Dynamics & Diversity of Families The History of the Famil

Dynamics & Diversity of Families: The History of the Family
in the U.S.
For Each Historical Period Describe…Families of production or
families of consumption?Arranged or romantic love
marriages?Family types and marriage forms?Group or
individual focus?Change or decline?
Native American Families
1100s-1500s
Native American Families240 cultural/family
typesBerdacheTolerance, diversity
Colonial Families
1600s-1700s

Colonial FamiliesLargely European based familiesInfluence of
Puritanism/CalvinismProtestant work ethicNon-
hedonismSexually strictBundling boardExtended/reconstituted
familiesFathers emotional base
Upper Class Bundling Board
Victorian Families
1800s
Victorian
FamiliesIndustrializationUrbanizationImmi grationBreadwinner/
HousewifeNuclear familiesMothers starting to be the
emotional baseArranged marriages
to romantic love
Companionate Families
early 1900s

Companionate FamiliesRelationships should be emotionally and
sexually satisfying for womenMen should assist with household
dutiesNotion of children and childhood changingBirth control,
Margaret SangerAnthony Amendment (19th), 1920
Women’s Suffrage Movement (1848-1920)Agenda:Abolition of
slaveryRight to voteProhibition
New JerseyNew Jersey granted women the vote (since married
women did not own property in their own right, only unmarried
women and widows qualified) under the state constitution of
1776.New Jersey women, along with "aliens...persons of color,
or negroes," lost the vote in 1807, when the vote was restricted
to white males.
The Golden Age
1950sWhy called “Golden Age?”WWII over, more affluentMuch
govt. financial supportWomen left their jobs so
men could have jobs
“The Golden Age”Dramatic influence of televisionFamilies
watched t.v. together in one roomAnd the shows they watched
the most were shows about – FAMILIES!

Leave It To Beaver (1957-1963)
Father Knows Best (1954-1960)
Ozzie & Harriet (1952-1966)
2nd Generation Nelsons
The Way We Never WereStephanie Coontz, Ph.D.
Myths & Realities According to
Dr. CoontzMyths –
- traditional roles
- mother/child relationship intense
- families independent
- families can meet all the needs of the individual
- family related to values and morality
- women shouldn’t work

RealitiesRoles have been variesMother/child relationship not
always intenseWomen in the workforceFamilies need govt.
support, can’t go it aloneFamilies can’t meet all the needs of
indiv.Family and values and morality not necessarily together
Momism and the Motherhood MystiqueMomism – over-
attachment to Mother; blame Mom for everythingMotherhood
Mystique - Women should want to be mothers and instinctively
know how to be mothers; women are fulfilled by being mothers
Consequences of Motherhood MystiquePost-partum depression
InfanticideAndrea Yates
Why Would Moms Do This?Mother love not universalMoneyNo
supportPsychological problemsEmotional immaturity
http://www.aaanet.org/press/motherskillingchildren.htm
Contemporary Families
1960s-PresentDiverse family formsFactors promoting change
from the Golden Age:

- economic changes
- technological innovations
- demographic changes
- gender role changes
- cultural changes
Women’s Liberation Movement (1960s-1973)Agenda: private
relationship issues, public issues work/ pay equity, abortion,
including women of color and lesbians
Let’s Examine the Effect of Social Class on FamiliesWhat do
we get from our social class?Life chances, LifestylesHealth,
safety, religious and political viewsClass variations regarding
the family experience (age at marriage/parenthood, division of
household labor, socialization, sexuality, domestic violence,
divorce)
Social Stratification SystemsSocial Stratification – a ranking
systemHow can societies stratify their members?Income,
occupation, education, gender, race, religion, etc.Open v.
Closed SystemsSocial Class v. Caste Systems
http://www.csuchico.edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/spring98/india
.htm
Social Class in the U.S.9 major classesUpper – upper, middle,
lowerMiddle – upper, middle, lowerLower – upper, middle,
lowerUpper - $250K+Middle - $25K - $250KLower – Below
$25K

