Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and
Optional Protocol (CRPD)
Article 13
Presented By: Brandon Palm
Article 13: Access To Justice
States Parties shall ensure effective access to justice for persons
with disabilities on an equal basis with others, including
through the provision of procedural and age-appropriate
accommodations, in order to facilitate their effective role as
direct and indirect participants, including as witnesses, in all
legal proceedings, including at investigative and other
preliminary stages.
In order to help to ensure effective access to justice for persons
with disabilities, States Parties shall promote appropriate
training for those working in the field of administration of
justice, including police and prison staff.
Why Article 13 Was Included
Some people with disabilities do not have the ability to speak
up or defend for themselves.
Disabilities might be overlooked or instead seen as an excuse
for why a crime was committed.
To ensure people with disabilities can have a fair trial if they
cannot defend themselves due to their disability.
Protects people with disabilities from unjust rulings and
detainment.

Why Article 13 Matters
Provides training and education to people in the criminal justice
field.
The legal system is complicated, is a long process and can be
overwhelming so it provides reasonable accommodations.
Ensures people with disabilities have the right to a fair trial.
Article 13 is important in connecting other articles for legal
process like article 15: Freedom from cruel punishments.
Why Justice Is Important
Justice places a standard on society which requires people to
adhere to the standard or face consequences.
If a standard is violated, punishments will be issued based on
what law is violated and what is determined as a just or fair
punishment by society.
Without justice there would be no punishments or ways to deter
people from doing things deemed evil or unlawful by society.
Without Access To Justice
Earl Washington: Washington was sentenced to death in 1983
for a crime he did not commit. Because of his intellectual
disability, he was induced by police into confessing to the
crime. DNA evidence eventually proved his innocence, but not

before Washington came dangerously close to being executed.
Washington spent ten years on death row and then several more
years in prison before he was finally released in January of
2001.
Anthony Gray: In October 1991, Anthony Gray pled guilty to
first-degree murder and first-degree rape and was sentenced to
two concurrent life sentences. The convictions were based on a
"confession," which police officers coaxed out of Gray, who has
an intellectual disability, by telling him that two other men
arrested in connection with the case had told police that Gray
was involved. Gray was of below-average intelligence. He was
pressured into the confession, believing he would avoid the
death penalty if he entered a guilty plea and agreed to testify
against two other men. Gray said he pleaded guilty because
'they were trying to give me the death penalty for something I
didn't do. . . . Why should I die for something I didn't do?’
Without Access to Justice (Cont.)
In a federally funded study which began in 1942, male patients
at a state insane asylum in Ypsilanti, Michigan were injected
with experimental flu vaccines, then exposed to the flu several
months later.
Some of the men weren't able to describe their symptoms,
raising serious questions about how well they understood what
was being done to them. One newspaper account mentioned the
test subjects were "senile and debilitated."
Without Access to Justice (Cont.)
China: In May of 2015, a man with autism was wrongfully

arrested for the investigation of a violent murder case of a 73-
year-old man. He was interrogated, denied medication, denied
his weekly treatments, and had a bag placed over his head.
Advocacy, Research, and Policy Efforts
The UN Sustainable Development Goals, in particular Goal 16
(Peace, Justice, and Strong institutions), focuses on reinforcing
commitments from the (CRPD) to remove barriers that hinder
justice for people with disabilities.
The Arc is the largest national community-based organization
for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
They focus on promoting and protecting human rights for
people with disabilities by conducting trainings, events,
advocacy initiatives, and programs to inform and increase
inclusion.
The Federation for Children with Special Needs (FCSN) seeks
equality and social justice. It was founded by parents who were
fighting for the rights of children with disabilities. They
provide information and resources for families and others to
spread awareness.
Citations
Autistic man wrongly arrested by police over murder could
suffer long-term effects, say experts. (2015, May 14). Retrieved
October 10, 2020, from https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-
kong/law-crime/article/1797452/autistic-man-wrongly-arrested-
police-over-murder-could
Death Row Exonerations for People with Intellectual

Disabilities. (n.d.). Retrieved October 06, 2020, from
https://www.aclu.org/other/death-row-exonerations-people-
intellectual-disabilities
Peace, justice and strong institutions – United Nations
Sustainable Development. (n.d.). Retrieved October 08, 2020,
from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/peace-justice/
Stobbe, M. (2011, February 27). Ugly past of U.S. human
experiments uncovered. Retrieved October 08, 2020, from
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41811750/ns/health-
health_care/t/ugly-past-us-human-experiments-uncovered/
The Arc's National Initiatives. (n.d.). Retrieved October 09,
2020, from https://thearc.org/our-initiatives/
The Sustainable Development Agenda – United Nations
Sustainable Development. (n.d.). Retrieved October 08, 2020,
from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-
agenda/
Actors
Use case modeling begins with the identification and
documentation of users, or actors. The main purpose of
developing a software solution is to provide for the needs of
these users. The actor also indicates how the system will be
used (hence the term use cases). Actors provide the core starting
point for the rest of modeling, design, and development in a
software project.
An actor is a role played by a person or a thing that is external
to the software system. An actor (user of a system) interacts
with the system in order to achieve business goals. An actor is:
■A role played by a typical user of the system (note: the actor is
the role and not the actual person who is playing that role)

■A role that initiates an interaction with the system (such as a
patient, who may not always interact with the system but whose
presence invokes actions and responses)
■Time is considered an actor because time-triggered events
initiate an interaction or a process within a system
■A role that derives benefit (achieves goals) from the system
■An “external system” with which the system under
development will interact (such as a publicly available database
or service)
■An external device with which the system under development
will interact (such as a printer or handheld phone)
■Anything that sends a message to the system (such as an
external entity)
■Anything that receives a message from the system (such as
another system)
■Essentially anything that is outside the system
In addition, it is also worth noting the following about an actor:
■An actor may participate in multiple use cases because each
actor is capable of initiating multiple processes within the
system and have multiple goals to achieve from the system. An
actor may serve as a starting point for interface modeling
because an actor represents the interface of the system
(interface modeling is discussed in Chapter 16). Final ly, an
actor may serve as the basis for good classes (however, an
actor, as a business user itself, is not a class—this is explained
later in this chapter).
As with everything else in an iterative and incremental life
cycle, the first cut of actors is created from those users who will
initiate a transaction with the system or who will derive some
benefit from the system. While users are invariably actors, not
all actors are human users. External systems and devices are
also represented as actors. Since actors interface with the
system, they are not built. Actors are what the developers are
responsible for “interfacing with,” whereas use cases, discussed
later, represent that which is “implemented.”
In the UML, an actor is represented by a “stick figure.” Figure

