Geo Thermal Energy

Amar Preet Singh AJas Education
Amar Preet Singh
Academic Experience : 6+ years
Geo Thermal Energy
1
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Topic : Geo Thermal Energy
• Introduction
• Resources of geo thermal energy
• Hydrothermal or Hydro-Geothermal Energy Resources
• Petro-thermal or Petro-Geothermal Energy Resources
• Geo-pressure Resources
• Vapour dominated power plant
• Liquid dominated system
• Flashed steam system
• Binary system
• Enhanced Geothermal System
• Cost, Price and Challenges
Amar Preet Singh AJas Education 2
Content

• Advantages
• Application of Geothermal Energy
• Environmental effects of geothermal energy sources
• Indian organisations working in geothermal energy
• Geothermal power in India
• Geothermal Scenario in India
• Scope for Development
• Development of Geothermal Resources
• India's first Geothermal Energy Power Plant Project in Ladakh
Content

TOPIC : GEO THERMAL
ENERGY

Internal Structure of Earth
Figure 1 : Internal Structure of Earth

• The word ‘geothermal’ comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and
therme (heat). It means the heat of the earth.
• This energy exists in the form of steam, hot water, and/or hot and
molten rock.
• It is released naturally in the form of geysers, hot springs and volcanic
eruptions.
• Geothermal energy sources are generally comes in following
categories:
• Hydrothermal energy sources are those associated with steam and
hot. (dry steam, fields, wet steam fields and hot water)
• Petro thermal energy sources that are associated with hot rocks.
(Hot dry rocks, volcanoes, magma deposits and geopressure fields)
Introduction

• Geo presumed systems occur high-temperature water under hot
pressure.(Large deep sedimentary basin)
• The first geothermal steam well was drilled at Larderello, Italy in
1904 (presently capacity of this plant is 400 MWe) There are several
geothermal power plants in USA, Mexico, Iceland, Japan, New
Zealand and Russia.
• They are about more than 300 known hot springs in India, located in
the Himalayan Mobile belt, West Coast region, Narmada-Sone river
region and in Bihar-Bengal belt region.
• There is a plan to utilize the geothermal energy for generation of
electrical energy in Pugga valley in Ladakh.
Introduction

• There are two types of geothermal field. The first is the wet (or
"liquid dominated") field which produces water under pressure at
temperatures over 100°C. On reaching the surface, the pressure is
reduced, and part of the water is "flashed" to steam, leaving a larger
fraction as boiling water.
• The second is the dry (or "vapour dominated") field, which produces
dry saturated, or superheated, steam at pressures higher than that of
the atmosphere.
• They give wet steam - a mixture of hot water and steam under high
pressure.
Introduction

Introduction
Figure 2 : Geyser and Hot Spring

Introduction
Figure 3 : Geothermal Map of India and Ring of Fire

• Following categories of resources of geothermal energy have been
identify:
• (i) Hydrothermal or Hydro-Geothermal Energy Resources
• (ii) Petro-thermal or Petro-Geothermal Energy Resources
• (iii) Geopressure Resources
• (iv) Magma Resources
• (v) Volcanoes
• Hydrothermal system are sub classified as -
• (a) Vapour dominated or dry steam field.
• (b) Liquid dominated system or wet steam field. :
• (c) Hot water fields.
Resources of geo thermal energy

Diagram of Coal Based Thermal Power Plant
Figure 4 : Diagram of Coal Based Thermal Power Plant

• These are the deposits of hot water and steam at lesser depths. Hot
water or steam can be extracted by means of production well.
• These systems are further sub-divided into vapour dominated system
and liquid dominated System.
• High-temperature water and steam is used for the generation of
electricity. Otherwise, it is used for space heating.
• Vapour dominated systems produces steam with very small amount of
water or with no water.
Hydro-Geothermal Energy Resources

• The liquid dominated Systems produce a mixture of steam and hot
water.
• The water from the rain, lakes etc. percolates into the earth through
crush and fissures in the permeable rocks to the depth of 2 to 15 km.
• The hot water rises because of its lower density. As the hot water rises
in the well, it flashes into a mixture of about one part of the steam and
four parts of hot water.