Social Class Variations in Families
Upper Class Families7%-10% of all familiesHave the bulk of
the wealthSex-segregated marriagesWomen often serve as
support
to successful husbandsWomen often volunteer Have servants
Middle Class FamiliesAt least 70% of the
populationIdeologically egalitarianTwo-career marriagesWomen
still hold bulk of
responsibility for housework
and child-care
Working/Lower Class Families25% of the populationMarriages
least stableMen often absent from daily
family lifeHighest divorce ratesHighest nonmarital
childbearingHighest poverty rates among single mother headed
households
Social Class is DynamicSocial
MobilityVerticalHorizontalIntergenerational

Race refers to the concept of dividing people into groups on the
basis of certain physical characteristics such as skin color,
facial features, and hair texture.Ethnicity refers to the country
into which you are born.
U.S. Total Population Figures1790 - 3.9 million1830 – 12.8
million1850 – 23 million1890 – 63 million1910 – 92
million2000 – 281 million2013 – 310 million
U.S. Population - 2013310 million total population in U.S.172
million European Americans46 million Latino/Hispanic
Americans (projected to be 102 million in 2050; was 22 million
in 1990)38 million African Americans15-16 million Asian
Americans 4-5 million Arab Americans
ImmigrationMovement of individuals or groups to the U.S. from
other countriesWhy?Push vs. Pull
factorsAssimilationAcculturation
African American Families
Legacy of Slavery (1619-1865)By 1860, 4 million slaves in the

U.S.Slaves, average age: 35
Slave FamiliesSlaves not allowed to marry legallySlave children
often grew up in families w/out their own biological parents;
this separation undermined authority of parentsSlave spouses
often lived on different plantations
Slaves Were Bought and SoldSo, families were separated,
sometimes forever
Bucks and Wenches…
Slave FamiliesSome slaves were forced to “breed”From the ages
of 13-20 female slaves expected to have 5 children alreadyOne
slave trader from Virginia boasted that his breeding policies
enabled him to sell 6,000 slave children a year
Non-Compliant Slaves…Were whipped and brutalized
And Really Non-Compliant Slaves…Got the iron mask
and collar…

More on Slave FamiliesOriginally from Africa, some practiced
polygamyIn U.S. had monogamous relationships, not arranged,
based on loveGender roles dividedSometimes large kinship
systemsSlaves would not ‘marry’
first cousins, unlike the
white plantation owners
Slave Cabin
Sexual Abuse of Slaves and Master/Slave RelationshipsSome
masters, like James H. Hammond (1807-1864), a Congressman,
Governor, and U.S. Senator from South Carolina, took slave
mistresses.
Sen. James HammondHammond, whose wife bore him eight
children, purchased an 18-year-old slave named Sally and her
infant daughter, Louisa, in 1839. He made Sally his mistress,
and fathered several children by her, and then when the
daughter reached the age of 12, fathered several children by her.
Slave MarriageThrough it all, African Americans displayed
strong family values to be together despite risks

Contemporary African American FamiliesAbout 38 million
African Americans in U.S.80% are descendants of captive
Africans who were enslaved20% are voluntary immigrants
from Africa, the Carribbean,
South America, etc.
Contemporary African American FamiliesLess likely to
marryNo more likely to divorce or be widowedMore likely to
live in single-parent mostly mother-headed familiesLess likely
to complete collegeLess likely to be employedRace wage gap
85% compared to gender wage gap of 73%More likely to live in
poverty
Contemporary African American Families ContinuedLong
history of dual wage earner familiesMore like to have
egalitarian rolesSlightly higher rate of marital distress and
domestic violenceKinship bonds important b/c they provide
emotional and financial supportMore likely to live in extended
householdsUpper class African American families just as stable
as Middle and Upper Class Caucasian families
Latino Families
Latino FamiliesAbout 46 million Latinos in the U.S.66%
Mexican, 10% Puerto Rican and Cuban, 17% from Central and