5.1 shows this representation for ActorPatient for the hospital
domain.
Figure 5.1Notation for an actor.
How to Find Actors?
Finding good actors is the first and most important activity
during analysis in the problem space. Not paying enough
attention to identifying, discussing, and documenting actors can
lead to unacceptance of the solution by the users. Often a lack
of understanding of actors causes rework, delays in delivery of
the solution, and overall dissatisfaction among users. On the
contrary involvement of users at this early stage of modeling
requirements assures their participation right through to the user
acceptance testing stage.
During the initial iteration of use case modeling, a list of actors
is created. Do not try to complete this list at the first attempt.
Identification and documentation of use cases, drawing of
activity diagrams, and subsequent identification of classes will
invariably lead to the refinement of this actor list. Iteratively
adding to the list of actors or modifying some of the actors is in
accordance with the iterative and incremental (Agile) process.
Identification of potential actors and use cases happens in a
workshop environment. The following are some of the questions
that can be asked in a use case modeling workshop in order to
arrive at a preliminary list of actors:
■Who will be the main and secondary users of the system?
■Who will be the primary beneficiaries of the interactions with
the system?
■Who will be the primary initiators of interactions with the
system?
■What external systems and devices will the system under
development need to interface with?
■Is there a time-based process in the system?
A potential list of actors for the hospital management system

(HMS) is shown in Figure 5.2. Note that there are three
categories of actors in this diagram. They are the roles played
by human actors interacting with the system, external systems,
and devices. These actor categories have been roughly separated
in Figure 5.2 for better understanding.
Figure 5.2Potential list of actors for HMS.
Actor Variations
In addition to the three groups of actors shown in Figure 5.2,
there are also a number of variations in the types of actors that
can appear in a system. In most practical analysis work, where
business processes and workflows are modeled in the problem
space, these actor variations do not have a major impact on the
solution. Being aware of actor variations is beneficial in order
to prevent potential confusion during modeling. Some of these
variations are discussed next.
Primary versus Secondary Actors
The primary actors are those for whom the system exists. These
are the main actors who benefit from the system—for example,
a patient, a doctor, or a nurse in a HMS. The secondary actors
are roles of indirect relevance in the HMS. For example, if a
medical assistant is involved in processing a blood sample, but
is not involved in the actual execution of any of the use cases,
then she is an indirect actor. This variation of primary versus
secondary actors depends on the perspective of the system. For
example, if the system has use cases that deal directly with
input of blood samples and test results, then the lab assistant
will become a primary actor. A common example from the
banking domain is that of a customer and a teller. Even if the
customer, standing across the counter to withdraw cash, does
not use the computer screen, she is still a primary actor. This is
because the system exists for the purpose of this actor, and of
course it is this actor that initiates the interaction.
Direct versus Indirect Actors

Direct actors are those who actually use the system. For
example, an administrator keying in the details of a patient is a
direct actor, whereas the patient, standing across the counter
and providing her details, is an indirect actor. This is because
the patient never gets to use the system directly. In the earlier
example from the banking domain, the customer is an indirect
actor, whereas the teller is a direct actor. Both direct and
indirect actors are important and appear in use cases.
The understanding of whether an actor is primary or secondary,
direct or indirect, is entirely dependent on the context of the
actor’s use of the system. For example, a patient that is indirect
while standing across the counter would become a direct actor
when accessing her details on the Internet. There is often no
specific need to mention actors as primary/secondary or
direct/indirect. This differentiation is for the understanding of
the business modelers, but this differentiation may be
mentioned in actor documentation when it helps clarify the
modeling effort in the solution space.
Abstract versus Concrete Actors
The third variation among actors is abstract versus concrete
actors. This actor variation is more important than the previous
two and can be specifically shown in use case diagrams. The
UML permits actors to be generalized. This means an actor can
inherit the definition of another actor. For example, a “private
patient” and a “public patient” may inherit all the
characteristics of a patient. As a result, the actor patient will
become abstract and the private and public patients will become
concrete actors. Abstract actors are at a common or higher level
(generalized) in the model, from which concrete (specialized)
actors are derived.
Generalization/specialization provides opportunities to reduce
the complexity in use case diagrams. Abstract actors can model
the common behavior of a system, such as staff logging into the
system. Concrete actors model the specific behavior of the
system, such as a doctor checking a consultation schedule on
the calendar. Since a doctor inherits from staff, there is no need

to separately model the log-in procedure for doctors if it has
already been modeled for staff. Thus, a generalization of actors
results in an actor hierarchy that reduces clutter and complexity
in the use case diagram.
Actor hierarchies can be shown in a separate diagram. Figure
5.3 shows two separate hierarchies of actors: the patient
hierarchy and the staff hierarchy. Nonhuman actors may not be
shown in an actor hierarchy diagram unless they are related by
inheritance. The relationship between abstract and concrete
actors is that of inheritance (note the use of a formal inheritance
arrow in the UML; these relationships are discussed in Chapter
6). Abstract actors A10-Patient and A50-Staff are shown in
italics—as required for abstract entities in the UML.
Figure 5.3Abstract versus concrete actors and a corresponding
actor hierarchy in HMS.
Clarifying Actor-Class Confusion
Notice that the actor names have been prefixed with A10-, A20-
, and so on. This numbering of actors, although not mandated by
the UML, is a good way to group and document actors.
Furthermore, prefixing actors with either the term “actor” or a
simple numbering system helps avoid another potential
confusion, that between an actor and a class.
Consider, for example, the actors Patient and Doctor. They
appear to be straightforward roles played by users in a HMS.
However, when the classes for the HMS are identified, the
names for those classes tend to be the same as for actors.
Figure 5.4 shows the actor A10-Patient. This patient is the user
of the system. The user will interact with the system and, as
such, is outside the system. There are various attributes of the
patient, such as his name, address, and medicare card number,
that need to be stored in the system. The class that stores these
details inside the system is likely to be called Patient as well.
This Patient class is not the same as the actual user outside the