Figure 5 : Diagram of Hydro-geothermal Energy Resources

• This is also called as HOT DRY ROCK (HDR) geothermal resources.
• The temperature of hot dry rocks at about 3 km is 150°C to 290°C.
Water does not exist and only heat is available in hot dry rock HDR.
• The cavity is produced by the high pressure injected water or by
under ground chemical explosion.
• Before injecting the water, the production wells and injection wells
are drilled. The cold water gets heated by the hot dry rocks.
• The hot water and steam can be pumped out from the production well.
Petro-Geothermal Energy Resources

Petro-Geothermal Energy Resources
Figure 6 : Diagram of Petro-Geothermal Energy Resources

• These resources are located at greater depths 3 km to 10 km with
abnormally high pressure of water up to 1400 atm. because of
abnormal high pressure in deepest region.
• Geopressured water is also having the content of methane gas. When
the water is brought to the surface its pressure reduces, the methane
gas is released from the solution.
• Geopressured system in Texas, the pressure is from 680 to 980 atm.
and temperature from 160 to 200 °C at depths from 4 to 5 km.
Geopressure Resources

• This is also known as dry steam fields.
• The geothermal fluid for these plants is dry steam at temperatures
between 180 °C to 240 °C.
• Steam from the production well is collected, filtered to remove
abrasive particles and passed through the steam turbine coupled to
electric generators.
• Overall cost is considerably less than fossil or nuclear power.
• The present installed capacity of geothermal plants in Italy is more
than 500 MW.
• Electrical energy is also being produced commercially in New
Zealand, USA, Japan, Soviet Union and Mexico. However dry steam
wells are rarely available.
Vapour Dominated Power Plant

Vapour Dominated Power Plant
Figure 7 : Working diagram of vapour dominated power plant &
Centrifugal separator

• Wet steam fields are available twenty times more than the dry steam
fields in the world.
• They give wet steam a mixture of hot water and steam under high
pressure. The steam is separated and expands in turbines to generate
electricity.
• Such a plant of capacity of 75 MW has been set up in Mexico.
• In Iceland, about 40% of the population live in geothermal heated
houses.
• There are two types of power plants called
• (i) Flashed steam system
• (ii) Binary system
Liquid Dominated System

• Flashed system is preferred for
high temperature mixture of
geothermal water and steam,
with low dissolved impurities.
• The mixture of water and
steam is at more than 180 °C.
• The mixture of geothermal
water and steam is delivered to
the flash steam separator.
• Flash Separators use a
tangential inlet and cyclonic
action to instantly separate
steam and condensate.
Flashed Steam System
Figure 8 : Schematic diagram of
Flashed steam system

• The efficiency is higher than the single flashed system.
• In this system two steam separators are used. Multistage turbines are
also used.
• Double flashed system is 50 MW Hatchobaru plant build on the island
of Kyushu in Japan.
• Hot water can also be used in heating an organic fluid with low
boiling point and can be used to run a Rankine cycle.
• The working fluid can be isobutane, Freon -12, ammonia or propane.
• The first binary cycle was installed in Soviet Union Kamchatka
Peninsula in 1967. It has gross output of 68 KW and use Freon-12 as
working fluid.
Liquid Dominated Binary Cycle

• The binary cycle having no problems of corrosion or scaling in the
working fluid loop component (turbine, condenser heat exchanger)
• As the geothermal fluid returns to the earth therefore there is no
environmental problem.

Figure 9 : Schematic diagram of Liquid dominated Binary Cycle

• It refers to a variety of engineering techniques used to artificially
create hydrothermal resources.
• In this, the drilling is done in hot dry rocks and cold water at high
pressure is pumped in.
• As water travels through cracks in hot dry rock, its temperature is
increased.
• Now this very hot water is collected back through another drilled
hole, converted into steam and then used.
• This is very promising technology but is still in its development stage
• Risk of seismic activities could increase, due to artificially fracturing
the underground rocks.
Enhanced Geothermal System

• Since it does not use any fuel hence its cost is unaffected by price
fluctuations
• Primary prices are bit high but once the capital costs have been
recovered, price of power can decrease.
• Most of the cost is related to resource exploration and plant
construction.
• Drilling Costs alone account for as much as one- third of the total
plant cost because rocks in geothermal areas are usually extremely
hard and hot.
• Geothermal power plants must be located near a reservoir because it
is difficult to transport steam or hot water over distances.
Cost, Price and Challenges

• Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution, and does not
contribute to the greenhouse effect.
• The power stations are compact, so there is not much impact on the
environment.
• No fuel is needed.
• Once you've built a geothermal power station, the energy is almost
free.
• It may need a little energy to run a pump but this can be taken from
the energy being generated.
Advantages of Geothermal Energy

• Generation of Electric power
• Mushroom farming
• Industrial process heat
• Gasification of coal
• Space heating for building
• Food processing
• Production of salt from sea
• Paper manufacturing
• Extraction manufacturing
• Sewage heat treatment
• Textile industry
• Timber seasoning
• Crop drying
• Fish drying and fish meal
production
• Dried milk production
Application of Geothermal Energy

• Geothermal energy is not completely pollution free energy.
• The main adverse environmental effects are noise pollution, thermal
pollution, surface disturbance, physical effects caused by fluid
withdrawal.
• A large volume of flash steam escaping into the atmosphere could
cause dense fog to occur.
• All geothermal site, some harmful substances may escape into the air.
Environmental Effects Of Geothermal Energy
Sources

IndianOrganizations Working in Geothermal
Energy
• Central Electricity Authority
• Geological Survey of India
• Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai
• Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu
• National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad
• Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Dehradun
• Centre of Excellence for Geothermal Energy (CEGE), Ahmedabad

• Following are the six most promising geothermal energy sites in India
–
i. Tattapani in Chhattisgarh
ii. Puga in Jammu & Kashmir
iii. Cambay Graben in Gujarat
iv. Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh
v. Surajkund in Jharkhand
vi. Chhumathang in Jammu & Kashmir
• Following are the six major geothermal provinces in India
i. Himalayan Province e.g. Himachal Pradesh, Jammu &
Kashmir, etc.
Geothermal power in India

i. Areas of Faulted blocks e.g. Aravalli belt, Naga-Lushi, West
coast regions and Son-Narmada lineament.
ii. Volcanic Arc e.g. Andaman and Nicobar Arc (Barren Island).
iii. Deep sedimentary basin of Tertiary age e.g. Cambay basin in
Gujarat.
iv. Radioactive Province e.g. Surajkund, Hazaribagh, and
Jharkhand.
• India proposes to harness 10,000 MW (10 GW) of geothermal energy
by 2030 through active international collaboration with countries such
as the US, Philippines, Mexico and New Zealand.
• The total installed capacity for global geothermal power generation
was estimated to be around 15.4 gigawatts (GW) till 2019.

Geothermal
Province
Locality
Temp. gradient
Heat flow
Himalayan
Geothermal
Province
i. Puga
Chumthang,
Ladakh
Hot springs of 30 to 84°C.
Reservoir temperature 160°C to 220°C.
13 boreholes drilled have total
flow 3000 lpm, of 83°C to 123°C.
Calcite, Sulphur, Borax deposits observed, Cs in
water
ii. Manikaran
Hot springs of 34°C to 96°C discharge of 420 lpm.
thermal gradient 100°C+10/ km,
8 boreholes show temperature of 83°C to 93°C.
Reservoir temperature 186°C to 202°C
iii. Tapoban
Hot springs of 30°C to 65°C with flow of 50 lpm
to 560 lpm.
thermal gradient from 44 to 68°C/ km.
5 boreholes drilled show max temperature of 92°C.

Geothermal
Province
Locality
Temp. gradient
Heat flow
Son- Narmada
Lineament
Province
i. Tatapani
Hot springs of 52°C to 97°C,
reservoir temperature 160°C to 200°C,
5 boreholes (depth 350m) discharge 1800 lpm
water with max temperature of 112.5°C.
Thermal gradient 60 to 100°C/km.
Deposit of arsenic and sulphur
ii. Anhoni-
Samoni
Hot springs show temperature of 32°C to 45°C
with gas emission.
3 boreholes drilled yield 130 lpm water of max
54°C and methane.
Thermal gradient 59°C/km,
Reservoir temperature ≈125°C