South America, etc.Much diversity, as with all groupsFor
example, unmarried Cuban mothers 27%, Mexicans 41%, and
Puerto Ricans 60%, highest to lowest educational levels
respectively.
Latino FamiliesValue family unity, loyalty to the family, and an
emphasis on cooperation rather than competition among family
members and friendsFamilism is a value that underlies the
strong Latino identification with members of the extended
family. Latino families have a strong sense of family
identification and structure as well as support for extended
family. The extended family often includes not only blood
relatives but also non-blood relatives such as the best man
(padrino), maid of honor (madrina), and godparents (compadre
and comadre).
Asian American Families
Asian American FamiliesAbout 15-16 million Asian Americans
in U.S.Major ethnic groups: 23% Chinese, 20% Filipino, 16%
Asian Indian, 10% each Korean and Vietnamese, 9%
JapaneseMore than half of all Asian Americans live in 3 states:
CA, NY, and HI
Asian American Families60% of Asians in the U.S. are married
– a higher percentage than the national total of 54%. Certain

Asian groups in the U.S. have even higher rates of marriage:
67% of Asian Indians and 67% of Pakistanis are married.Only
4% of Asians in the U.S. are divorced – lower than the national
total of 9.7%.Only 3% female headed households, also lower
than the national average of 12%.
Traditional vs. Contemporary Asian American
Marriages/Families2/3 of Japanese & Chinese report marriages
based on responsibility not necessarily love.3/4 of Japanese -
American women and Chinese-American women surveyed said
that dating Asian-American men was difficult, because the men
wanted the women to adopt traditional, submissive gender roles,
while the women were looking for men who would share child-
rearing and household responsibilities.
Arab American Families
Arab American FamiliesAbout 4-5 million Arab Americans in
U.S.Immigrated from North Africa or the Middle EastClosely
identified with religion The countries of the Arab world
largely follow IslamHowever, most Arab Americans
are Christian (70%);
30% are Muslim
Early Arab American ImmigrationEarly immigration of Arabs to
the U.S. took place between 1886 - 1914. Most came from

greater Syria (included Libya, Palestine, Jordan, and Iran). The
majority were poor and under-educated. There were many
thousands of Arabs working as slaves on plantations. Others
were primarily traders, peddlers, industrial workers and
farmers. Later some enterprises grew into large businesses such
as Haggar and Farah.These early communities, cut off from
their heritage and families, inevitably lost their Islamic identity
as time went by. Immigration slowed during the period between
W.W.I and W.W.II (1915 - 1945) due to immigration laws.
Later Arab American ImmigrationArabs who immigra ted to the
U.S. after 1945 were more educated, professional, and mainly of
the Muslim faith. Most came from Egypt, Iran and Palestine.
This group has been able to retain more of their culture than the
earlier group. Those who arrived during the first group
attempted to distant themselves from the Arab world by
adopting western culture and language.
Arab American FamiliesIn a traditional Arab-American family,
gender and age plays a big role in defining family role
responsibilities. The father is usually the head of the family
and the provider for its needs, while the mother has the primary
responsibility of raising the children and taking care of the
house.
Sons and Daughters of Arab AmericansSons and daughters are
taught to follow the inherited traditions and are given
responsibilities that correspond with their age and gender. Sons
are usually taught to be protectors of their sisters and to help
the father with his duties inside and outside the

house.Daughters are taught to be the source of love and
emotional support in the family, as well as helping their mother
to take care of household chores.
Arab American FamiliesAlthough the parents have the
responsibility of raising a child, family members, relatives,
friends and neighbors share in taking care of each other’s
children. A known Arabian proverb, “He who grows on
something, will grow old with it,” means the behavior that
children are being taught will be the behavior they will have as
they grow older.
DiversityNo matter what the racial and ethnic background we
can learn lessons from American’s original ancestors, Native
Americans:Tolerance and Diversity…
Generational Diversity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrqqD_Tsy4Q
School Teachers Rate Top Problems
1945Talking out of turnChewing gumMaking noiseRunning in
the hallsCutting in lineDress-code violationsLittering
2020School violence, mass shootingsPandemicsDrug
abuseAlcohol abusePregnancy
SuicideRape, Robbery, Assault