system. In fact, the Patient class is designed and stored inside
the system. It is important that this Patient class be
differentiated from the Patient actor. A good way of creating
this differentiation is by prefixing the actor names with the term
“actor” or, as has been done here, with a simple numbering
scheme. The prefix A10- for a patient refers to the actor,
whereas a term without a prefix—such as Patient—refers to the
class.
Figure 5.4Distinguishing actors from classes.
Actor Documentation
Having identified the list of actors, it is now important to
document them. Although this documentation of actors is not
mandatory, in practice it is always useful to document at least
the main (or important) actors. This documentation improves
understanding of the actors and is helpful in identifying use
cases. Discussions with users and domain experts can also be
stored in the actor documentation. Additionally, there are
business rules and constraints specific to an actor that can be
placed in actor documentation. Although modeling tools provide
an opportunity to document actors, for some primary actors this
can be done in a separate Word document and linked to the
actor notation.
Documentation for an actor is not to be completed in a single
attempt. First, the actor name and a brief description is
provided. Then a few use cases corresponding to this actor are
documented. As a result, more details of the actor are added to
the actor documentation. The following template provides a
starting point for actor documentation, followed by an example
of actor documentation for the HMS.
Actor Thumbnail
<Name of the actor. Optionally, a number prefixes the name to
facilitate grouping of actors. The prefix also differentiates the

actor from a possible class with the same name.>
Actor Type and Stereotype
<Describes the type of actor. This can include whether it is a
primary or secondary actor, person or external system or device,
or if the actor is “abstract” or concrete. The type of actor may
be described in general or it may be a formal stereotype.∗ >
Actor Description
<Short description of the actor and what he/she/it does.
Together with the actor thumbnail, this might be the only thing
documented for the actors in the first iteration.>
Actor Relationships
<Thumbnails of other relevant actors or use cases in the system
with whom this actor is interacting. If there is an inheritance
hierarchy, thumbnails of generalized/specialized actors can also
be noted here.>
Interface Specifications
<Since, by definition, the actor has to interact with the system,
we note here the details of the interface through which the actor
performs this interaction. This will be a list of the numbers and
names of GUI specifications related to this actor—including
specifications of Web interfaces. For external systems and
devices, it may be a description of the interface that may not be
graphic.>
Author and History
<Original author and modifiers of this actor description>
Reference Material
<Relevant references, as well as sources from where material is
inserted/available for this actor.>
Actor Documentation for “A10-Patient”
Figure 5.2 showed a potential list of actors for the HMS. One of
the actors, A10-Patient, is documented here based on the actor
template discussed earlier.
Actor Thumbnail
Actor: A10-Patient

This is an abstract actor representing all types of patients in the
HMS.
Actor Description
The actor patient is the primary role interacting with the HMS
in order to carry out all functions related to the patient. This
actor will primarily use the system to update her details, check
for the availability of doctors, schedule consultations with
doctors, and seek follow-up advice. In order to carry out these
functions, this actor will have to register herself, and also
identify herself every time the system is accessed. This actor
can be a private patient or a patient belonging to the public
health system (a public patient). This private versus public
distinction is made only during the registration process by the
patient providing either her private insurance details or her
Medicare details.
Actor Relationships
Two different types of concrete actors are derived from this
actor:
A20-PublicPatient
A30-PrivatePatient
The actor will interface with the following use case (examples):
UC01-LogsIn
UC10-RegistersPatientDetails
UI010-LogIn*
UI020-PatientDetails
I900-GovernmentHealthCareSystem
Author and History
Colleen Berish
Reference Material
Government rules regarding patient registration in the hospital
can be found on the government health regulatory system
website.
Actor Documentation for “A60-Doctor”

What follows is another example of actor documentation for
actor A60-Doctor for the HMS.
Actor Thumbnail
Actor: A60-Doctor
This actor represents the doctors in the HMS.
Actor Description
The actor doctor interacts with the HMS in order to carry out
most medical as well as some administrative functions. These
functions include checking bookings made by patients, updating
diagnoses for patients, writing prescriptions, booking vacations,
and providing follow-up advice to patients. The doctor is
registered as a staff member and hence requires a valid login
and password to access the system. The doctor is further
specialized as a surgeon or a physician.
Actor Relationships
This actor inherits from A50-Staff.
This actor is specialized into: A62-Surgeon and A64-Physician.
The actor will interface with the following use cases (as shown
in Figure 6.3 in Chapter 6):
UC14-CreatesPatientsMedicalProfile; UC16-
UpdatesPatientsMedicalProfile
UC32-ExaminesPatient (as shown in 6.5 Chapter 6).
UI10-PatientRegistrationForm; I900-
GovernmentHealthCareSystem
Author and History
Colleen Berish
Reference Material
Staff levels for doctors are specified in the “HMS Business
Policies” document.
Use Cases
What Is a Use Case?
A use case documents a series of interactions of an actor with a

system. This interaction is meant to provide some concrete,
measurable results of value to the actor. Use cases describe
what a system does, but they do not specify how the system
does it. Furthermore, use cases not only document the
interactions of the actor-system through a series of steps, they
also add details like pre- and postconditions for the use case,
user interface references, and alternative flows. A use case is
represented by an ellipse in the system, as shown in Figure 5.5.
Figure 5.5Notation for a use case.
Use Case Variations
Use cases, like actors, can be of different types. For exampl e,
use cases can be at the business level (as is most common) or
they can be at the system level. Use cases can also be abstract
or concrete (this variation is discussed in the use-case-to-use-
case relationship in Chapter 6).
Finding Use Cases
The initial list of actors is a good starting point for the
identification of use cases. Use cases are best discovered in the
same workshops in which actors are discovered. Actor
documentation also leads to use case discovery. This is because
actor documentation provides information on actor-to-use-case
relationships. Use cases are sourced as follows:
■Interviews and discussions with users and domain experts in a
workshop session
■Play-acting of various scenarios or “stories” told by users in
terms of how they would use the system
■Identifying and documenting actors, leading to an
understanding of their goals or purpose in using the system
■Revisiting the output of requirements analysis
■Formal and informal problem statements (such as presented in
Appendix A)
■Executing existing systems (especially legacy applications), if
available