Geothermal
Province
Locality
Temp. gradient
Heat flow
West Coast
Province
West Coast in
Maharashtra.
hot spring has temperature of 72°C with discharge
730 lpm.
6 boreholes yield 300 lpm water of 54°C.
Reservoir temp ≈145°C.
Tural hot springs has temperature of 62°C with
330 lpm flow. Max temperature in borehole is
59°C.
Thermal gradient is 60°C/ km.
Reservoir temperature 125°C to 170°C.
Chhota
Nagpur
Gneissic
complex
Bakreshwar
Hot springs of 40°C to 70°C with discharge of 420
lpm.
Two boreholes drilled show max temperature of
65°C.
Reservoir temperature 120°C to 140 °C.
Helium gas flow

Geothermal
Province
Locality
Temp. gradient
Heat flow
Godavari
valley
Manuguru
Hot springs of 36°C to 44°C,
water of 50-60°C found in
boreholes drilled for coal exploration.
North Eastern
Region
Assam-
Meghalaya
Hot spring are reported at Jakrem (46°C) in
Meghalaya, Garampani (54°C) in Assam, Takshin
(52°C) in Arunachal Pradesh.
Discharge varies from 30 lpm to 90 lpm.
Reservoir temperature ≈120°C

• Power plant and direct heat uses
• Refrigeration for preservation of fruits and vegetables (Temperature
required, 70°-100°C)
• Greenhouse (Temperature required, 60-80°C)
• Food processing- Fruits and see-weed drying, drying of vegetables,
onions and fishes, food processing (Temperature
required, <100°C)
• Snow melting (Temperature required, <80°C)
• Space Heating (Temperature required, >60°C)
• Industrial uses, paper and pulp, cement block curing, metal parts
washing, timber washing, wool drying (Temperature
required, 80-100°C)
Scope for Development

• Aquaculture and agriculture, crocodile farming etc. (Temperature
required, <60°C)
• Soil Warming (Temperature required, >40°C)
• Tourism, Spa, Swimming pool etc. (Temperature required, >40°C)
• Coal Washing (Temperature required, >30°C)
• Industrial uses, washing of metal parts, furniture industry etc.
(Temperature required, >50°C)
• Extraction of rare metals, Extraction of helium, Mineral water
industry (Temperature required, 30°C)
Scope for Development

• The geothermal resources in Himalayan belt need attention for power
generation which may help in economic development of the region.
• The West Coast area has ample scope for developing direct heat uses
for the benefit of existing industries
• The main constraint in exploration is non-availability of machinery
for deep drilling in India and related technical studies as most of these
are engaged in oil exploration.
• Initial high investment as exploration cost
• The CEC, USA has estimated the levelized generation costs for a 50
MW geothermal binary plant at $92 per megawatt hour and for a 50
MW dual flash geothermal plant at $88 per megawatt hour
Development of Geothermal Resources

The following measures need to be initiated for possible utilization
of geothermal energy in India.
• The investigation carried out so far is mostly at shallow level creating
a gap of data for planning power project.
• Simultaneously, MT survey
• Private parties consider geothermal exploration as capital intensive
activity,
• Government of India may encourage installation of demonstration
geothermal plant.
• Government of India, MNRE, is planning for Geothermal capacity of
1000 MWth in the initial phase till 2022.
Development of Geothermal Resources

• India is going to get its first
geothermal power project in Ladakh.
On February 7, 2021, an agreement
for establishing the first geothermal
Power Project was announced. It
would help it tap the potential of
natural geysers touching the Puga
area which happens to be 170 km
east of Leh. The project would be
undertaken by ONGC.
India's first Geothermal Energy Power Plant
Project in Ladakh

• MoUs signed between:
• Union Territory of Ladakh
• Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council- Leh
• Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Energy Centre
Project in Ladakh

• ONGC has planned this field development in Ladakh in three
phases.
• Phase-I involves exploratory-cum-production drilling of wells up to
500 metres depth and setting up of a pilot plant of up to 1 megawatt
(MW) power capacity.
• Phase-II would involve a deeper and lateral exploration of the
geothermal reservoir by drilling of an optimal number of wells and
setting up of a higher capacity demo plant and preparing a detailed
project report.
Project in Ladakh

S. No. Plant Name Location Capacity
1. The Geysers Geothermal
Complex
California, US 1.2GW
2. Larderello Geothermal Complex Italy 769MW
3. Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power
Station
Mexico 720MW
4. Makban Geothermal Complex Philippines 458MW
5. Salak Geothermal Plant Indonesia 377MW
Top5 biggest geothermal power projects in
the world

Geo Thermal Energy

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