Objectives: To Clarify the Sociological PerspectiveLearn about
the demographic makeup of each generationLearn about the
values and viewpoints of each generationLearn how your own
generational cohort shapes your perspective of the world
Generational GeneralizationsTraditionalists (born 1925-1945) –
10%Baby Boomers (born 1946-1964) – 36%Generation X (born
1965-1980) – 22%Millennials/Generation Y (born 1981-2000) –
15%Generation Z (born 2001-Present)- 13%
Traditionalists (born 1925-1945)
“The Silent/Greatest Generation”
Traditionalists (born 1925-1945)Pres. Coolidge, Hoover,
Roosevelt (conservative, conservative, liberal)Great Depression,
Pearl Harbor, World War II, movies, telephones, cars (just one)

Traditionalists (born 1925-
1945)http://www.valueoptions.com/spotlight_YIW/traditional.ht
mTheir parents’ values go back to 1800sPatriotic, teamwork,
respect for authority, loyalty, conformity, rules and detail
oriented, disciplined, want controlDefined sense of right and
wrongHold/held ¾ of the nation’s wealthImplied contract
between workers of this generation and the company that would
support them for life
Traditionalists (born 1925-1945)Privacy (don’t share inner
thoughts)Hard work (believe in paying dues)Trust (one’s word
is important)Formality (in naming, dress)Social order (may be
viewed as racist or sexist)Things (never know when you might
need it)Prefer face to face or formal written communication
Baby Boomers (born 1946-1964)Almost 78 million boomers
Baby Boomers (born 1946-1964)Pres. Truman, Eisenhower,
Kennedy, Johnson (conservative, conservative, liberal,
liberal)T.V. (especially family shows of the 50’s), suburbia,
stay at home Moms, Korean and Vietnam Wars, Civil Rights
Movement, integration of baseball and educationAs adults dealt
with major social issues including abortion, the death penalty,
racism, sexism

Baby Boomers (born 1946-1964)Did not experience economic
hard times of their parentsCompetition, hard work, success,
teamworkInclusion, anti-rules and regulationWill fight for a
causeBody language noticed and importantAvoid controlling
language
Generation X (born 1965-1980)
Generation X (born 1965-1980)Pres. Johnson, Nixon, Ford,
Carter, Reagan (liberal, conservative, conservative, liberal,
conservative)Vietnam War, Women’s Rights Movement,
continuation of Civil Rights, 70’s, hippies, sex, drugs, rock and
roll, Woodstock, man on the moon, very beginning of the AIDS
epidemic
Generation X (born 1965-1980)Entrepreneurial
spiritEconomically more conservative than their parentsDo not

expect to rely on institutions for long term
employmentIndependence (want to manage their own
time)Creative and want access to lots of informationBalance of
work and homeEmail preferred communication toolShort sound
bites, informal style
Millennials/Generation Y
(born 1981-2000)
2nd largest generation cohort
Millennials (born 1981-2000)
Pres. Reagan, H.W. Bush, Clinton, G. W. Bush (conservative,
conservative, liberal, conservative)HIV/AIDS, Operation Desert
StormWall Street (Greed is Good) Home computers and the
Internet is inventedMTV, Rodney King, OJ Simpson

Millennials (born 1981-2000)Rarely or never mailed anything
with a stampOnly know bottled water, iced tea comes in bottles
or cansFirst generation to be always connected (cell phones,
computers) – Digital NativesBut gap between haves and have
nots is wider than in previous generations, so some have not had
technologyAlways shopped in big box stores and eaten in chain
restaurantsCaller ID and bar codes always there“Google” is a
verbGPS and rap musicStadiums have always had corporate
names
Millennials (born 1981-2000)Their lives very structured (play
dates, organized sports, SAT prep courses, etc.)Team oriented
(free play non-existent)Grew up protected (helmets, seat belts,
etc.)Close relationship with parents (many live at home); only 6
in 10 raised by both parentsGrew up with community service,
globalization and multiculturalismConfident, upbeat, open to
changeSelf-expressive (4 in 10 have tattoos, 1 in 4 have
piercing other than in an earlobe)
Millennials (born 1981-2000)Embrace multiple modes of
communication (78% have a profile on a social media site)More
ethnically and racially diverse than older generations (more
likely to identify as bi- or multi-racial; 20% have at least one
immigrant parent) (doesn’t translate to increased intergroup
contact b/c neighborhoods still segregated)LGBT more likely to
self-identify and/or come out earlier than previous
generationsLeast religiously affiliated, just 2% of males join the
military, supported Pres. Obama in 2008
So, Millennials (born 1981-2000)Special (grew up in child-