■Investigating existing user documentation, if available
■Investigating existing “help” for the system, if available
■Researching the problem domain, especially on the Internet for
relevant analysis models
■Researching and using published literature, such as Analysis
Patterns (Fowler)
Use Case Documentation
A tentative list of use cases is created as they are discovered.
Use cases are then documented iteratively. Since there is no
specific format for use case documentation mandated by the
OMG, there are many different formats in practice. Cockburn
(2000) suggests the need for two templates: the first a “casual”
low-ceremony format, the second a “fully dressed” format for
high-ceremony projects. The practical approach is to come up
with a use case format that is agreeable to all project members.
This then forms the basis for all use case documentation.
Use Case Documentation Template
Use Case Thumbnail:
<This is the number and name of the use case and, optionally, a
version number. The numbering may take the form UC10-,
UC20-, where UC stands for use case and the numbering
provides a common grouping mechanism, similar to the actors.>
Use Case Description:
<This is a short description of the use case. This description
ranges from a brief “one liner” to a paragraph describing its
purpose and usage. Sometimes, for a small, single-iteration
project, this might be the only description of the use case.>
Stereotype and Package:
<Description of the stereotype and the package to which this
use case belongs. This is optional information and may not
always be documented, although it will be easily entered in a
modeling tool.>
Actors:
<A list of the actors involved in this use case is documented
here. >

Preconditions:
<Preconditions are the conditions that need to be satisfied
before the execution described by the use case can commence.>
Postconditions:
<Postconditions are conditions that must be met at the end of a
use case.>
Use Case Relationships:
<Thumbnails of other use cases that are included, extended, or
inherited. These three use-case-to-use-case relationships are
discussed in Chapter 6.>
Use Case Text (Basic Flow):
1.0 <description of step>
2.0 <description of step> (A1, E1, E2)
3.0 <description of step> (A2, E3)
≪include≫ <Thumbnail of use case(s) included>
≪extends≫ <Thumbnail of use case(s) extended>
Alternative Flow:
<A1—The optional descriptions here are alternative flows under
conditions specified in the steps in the basic flow.>
Exceptions:
<E1 The optional descriptions here specify actions taken under
“exception” conditions encountered during the basic flow of the
use case. Technically, this can represent actions to be taken in
case of an error.>
Constraints:
<Here are the documented special constraints or limitations that
are relevant to the use case.>
User Interface Specifications:
<Number/s and name/s of UI specifications related to the use
case, including Web screen specifications, as and when
available. Note that these are not user interface designs but
simply references to the likely screens/forms that will be used
by the actor in interfacing with the system.>
Metrics (Complexity):
<Anything that needs to be measured that is related to the use
cases will be put here—for example, complexity of the use case:

simple/medium/complex. This information can be helpful in
highly mature organizations, typically CMM level 4 and 5,
where artifacts are measured for the purpose of optimization.
Complexity may be based on the number of actors, relationships
with other use cases, and even technical issues for each use
case. However, the actual discussion on metrics is beyond the
scope of this book.>
Priority:
<The importance of the functionality described by this use case:
high/medium/low. This could be based on analysis and
understanding of risks and importance of the use cases.>
Status:
<The state of completeness of the documentation of this use
case: initial/major/final. This will indicate the level of maturity
of the use case.>
Author & History:
<Original author and modifiers of this use case.>
Reference Material:
<Relevant references, as well as sources from where the use
case has been derived. Any large documentation and material
that does not form part of the “flow” in a use case (such as
mathematical formulas, legal documents, and policy
materials).>
Alternatively, a low-ceremony use case format will be a subset
of the preceding detailed version and may contain just the
following:
Use Case Thumbnail
Actors:
Use Case Description
Example: Use Cases in the Hospital Management System
Based on the templates for use case documentation, a few
example use cases from the HMS are now described. A practical
project will require substantially more use cases than described

here. Also, initially the use cases described are in a low-
ceremony format followed by examples of expanded high-
ceremony documentation.
Brief Use Case Documentation for HMS
Use Case Thumbnail: UC10-RegistersPatient (Figure 6.3 in
Chapter 6)
Actors: A10-Patient, A80-Administrator, A90-
GovernmentHealthRegulatorySystem, A95-
PrivateInsuranceProvider
This use case deals with the registration of new patients in the
HMS. These registration details include name, address, date of
birth, and related details of the patient, his Medicare card and
status, such as private or public patient. A10-Patient provides
all the details and A80-Administrator enters them in the system.
A90-GovernmentHealthRegulatorySystem is an interface to an
external system, which is provided by the state department of
health, to verify the Medicare card details of public patients.
A95-PrivateInsuranceProvider is an interface to an external
system for individual private health insurance companies, to
verify the insurance details of private patients.
Use Case Thumbnail: UC12-MaintainsPatientDetails (Figure 6.3
in Chapter 6)
Actors: A10-Patient
This use case describes how A10-Patient maintains selected
personal details (such as address, phone, and status) using the
system. These details are updated directly by the patient.
Use Case Thumbnail: UC14-CreatesPatientMedicalProfile
(Figure 6.3 in Chapter 6)
Actors: A60-Doctor, A10-Patient, A80-Administrator

