popularity
- 28. 9- 28 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Product Life-Cycle Strategies • Slow sales growth • Little or no profit • High distribution and promotion expense Introduction Stage
- 29. 9- 29 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Product Life-Cycle Strategies • Sales increase • New competitors enter the market • Price stability or decline to increase volume • Consumer education • Profits increase • Promotion and manufacturing costs gain economies of scale Growth Stage
- 30. 9- 30 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Product Life-Cycle Strategies • Slowdown in sales • Many suppliers • Substitute products • Overcapacity leads to competition • Increased promotion and R&D to support sales and profits Maturity Stage
- 31. 9- 31 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Product Life-Cycle Strategies • Market modifying • Product modifying • Marketing mix modifying Maturity Stage Modifying Strategies
- 32. 9- 32 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Product Life-Cycle Strategies • Maintain the product • Harvest the product • Drop the product Decline Stage
- 33. 9- 33 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Additional Product and Service Considerations Public policy and regulations regarding developing and dropping products, patents, quality, and safety Product Decisions and Social Responsibility
- 34. 9- 34 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Additional Product and Service Considerations • Determining what products and services to introduce in which countries • Standardization versus customization • Packaging and labeling • Customs, values, laws International Product and Service Marketing—Challenges
- 35. 9- 35 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Editor's Notes
- Note to Instructor New products are important—to both customers and the marketers who serve them. For companies, new products are a key source of growth. For customers, they bring new solutions and variety to their lives. Yet, innovation can be very expensive and very risky. New products face tough odds. According to one estimate, 90 percent of all new products in America fail. Each year, companies lose an estimated $20 billion to $30 billion on failed food products alone.
- New-product development starts with good new-product ideas—lots of them. For example, Cisco’s recent I-Prize “crowdsourcing” challenge attracted 1,200 ideas from 2,500 innovators in 104 countries. The remaining steps reduce the number of ideas and develop only the best ones into profitable products. Of the 1,200 ideas from Cisco’s I-Prize challenge, only a handful were developed.
- Note to Instructor Discussion Question In groups of four come up with one idea for a new product. It might be helpful if you assign each group a category including kitchen products, office supplies, laptop accessories, dessert products, bathroom accessories, children’s toys, baby products, etc. Students will realize this is very difficult.
- Note to Instructor It is not difficult to find examples of companies that are running contests where they ask consumers to send in ideas for new products. Dorito’s recently asked consumers to come up with a new flavor and new advertising. The Classic Mini Cooper brand was running Mini Mania’s the “Awesome New Product” Idea Contest. The grand prize winner received a 25 percent off promo code! Two second place winners will receive 15 percent off promo codes.
- Note to Instructor This Web link ties to a concept testing survey at Questionpro. It is helpful to point out to students that there are many online Web survey sites, which offer free surveys for market research. In this example, they supply a template for concept testing.
- Note to Instructor Many companies use their employees for product testing. Students might have worked at various consumer packaged goods companies, perhaps Quaker Oats, where they had to test cereal every day at lunch. The text gives the example: At Gillette, almost everyone gets involved in new-product testing. Every working day at Gillette, 200 volunteers from various departments come to work unshaven, troop to the second floor of the company’s gritty South Boston plant, and enter small booths with a sink and mirror. There they take instructions from technicians on the other side of a small window as to which razor, shaving cream, or aftershave to use. The volunteers evaluate razors for sharpness of blade, smoothness of glide, and ease of handling. In a nearby shower room, women perform the same ritual on their legs, underarms, and what the company delicately refers to as the “bikini area.” “We bleed so you’ll get a good shave at home,” says one Gillette employee.
- Note to Instructor Here is a list of the top 10 test markets 1. ALBANY—SCHENECTADY—TROY, NY 2. ROCHESTER, NY 3. GREENSBORO—WINSTON—SALEM—-HIGH POINT, NC 4. BIRMINGHAM, AL 5. SYRACUSE, NY 6. CHARLOTTE—GASTONIA—ROCK HILL, NC/SC 7. NASHVILLE, TN 8. EUGENE—SPRINGFIELD, OR 9. WICHITA, KS 10. RICHMOND—PETERSBURG, VA Source: Acxiom Corp., June 2004
- Note to Instructor Standard test markets are small representative markets where the firm conducts a full marketing campaign and uses store audits, consumer and distributor surveys, and other measures to gauge product performance. Results are used to forecast national sales and profits, discover product problems, and fine-tune the marketing program. Controlled test markets are panels of stores that have agreed to carry new products for a fee. In general they are less expensive than standard test market, faster than standard test markets, but competitors gain access to the new product. Simulated test markets are events where the firm will create a shopping environment and note how many consumers buy the new product and competing products. Provides measure of trial and the effectiveness of promotion. Researchers can interview consumers.
- Note to Instructor This Web link takes you to Decision Insight—a company involved with online market testing. You can click at many examples they offer of clients as well as their virtual shopping testing products.
- Note to Instructor Product life cycle (PLC) The course of a product’s sales and profits over its lifetime. It involves five distinct stages: product development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Discussion Question Name a product at each stage of the PLC. This concept is very new to students. See if they can identify products or product categories that are in each stage of the model. Introduction might include online movie viewing software, growth might include MP3 players, maturity might include bottled water, and decline could include soda (actually in a decline) or videotape players.
- Note to Instructor Style is a basic and distinctive mode of expression. Fashion is a currently accepted popular style in a given field.
- Note to Instructor This link is for 1000 Uses of Glad Web site. It is described below, and in the book, as a way to modify the product. In modifying the market, the company tries to increase the consumption of the current product. It may look for new users and new market segments. The manager may also look for ways to increase usage among present customers. The company might also try modifying the product—changing characteristics such as quality, features, style, or packaging to attract new users and to inspire more usage. It can improve the product’s styling and attractiveness. It might improve the product’s quality and performance—its durability, reliability, speed, taste. In modifying the market, the company tries to increase consumption by finding new users and new market segments for its brands. modifying the product—changing characteristics such as quality, features, style, or packaging to attract new users and inspire more usage. It can improve the product’s styling and attractiveness. It might improve the product’s quality and performance—its durability, reliability, speed, and taste. modifying the marketing mix—improving sales by changing one or more marketing mix elements. The company can offer new or improved services to buyers. It can cut prices to attract new users and competitors’ customers. It can launch a better advertising campaign or use aggressive sales promotions—trade deals, cents-off, premiums, and contests. In addition to pricing and promotion, the company can also move into new marketing channels to help serve new users.
- maintain its brand, repositioning or reinvigorating it in hopes of moving it back into the growth stage of the PLC. harvest the product, which means reducing various costs (plant and equipment, maintenance, R&D, advertising, sales force), hoping that sales hold up. drop the product from its line. It can sell it to another firm or simply liquidate it at salvage value.