centered world)Sheltered (parents fearful for their
safety)Confident and optimistic (can-do attitude)Team-oriented
(from organized group activities)Achieving (used to high stakes
testing and zero tolerance policies)Pressured (trophy-child
expectations)Conventional (comfortable with parents’ values)
Generation Z (born 1995-Present)Also known as Generation M,
the Net Generation, or the Internet GenerationLifelong use of
communications and media technologies such as social media,
text messaging, YouTube, and mobile phones (which are now
carried in their pockets).A marked difference between
Generation Y and Generation Z is that older members of the
Gen Y remember life before the takeoff of mass technology,
while Gen Z have been born completely within it.This

generation has also been born completely into an era of
globalization and multiculturalism.
Generation ZPres. Bush, Obama, Trump (conservative, liberal,
conservative)Saw first serious female presidential candidate
(Hillary Clinton)Internet, texting, social media, YouTube,
facebook, Instagram,TwitterLGBT issues including gay
marriageMajor economic recession9/11, terrorism,
Iraq/Afghanistan Wars, school violence…
Not to Mention Online Education

Generation Z
Watching ‘T.V.’ Now

Chp. 2 - Theoretical Perspectives on Families
Family Ecology TheoryUrie Bronfenbrenner (1917-
2005)Cornell U., Harvard U., U. of MichiganLetchworth
Village, Haverstraw, NY
Family Ecology TheoryHow the environment affects the family
and vice versa and how the family adapts to the envir.What
environments do families encounter?
- microsystems – immediate influences (family, peers, etc.)
- mesosystems – microsystem interconnections
- exosystems – don’t participate but affect you (parents work
affects children)
- macrosystems - culture
Structural FunctionalismSees society as a large structure with
subsystems (and family is one subsystem)
Structural FunctionalismLooks at the family within the context
of societyExamines functions the family serves for
societyExamines the functions the family members serve for
their own familyLooks at the needs the family meets for
individual members of the familyWhen needs not being met or
functions not properly performed can cause dysfunction

Structural FunctionalismInfluenced by biologySees society as a
living organism with parts (subsystems); each part has
functionsSees groups (the family) and individuals in the family
as a part with their own functionsAnalyze functionsWhen can
dysfunction be functional?
Family Systems TheoryAlso sees family as structure of related
parts or subsystemsSubsystems should maintain
boundariesStructure can be seen in family’s interactionsResists
change but succumbs to itStatuses and roles
Symbolic InteractionismErnest Burgess (1886-1966)U. of
ChicagoDefined family as “unity of
interacting personalities”These then defined the
nature of the family
(i.e., happy family, etc.)
Symbolic InteractionismLooks at interactions in
relationshipsVerbal, non-verbal interactions/symbols (not just
what you say but how you say it)
Interactions Lead to Formation of the “Self”Charles Horton
Cooley (1864-1929)Taught at U. of Michigan“Looking glass
self” – 1) we picture our appearance of ourselves, traits and
personalities.2) We then use the reactions of others to interpret
how others visualize us.3) We develop our own Self-concept,
based on our interpretations. Our Self-concept can be enhanced

or diminished by our conclusions.
The SelfSo, we see ourselves as others see usSense of self is
first taught and maintained by the family
Conflict TheoryLooks at power and conflict in
relationshipsNatural part of family lifeFrequency, degree of
conflict issues
Origin of Conflict TheoryKarl Marx (1818-1883)Frederich
Engels (1820-1895)The Communist Manifesto
(1848)Social classBourgeoisie v. ProletariatMen/Women;
Parents/ChildrenStruggle for?Resources, power
Sources of Power/ConflictMoneyChildrenSexPhysical
coercionLevels of love and commitmentLegitimacyDivision of
labor
Conflict Theory AssumptionsPeople in relationships are
motivated by self-interests, competitionDifferences lead to
conflictConflict not easily measured or evaluatedMuch conflict
is private
Consequences of Not Resolving Power & Control