This use case describes the creation of a medical profile
(record) for a patient. This record is created by A60-Doctor,
with input from A10-Patient. This profile contains details such
as blood group, past illnesses, blood pressure, and x-ray
records. The medical profile is created following the
registration process. A80-Administrator helps create and verify
the patient’s details and is not required for profile maintenance.
Use Case Thumbnail: UC16-UpdatesPatientMedicalProfile
Actors: A60-Doctor, A10-Patient
This use case describes how the medical profile of a patient is
updated. This modification is done by A60-Doctor with input
from A10-Patient.
Use Case Thumbnail: UC22-MaintainsCalendar (Figure 6.4 in
Chapter 6)
Actors: A50-Staff
Any staff member of the hospital who has proper login
authorization in the system can enter and change his/her
calendar details. These calendar details include dates, vacation
dates, days, times, and statuses (such as availability and booked
for consultations and surgeries). Some cases, such as booking a
vacation through the system, will require the authorization of
the person’s supervisor.
Use Case Thumbnail: UC30-BooksConsultation (Figure 6.5 in
Chapter 6)
Actors: A10-Patient

This use case describes the process by which A10-Patient is
able to book a consultation with a doctor. This process requires
that A10-Patient search for information on availabilities of
doctors, relevant for particular ailments, on a particular day and
time. The system provides alternatives, and the patient selects
from those alternatives.
Use Case Thumbnail: UC36-ManagesConsultationSchedule
Actors: A60-Doctor
This use case describes how a doctor can view and change her
consultation schedule. This management and updating of the
consultation schedule by the doctors enable all other actors in
the system to be aware of the availability of the doctor. The
doctor can add, cancel, or modify scheduled procedures as
necessary.∗
Use Case Thumbnail: UC50-PaysBill (Figure 6.6 in Chapter 6)
Actors: A10-Patient
This use case describes the process by which patients pay their
medical bills. The basic procedure required to pay a bill is
described here. This includes verification of the bil l,
corresponding procedure performed in the hospital, and the
patient details. However, the actual method of payment is
shown separately by other use cases that extend this use case.
Use Case Thumbnail: UC56-PaysBillOnInternet ≪extends≫
U50-PaysBill (Figure 6.6 in Chapter 6)
Actors: A10-Patient
This use case extends use case UC50-PaysBill in that it

describes the process of paying a bill online. Internet bill
payment will require the patient to identify herself on the
Internet, identify the bill that needs to be paid, and pay the bill
using the Internet bill payment features such as “BPAY” (bill
pay).
Use Case Thumbnail: UC57-CashChequePayment ≪extends≫
U50-PaysBill
Actors: A10-Patient, A00-Printer
This use case extends use case UC50-PaysBill in that it
describes the process of paying a bill by cash or cheque. This
payment is expected to be across the counter at the hospital,
although checks can also be posted by patients. A00-Printer will
be used to print and post the receipts.
The following three use cases are additionally provided
although they have not yet been modeled, i.e., they do not
appear in any of the use case diagrams shown in Chapter 6. This
practice is often encountered in the initial iterations because use
case documentation leads to improvements in use case
diagrams.
Use Case Thumbnail: UC52-IssuesBill
Actors: A50-Staff
This use case describes the process of issuing a bill (or invoice)
for hospital services. This bill is either posted to the patient or
electronically sent to the patient or his health insurance
company.
Use Case Thumbnail: UC62-ReordersMedicines
Actors: A75-LabAssistant, A50-Staff

This use case describes the process for reordering medicines
(drugs) in the laboratories and in the pharmaceutical section of
the hospital. The actual ordering will require an authorized
A50-Staff member together with help from A75-LabAssistant.
Use Case Thumbnail: UC60-ChecksInventory
Actors: A75-LabAssistant
This use case describes the process for A75-LabAssistant to
check the hospital’s inventory of drugs. The lab assistant
obtains the inventory level from the system and can then check
the physical inventory to verify that the system is up to date. If
the system’s inventory does not match the physical inventory,
then the lab assistant can adjust the system’s inventory amount
(with appropriate authorization)."
Instructions for Narrated PowerPoints
Novice User Tips for PowerPoint with Audio Presentation and
Conversion to Video
All students have access to PowerPoint 2016. If you do not
already have this downloaded, you can get instructions on how
to do so here: https://access.ewu.edu/it/services/help-desk/how-
to-get-software/for-students The following instructions are
based on this version. I am a new user, so these notes are
created by and for a novice user. Advanced users may know
additional options not listed here.
Creating PowerPoint Slides
The use of PowerPoint is straight-forward, and I found it user
friendly for the slide creation. You just start with “File”, “New”
and you’re off! It is easy for multiple people to create
individual slides (make sure you’re using the same theme!) and
then delegate one person to copy and paste slides into one
slideshow. *Tip: make sure to use unique file names for each
person and revision so you don’t lose anybody’s work.
Adding Audio to Slides

We elected audio for our multi-media, so our instructions will
cover that. We found that adding the audio presented some
challenges with different users using different methods (and
possibly different PowerPoint versions). There are multiple
ways you can create your audio/video to accompany
PowerPoint. You can wait until all your slides are completed to
add audio, or you can add audio slide by slide. Option 1: Record
directly onto slideshow. This seemed to be the easiest option,
with the fewest challenges.
1. With your PowerPoint slides open, from the top toolbar
menu, select “Slideshow”
2. Make sure “Play Narrations” and “Use Timings” are selected.
This will allow your slide advance to be directly based on your
audio timing.
3. Click “Record Slide Show”. You will have the option of
recording all slides at once, or individual slides, or groups of
slides. If you are recording from the current slide, make sure
you have the slide selected.
4. Click the appropriate selection and you will be taken to a
recording page. Click record and pause buttons as needed.
5. If you want/need to change any audio and need to re-record:
1. Close the recording page and go back to the main menu.
2. Click “Clear”
3. Click “Clear Narration…either from current slide, or from
beginning”
4. Restart from step 3
5.
Option 2. Record audio through the Insert feature. (This feature
also will allow you to insert a recording that has been done
separately and is saved to your computer, but instructions for
that are not included.)
1. Click “Insert” on the top bar, and select “Audio”
2. Choose the bottom selection “Record audio”. You will do this
for every slide.
3. After recording the audio, a symbol would populate.
4. Right click on the audio symbol and select ‘Play in

