2. IMPACT OF CIRRHOSIS
• 11th-leading cause of death by disease in
the US
• About 25,000 people die from the
complications of cirrhosis/year; almost half
of these are alcohol related
• A/c to the latest WHO data published in
may 2014 Liver Disease Deaths in India
reached 216,865 or 2.44% of total deaths.
3. DEFINITION
• Cirrhosis is defined as a diffuse process
characterized by fibrosis and the
conversion of normal liver architecture into
structurally abnormal nodules.
• Cirrhosis is a generic term for an end
stage of CLD characterized by destruction
of hepatocytes & replacement of normal
hepatic architecture with fibrotic tissue &
regenerative nodules
(*kirros = orange, osis = condition – Greek)
6. PATHOGENESIS
Death of Hepatocytes
Extracellular matrix deposition
Vascular reorganization
Three main characteristics of Cirrhosis :-
• Involvement of most/all of the liver
• Bridging fibrous septa
• Parenchymal nodules of senescent &
replicating hepatocytes
7. Ref : Robbins’ & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease 8th Ed
8. CLINICAL FEATURES & COMPLICATIONS
• Fatigue
• Generalized pruritus
• Loss of appetite & weight
• Intermittent jaundice
• Loss of libido & testicular atrophy (men)
• Gynecomastia
• Menstrual abnormalities (females)
• Bleeding tendencies (↓protein for clotting)
• Ecchymoses
• Edema & ascites (↓intravascular colloidal
pressure & ↑capillary hydrostatic pressure)
• Fetor hepaticus
9. • Asterixis (flapping hand tremors)
• Portal HTN (scar tissue blocks normal flow
of blood & ↑pressure in the portal vein)
• GI bleed (d/t esophageal varices
/hemorrhoids)
• SBP (d/t long-standing ascites)
• Splenomegaly (portal HTN can cause
spleen to enlarge & retain WBCs &
platelets)
• Hepatic encephalopathy (↑accumulation of
toxins like Ammonia in the brain)
• Gallstones & CBD stones (d/t biliary
stasis)
10. • Insulin resistance & Type 2 DM
• Metabolic bone diseases
• Palmar erythema
• Pigmentation
• Digital clubbing
• Caput medusae
• Spider angioma
• Hepatorenal syndrome
• Hepatopulmonary syndrome
• Hepatic Hydrothorax
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
11.
12. LAB. EVALUATION
Test category Serum measurement
Hepatocyte integrity AST ↑ (AST/ALT ratio >1)
ALT ↑
LDH ↑
Biliary excretory function S.Bil ↑ (total/direct)
Urine Bil. ↑
S. Bile acids ↑
S. GGT ↑
S. 5-nucleotidase ↑
S.ALP ↑
Hepatocyte function S. Albumin ↓
PT ↑
S. Ammonia ↑
15. Other Ix
Transient Elastography (Fibro-scan)
• New, non‐invasive, rapid & reproducible method
• In cirrhotic patients, liver stiffness measurements
range from 12.5 to 75.5 kPa
Liver Biopsy
• regenerative nodules of hepatocytes surrounded by
fibrous connective tissue that bridges between portal
tracts
• Mallory's hyaline material within hepatocytes
17. Child-Pugh Score
Measure 1 point 2 points 3 points
T.Bil (mg/dl) <2 2-3 >3
S.Albumin
(g/dl)
>3.5 2.8 – 3.5 <2.8
PT <4.0 4.0 – 6.0 >6.0
Ascites None Mild Mod to Sev.
Hep.Encph. None Grade I-II Grade III-IV
Points Class 1 yr survival 2 yr survival
5-6 A 100% 85%
7-9 B 81% 57%
10-15 C 45% 35%
18. MELD Score
• The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease,
or MELD, is a scoring system for assessing
the severity of CLD (e.g. Cirrhosis).
• Useful in determining prognosis and
prioritizing for receipt of a liver transplant.
• MELD = 3.78×ln[serum Bil. (mg/dl)] +
11.2×ln[INR] + 9.6×ln[serum Creat. (mg/dl)]
+ 6.43
• *If the patient has been dialyzed twice
within the last 7 days, then the value for
serum Creat. used should be 4.0
19. • In interpreting the MELD Score in
hospitalized patients, the 3 month mortality
is:
40 or more 71.3% mortality
30-39 52.6% mortality
20-29 19.6% mortality
10-19 6.0% mortality
<9 1.9% mortality
20. Milan Criteria
• Applied as a basis for selecting patients
with Cirrhosis & HCC for liver
transplantation
• The Milan criteria state that a patient is
selected for transplantation when he or
she has:
• One lesion <5cm
• Upto 3 lesions <3cm
• No extra hepatic manifestations
• No vascular invasion
21. MANAGEMENT
GENERAL MEASURES
• Avoid NSAIDs (may worsen hepatotoxicity
& GI bleed)
• Avoid sedatives & hypnotics (may cause
CNS & respiratory depression if patient is
in danger of hepatic coma)
• Thiamine replacement (50-100mg/day)
• Iron & folate (if anemic)
• BCAA supplementation (In
encephalopathy)
• Vit.K 10mg s/c (in case of ↑PT)
• 2000-3000 calorie diet with 1g protein/kg
22. MANAGEMENT
PORTAL HTN
• Pharmacologic : Beta blockers
(Propranolol, Nadolol)
• Endoscopic procedures : sclerotherapy
and variceal ligation to prevent the
recurrence of variceal bleed
• Surgical care : decompressive shunts,
devascularization procedures & liver
transplantation.
24. SBP
Clinical setting Cirrhosis with ascites
Presentation Fever, ↑abd.pain & tenderness,
worsening encephalopathy
Diagnosis Ascitic fluid
WBC>1000/ml
PMN>250/ml
Treatment Ceftriaxone 2g i/v per day
Piptaz 3.375g i/v 6 hourly
Albumin 1.5 g/kg i/v at
diagnosis and 1 g/kg i/v on 3rd
day
25. OESOPHAGEAL VARICEAL BLEED
• Airway stabilization
• Large-bore i/v access – Arrange PRBC &
FFP
• PharmacoRx
Agent Dose
Terlipressin 2mg 6 hourly X 1st 24 hours,
1mg 6 hourly for the 2nd 24
hours
Octreotide 50mcg IV bolus, then
50mcg/hr i/v infusion
Somatostatin 250–500mcg i/v bolus, then
250–500mcg/hr i/v infusion
26. HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
• Lactulose 30ml 4-6 hourly or in the form of
enema P/R
Stages Features
I General apathy
II Lethargy, drowsiness,
variable orientation,
asterixis
III Stupor with hyper reflexia,
↑plantars
IV Coma