IssuesResentmentsAngerLow Self-EsteemDomestic
ViolenceChild Abuse
Social Exchange TheorySee relationships from a cost-benefit
basisReward – Cost = OutcomeRewards and costs not always
tangible
(not necessarily measurable or seen)Ever ask, “What does
he/she see in that person!!”
EquityExchanges should be fair, to balance outDeprived
partners feel angry, resentfulMethods to restore equity:
- seek balance over time, not daily
- convince oneself and others that unfair relationship is really
fair
- end the relationship
Putting Theories Into PracticeVirginia Satir (1916-
1988)Milwaukee State Teacher’s College, U. of Chicago, IL
Psychiatric Institute, Mental Health Research Institute in
Menlo, CAWrote Conjoint Family Therapy (1964), The New
Peoplemaking (1988)Problems of low self-esteem in
relationships
*conjoint – meet with several members
of the family at the same time
Family/Marriage/Couples TherapyFamilies are the sum of their
partsWhen parts are broken the sum can’t workTherapy is
designed to nurture change and developmentProblems are seen

to arise as a result of systemic interactions, rather than to be
blamed on individual members Family therapists focus more on
how patterns of interaction maintain the problem, instead of
finding cause, as that assigns blame
Family TherapistsMost therapists are eclecticMust be degreed,
certified and licensedM.S.W., M.A., Ph.D. – usually in Social
Work or PsychologyMFT – Marriage & Family Therapy
Certification
Sociology of the Family
TEXTBOOKThe Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate
Relationships in a Changing SocietyAuthors: Bryan Strong, et.
al. Wadsworth Publishing (13th edition)
Sociology of the Family

The Meaning of Marriage & the Family
Before We Talk About the FamilyFamily studied from a
sociological perspective – why?SociologySociological
PerspectiveLevel 1 & Level 2 Social Reality
SociologyWhat is Sociology?Study of human behavior in
groupsPart of the Social Sciences
Five Major Social
SciencesSociology/AnthropologyPsychologyHistoryPolitical
ScienceEconomics

Sociology, Psychology, Social WorkSociology – study of human
behavior in groups; theoretical sciencePsychology – study of
individual behavior; theoretical and applied scienceSocial work
– helping profession involved in the study of individual, group
and family behavior; theoretical and applied science, systems
oriented
Back to Definition of SociologyStudy of human behavior in
groupsWhat do we mean by the term ‘groups?’2+ people
socially interactingDemographic variables
Demographic VariablesIndividual trait you possess that places
you into a group or social category3 major demographic
variables most looked at by sociologists:Race/ethnicitySocial
classGender
The Sociological PerspectiveHow sociology does what it
doesUses the Sociological PerspectiveFresh, unique look at the
worldNon-biased look

Level 1 & Level 2Gives us two levels of understandingLevel 1 –
Your own perspective/version of the worldLevel 2 – Another
perspectiveTime and space/historical
perspective – we are affected by
our family history
How all this affects familiesShapes our own perspectivesThis
influences our sense of self, our view of ourselves and our
familiesInfluences our view of the
world and our place in it
More TermsSocialization
- process by which we learn behaviorAgents of Socialization
- those people/groups that teach us our behavior, examples?
- parents, peers, teachersNorms
- mores and folkways
Norms – Marriage & FamilyAll societies have norms (mores
and/or folkways) regarding marriage and familyExamples?Who
we can marry, how many we can marry, where we have to live,

who has the authority in a marriage, etc.
Definition of FamilyFamily - a group of two or more persons
related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together in a
household
What is Missing from the Definition of the Family?
Love
Family TypesNuclearExtendedSingle
parentReconstituted/stepCohabitators
(homosexual and heterosexual)Family of procreationFamily of
orientationEconomic unit