Background’ as the Style.
5. After recording the audio, you have the option to cut or edit
my audio. I just used my computer for this since most
computers now have built in microphones.
*Note – I found with this option, you might experience trouble
with automatic transitions and/or the sound working, repeating
and overlapping with the next slide, etc. Here are some
solutions to potential problems:
-- Right Click on the audio symbol. A “Format/Playback” Menu
will appear on the upper bar on the slide menu. Click
“Playback” Make sure ‘Start Automatically’ is checked; ‘Play
Across Slides’ is unchecked, and ‘Loop until Stopped’ is
unchecked.
-- Click on ‘Transitions’ from the menu. You may need to edit
the Duration/Advance Slide Times to match your audio length.
In that case, unclick ‘Advance Slide on Mouse Click’.
Run your entire slideshow start to finish making sure all slides
advance properly, with the correct audio playing. When it all
works, you are ready to convert to video.
Converting Slideshow to video
1. With your final slideshow open, Click “File” from the main
menu.
2. Click “Export”
3. Select “Create a Video”
4. Click “Presentation Quality” and select “Low”. We found this
file size still too large to upload to Canvas, but small enough to
email it to one another and Dr. Munger through Canvas.
5. Click “Create Video”
6. Name your video and Click “Save” This took about 10
minutes for ours to complete
Again, these notes are based on our experience with the
program while making our presentation and learning as we
went. Different versions of PowerPoint or combinations of types
of slides/audio may offer different results than we experienced.
Additional Troubleshooting.
* If you do not get sound after recording, make sure you have

selected/enabled your microphone in “Audio Source”.
* Our biggest source of trouble was to get the sound working
having used different methods. If different people use differ ent
options, you may need to play with the ‘Transitions’ and
‘Audio’ settings some to get it working properly across all the
slides. You will need to look at these settings for every slide.
* In our case, if you select Option 1 for recording, I recommend
not adjusting the automatic settings that it uses.
Convention on
the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities and
Optional Protocol
UNITED NATIONS
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS
WITH DISABILITIES
Preamble
The States Parties to the present Convention,
(a) Recalling the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the
United
Nations which recognize the inherent dignity and worth and the

equal and
inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the
foundation of
freedom, justice and peace in the world,
(b) Recognizing that the United Nations, in the Universal
Declaration
of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human
Rights, has
proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights
and freedoms
set forth therein, without distinction of any kind,
(c) Reaffirming the universality, indivisibility, interdependence
and
interrelatedness of all human rights and fundamental freedoms
and the need for
persons with disabilities to be guaranteed their full enjoyment
without
discrimination,
(d) Recalling the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and
Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights, the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial
Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of
Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture
and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the
Convention on the
Rights of the Child, and the International Convention on the
Protection of the
Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families,

(e) Recognizing that disability is an evolving concept and that
disability results from the interaction between persons with
impairments and
attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and
effective
participation in society on an equal basis with others,
(f) Recognizing the importance of the principles and policy
guidelines contained in the World Programme of Action
concerning Disabled
Persons and in the Standard Rules on the Equalization of
Opportunities for
Persons with Disabilities in influencing the promotion,
formulation and
evaluation of the policies, plans, programmes and actions at the
national,
regional and international levels to further equalize
opportunities for persons
with disabilities,
(g) Emphasizing the importance of mainstreaming disability
issues as
an integral part of relevant strategies of sustainable
development,
– 2 –
(h) Recognizing also that discrimination against any person on
the
basis of disability is a violation of the inherent dignity and
worth of the human
person,

(i) Recognizing further the diversity of persons with
disabilities,
(j) Recognizing the need to promote and protect the human
rights of
all persons with disabilities, including those who require more
intensive
support,
(k) Concerned that, despite these various instruments and
undertakings, persons with disabilities continue to face barriers
in their
participation as equal members of society and violations of their
human rights
in all parts of the world,
(l) Recognizing the importance of international cooperation for
improving the living conditions of persons with disabilities in
every country,
particularly in developing countries,
(m) Recognizing the valued existing and potential contributions
made
by persons with disabilities to the overall well-being and
diversity of their
communities, and that the promotion of the full enjoyment by
persons with
disabilities of their human rights and fundamental freedoms and
of full
participation by persons with disabilities will result in their
enhanced sense of
belonging and in significant advances in the human, social and
economic
development of society and the eradication of poverty,
(n) Recognizing the importance for persons with disabilities of

their
individual autonomy and independence, including the freedom
to make their
own choices,
(o) Considering that persons with disabilities should have the
opportunity to be actively involved in decision-making
processes about
policies and programmes, including those directly concerning
them,
(p) Concerned about the difficult conditions faced by persons
with
disabilities who are subject to multiple or aggravated forms of
discrimination
on the basis of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or
other opinion,
national, ethnic, indigenous or social origin, property, birth, age
or other status,
(q) Recognizing that women and girls with disabilities are
often at
greater risk, both within and outside the home, of violence,
injury or abuse,
neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation,
(r) Recognizing that children with disabilities should have full
enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms on an
equal basis
– 3 –
with other children, and recalling obligations to that end
undertaken by States

Parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child,
(s) Emphasizing the need to incorporate a gender perspective in
all
efforts to promote the full enjoyment of human rights and
fundamental
freedoms by persons with disabilities,
(t) Highlighting the fact that the majority of persons with
disabilities
live in conditions of poverty, and in this regard recognizing the
critical need to
address the negative impact of poverty on persons with
disabilities,
(u) Bearing in mind that conditions of peace and security based
on
full respect for the purposes and principles contained in the
Charter of the
United Nations and observance of applicable human rights
instruments are
indispensable for the full protection of persons with disabilities,
in particular
during armed conflicts and foreign occupation,
(v) Recognizing the importance of accessibility to the physical,
social, economic and cultural environment, to health and
education and to
information and communication, in enabling persons with
disabilities to fully
enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms,
(w) Realizing that the individual, having duties to other
individuals
and to the community to which he or she belongs, is under a
responsibility to

strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized
in the
International Bill of Human Rights,
(x) Convinced that the family is the natural and fundamental
group
unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the
State, and that
persons with disabilities and their family members should
receive the
necessary protection and assistance to enable families to
contribute towards the
full and equal enjoyment of the rights of persons with
disabilities,
(y) Convinced that a comprehensive and integral international
convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of
persons with
disabilities will make a significant contribution to redressing
the profound
social disadvantage of persons with disabilities and promote
their participation
in the civil, political, economic, social and cultural spheres with
equal
opportunities, in both developing and developed countries,
Have agreed as follows:
– 4 –
Article 1
Purpose