WHO’S A
FAMILY?http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39177707/ns/us_news-
life/
Which Family Type is Best?NuclearExtendedSingle
parentReconstituted/stepCohabitators
(hetero/homosexual)Family of procreationFamily of
orientationEconomic unit
http://www.context.org/ICLIB/IC21/Coontz.htm
Traditional Families Begin With Marriage - Definition of
MarriageNow - Legally recognized union between a two
individuals in which they are united sexually, cooperate
economically, and may give birth to, adopt or rear children
Gay MarriageMarriage between same sex partners legal in the

U.S. since 2015
Functions of FamilyIntimacy, emotional security,
supportEconomic cooperationSocialization and
ReproductionAssignment of Statuses and Roles
Statuses & RolesStatus- a position we holdAscribed Status – a
position we are born intoAchieved Status – a position we
achieveRole – expected behavior for our statusesRole Conflicts
– a problem we have in fulfilling the roles in a status or
between statuses
Role Conflict
Let’s Go Back To Norms Re: Marriage & the FamilyAll
societies and cultures have norms (legal, religious, and/or social
rules) about who we can marry, how many we can marry, where
we have to live, who has the authority in a marriage, etc.

Marriage & Family Forms
Re: How Many We Can MarryMonogamy
- true monogamy
- serial monogamy
PolygamyHaving more than one spouse at one time75% of the
current world
PolygynyMen can have more than one wifeFound in Christianity
and IslamEast Asia, Middle East, Russia, Bosnia, Turkey,
Africa, the U.S., et. al. Chimpanzees
PolyandryWomen can have more than one husbandTibet,

Canadian Arctic, Toda of South India, parts of Mongolia,
Subsaharan Africa, indigenous communities in the U.S.Judaism
and Islam ban polyandryCrickets, new world monkeys
What Determines Type of Polygamy?Population figures
- more women, men can have more than one wife (polygyny)
- more men, women can have more than one husband
(polyandry)
Affidavit: Fearful 16-year-old bride made late-night call
Frightened and PG for 2nd time in one year, 16 yr. old borrows
a cell phone and makes the call to authoritiesShe was wife #7
and had been beaten repeatedly
Re: Social ClassExogamy
- marrying outside one’s groupEndogamy
- marrying inside one’s groupHomogamy
- tend to marry someone similar

“Inbreeding”Genetic considerationsSocial and psychological
considerationsEconomic considerations
Re: ResidencePatrilocal beliefs
- living with the husband’s parentsMatrilocal
- living with the wife’s parentsNeolocal
- can choose where to live
(tend to live apart from parents)
Re: Descent Lines
Last Name?Patrilineal descent line beliefs (95% of world) goes
through the man’s last nameMatrilineal (5% of world) goes
through the woman’s last nameBilineal can choose
(most likely man’s)
What’s in a Name?Everything…Why not take a woman’s last

name?Tradition/culture/familySocialization, ridicule from other
menIdentityNot in control then
Mr…Only 12% of men marry someone who makes more money
than they do
Re: Authority PatriarchyMatriarchyEgalitarianism
Kinship SystemsAll the people you are related to Primary
relativesSecondary relativesTertiary relatives
Primary Relatives- you, your parents, siblings, aunts, uncles,
cousins

Secondary Relativesyour grandparents, their siblings (your
parents’ aunts/uncles) and their children (your parents’ cousins)
Tertiary Relatives- your great grandparents, their siblings, and
their children
Other Types of RelativesConsanguine relativesConjugal
relativesFictive kin
Rights & ObligationsRight – what one is entitled to legally,
socially, or morally from one’s family members (what you
get)Obligation – what one must do, legally, socially, or morally
for one’s family members (what you have to do)Examples?

Social Organization of the FamilyHierarchy
- ranking of family members – usually by
power/moneyNorms
- rules for behaviorDivision of Labor
- specialized roles
GenogramsA family history tree+ demographic variables+ social
interaction information
http://www.genopro.com/

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