The purpose of the present Convention is to promote, protect
and ensure
the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and
fundamental freedoms by
all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their
inherent dignity.
Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term
physical,
mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction
with various
barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in
society on an equal
basis with others.
Article 2
Definitions
For the purposes of the present Convention:
“Communication” includes languages, display of text, Braille,
tactile
communication, large print, accessible multimedia as well as
written, audio,
plain-language, human-reader and augmentative and alternative
modes, means
and formats of communication, including accessible information
and
communication technology;
“Language” includes spoken and signed languages and other
forms of
non spoken languages;

“Discrimination on the basis of disability” means any
distinction,
exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the
purpose or
effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or
exercise, on an
equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental
freedoms in the
political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. It
includes all
forms of discrimination, including denial of reasonable
accommodation;
“Reasonable accommodation” means necessary and appropriate
modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate
or undue
burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons
with disabilities
the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all
human rights and
fundamental freedoms;
“Universal design” means the design of products,
environments,
programmes and services to be usable by all people, to the
greatest extent
possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.
“Universal
design” shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups
of persons
with disabilities where this is needed.

– 5 –
Article 3
General principles
The principles of the present Convention shall be:
(a) Respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including
the
freedom to make one’s own choices, and independence of
persons;
(b) Non-discrimination;
(c) Full and effective participation and inclusion in society;
(d) Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with
disabilities
as part of human diversity and humanity;
(e) Equality of opportunity;
(f) Accessibility;
(g) Equality between men and women;
(h) Respect for the evolving capacities of children with
disabilities
and respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve
their
identities.
Article 4
General obligations

1. States Parties undertake to ensure and promote the full
realization of all
human rights and fundamental freedoms for all persons with
disabilities
without discrimination of any kind on the basis of disability. To
this end, States
Parties undertake:
(a) To adopt all appropriate legislative, administrative and
other
measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the
present
Convention;
(b) To take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to
modify
or abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that
constitute
discrimination against persons with disabilities;
(c) To take into account the protection and promotion of the
human
rights of persons with disabilities in all policies and
programmes;
– 6 –
(d) To refrain from engaging in any act or practice that is
inconsistent
with the present Convention and to ensure that public
authorities and

institutions act in conformity with the present Convention;
(e) To take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination
on
the basis of disability by any person, organization or private
enterprise;
(f) To undertake or promote research and development of
universally
designed goods, services, equipment and facilities, as defined in
article 2 of the
present Convention, which should require the minimum possible
adaptation
and the least cost to meet the specific needs of a person with
disabilities, to
promote their availability and use, and to promote universal
design in the
development of standards and guidelines;
(g) To undertake or promote research and development of, and
to
promote the availability and use of new technologies, i ncluding
information
and communications technologies, mobility aids, devices and
assistive
technologies, suitable for persons with disabilities, giving
priority to
technologies at an affordable cost;
(h) To provide accessible information to persons with
disabilities
about mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies,
including new
technologies, as well as other forms of assistance, support
services and
facilities;

(i) To promote the training of professionals and staff working
with
persons with disabilities in the rights recognized in the present
Convention so
as to better provide the assistance and services guaranteed by
those rights.
2. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, each
State Party
undertakes to take measures to the maximum of its available
resources and,
where needed, within the framework of international
cooperation, with a view
to achieving progressively the full realization of these rights,
without prejudice
to those obligations contained in the present Convention that are
immediately
applicable according to international law.
3. In the development and implementation of legislation and
policies to
implement the present Convention, and in other decision-
making processes
concerning issues relating to persons with disabilities, States
Parties shall
closely consult with and actively involve persons with
disabilities, including
children with disabilities, through their representative
organizations.
4. Nothing in the present Convention shall affect any provisions
which are
more conducive to the realization of the rights of persons with
disabilities and
which may be contained in the law of a State Party or

international law in force
for that State. There shall be no restriction upon or derogation
from any of the
– 7 –
human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized or existing
in any State
Party to the present Convention pursuant to law, conventions,
regulation or
custom on the pretext that the present Convention does not
recognize such
rights or freedoms or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent.
5. The provisions of the present Convention shall extend to all
parts of
federal States without any limitations or exceptions.
Article 5
Equality and non-discrimination
1. States Parties recognize that all persons are equal before and
under the
law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal
protection and
equal benefit of the law.
2. States Parties shall prohibit all discrimination on the basis of
disability
and guarantee to persons with disabilities equal and effective
legal protection
against discrimination on all grounds.

3. In order to promote equality and eliminate discrimination,
States Parties
shall take all appropriate steps to ensure that reasonable
accommodation is
provided.
4. Specific measures which are necessary to accelerate or
achieve de facto
equality of persons with disabilities shall not be considered
discrimination
under the terms of the present Convention.
Article 6
Women with disabilities
1. States Parties recognize that women and girls with
disabilities are
subject to multiple discrimination, and in this regard shall take
measures to
ensure the full and equal enjoyment by them of all human rights
and
fundamental freedoms.
2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure
the full
development, advancement and empowerment of women, for the
purpose of
guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoyment of the human
rights and
fundamental freedoms set out in the present Convention.
Article 7

Children with disabilities
1. States Parties shall take all necessary measures to ensure the
full
enjoyment by children with disabilities of all human rights and
fundamental
freedoms on an equal basis with other children.
– 8 –
2. In all actions concerning children with disabilities, the best
interests of
the child shall be a primary consideration.
3. States Parties shall ensure that children with disabilities have
the right to
express their views freely on all matters affecting them, their
views being
given due weight in accordance with their age and maturity, on
an equal basis
with other children, and to be provided with disability and age-
appropriate
assistance to realize that right.
Article 8
Awareness-raising
1. States Parties undertake to adopt immediate, effective and
appropriate
measures:

(a) To raise awareness throughout society, including at the
family
level, regarding persons with disabilities, and to foster respect
for the rights
and dignity of persons with disabilities;
(b) To combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices
relating
to persons with disabilities, including those based on sex and
age, in all areas
of life;
(c) To promote awareness of the capabilities and contributions
of
persons with disabilities.
2. Measures to this end include:
(a) Initiating and maintaining effective public awareness
campaigns
designed:
(i) To nurture receptiveness to the rights of persons with
disabilities;
(ii) To promote positive perceptions and greater social
awareness
towards persons with disabilities;
(iii) To promote recognition of the skills, merits and abilities
of
persons with disabilities, and of their contributions to the
workplace and
the labour market;

(b) Fostering at all levels of the education system, including in
all
children from an early age, an attitude of respect for the rights
of persons with
disabilities;
(c) Encouraging all organs of the media to portray persons with
disabilities in a manner consistent with the purpose of the
present Convention;
– 9 –
(d) Promoting awareness-training programmes regarding
persons
with disabilities and the rights of persons with disabilities.
Article 9
Accessibility
1. To enable persons with disabilities to live independently and
participate
fully in all aspects of life, States Parties shall take appropriate
measures to
ensure to persons with disabilities access, on an equal basis
with others, to the
physical environment, to transportation, to information and
communications,
including information and communications technologies and
systems, and to
other facilities and services open or provided to the public, both

in urban and
in rural areas. These measures, which shall include the
identification and
elimination of obstacles and barriers to accessibility, shall
apply to, inter alia:
(a) Buildings, roads, transportation and other indoor and
outdoor
facilities, including schools, housing, medical facilities and
workplaces;
(b) Information, communications and other services, including
electronic services and emergency services.
2. States Parties shall also take appropriate measures:
(a) To develop, promulgate and monitor the implementation of
minimum standards and guidelines for the accessibility of
facilities and
services open or provided to the public;
(b) To ensure that private entities that offer facilities and
services
which are open or provided to the public take into account all
aspects of
accessibility for persons with disabilities;
(c) To provide training for stakeholders on accessibility issues
facing
persons with disabilities;
(d) To provide in buildings and other facilities open to the
public
signage in Braille and in easy to read and understand forms;
(e) To provide forms of live assistance and intermediaries,

including
guides, readers and professional sign language interpreters, to
facilitate
accessibility to buildings and other facilities open to the public;
(f) To promote other appropriate forms of assistance and
support to
persons with disabilities to ensure their access to information;
– 10 –
(g) To promote access for persons with disabilities to new
information and communications technologies and systems,
including the
Internet;
(h) To promote the design, development, production and
distribution
of accessible information and communications technologies and
systems at an
early stage, so that these technologies and systems become
accessible at
minimum cost.
Article 10
Right to life
States Parties reaffirm that every human being has the inherent
right to
life and shall take all necessary measures to ensure its effective
enjoyment by

persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.
Article 11
Situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies
States Parties shall take, in accordance with their obligations
under
international law, including international humanitarian law and
international
human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the
protection and safety of
persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including
situations of armed
conflict, humanitarian emergencies and the occurrence of
natural disasters.
Article 12
Equal recognition before the law
1. States Parties reaffirm that persons with disabilities have the
right to
recognition everywhere as persons before the law.
2. States Parties shall recognize that persons with disabilities
enjoy legal
capacity on an equal basis with others in all aspects of life.
3. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to provide
access by
persons with disabilities to the support they may require in
exercising their
legal capacity.

4. States Parties shall ensure that all measures that relate to the
exercise of
legal capacity provide for appropriate and effective safeguards
to prevent
abuse in accordance with international human rights law. Such
safeguards shall
ensure that measures relating to the exercise of legal capacity
respect the
rights, will and preferences of the person, are free of conflict of
interest and
undue influence, are proportional and tailored to the person’s
circumstances,
apply for the shortest time possible and are subject to regular
review by a
competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body.
The
– 11 –
safeguards shall be proportional to the degree to which such
measures affect
the person’s rights and interests.
5. Subject to the provisions of this article, States Parties shall
take all
appropriate and effective measures to ensure the equal right of
persons with
disabilities to own or inherit property, to control their own
financial affairs and
to have equal access to bank loans, mortgages and other forms
of financial
credit, and shall ensure that persons with disabilities are not
arbitrarily

deprived of their property.
Article 13
Access to justice
1. States Parties shall ensure effective access to justice for
persons with
disabilities on an equal basis with others, including through the
provision of
procedural and age-appropriate accommodations, in order to
facilitate their
effective role as direct and indirect participants, including as
witnesses, in all
legal proceedings, including at investigative and other
preliminary stages.
2. In order to help to ensure effective access to justice for
persons with
disabilities, States Parties shall promote appropriate training for
those working
in the field of administration of justice, including police and
prison staff.
Article 14
Liberty and security of person
1. States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities, on
an equal
basis with others:
(a) Enjoy the right to liberty and security of person;

(b) Are not deprived of their liberty unlawfully or arbitrari ly,
and that
any deprivation of liberty is in conformity with the law, and
that the existence
of a disability shall in no case justify a deprivation of liberty.
2. States Parties shall ensure that if persons with disabilities are
deprived
of their liberty through any process, they are, on an equal basis
with others,
entitled to guarantees in accordance with international human
rights law and
shall be treated in compliance with the objectives and principles
of the present
Convention, including by provision of reasonable
accommodation.
– 12 –
Article 15
Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment
1. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or
degrading
treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected
without his or
her free consent to medical or scientific experimentation.
2. States Parties shall take all effective legislative,
administrative, judicial
or other measures to prevent persons with disabilities, on an

equal basis with
others, from being subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or
degrading
treatment or punishment.
Article 16
Freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse
1. States Parties shall take all appropriate legislative,
administrative,
social, educational and other measures to protect persons with
disabilities, both
within and outside the home, from all forms of exploitation,
violence and
abuse, including their gender-based aspects.
2. States Parties shall also take all appropriate measures to
prevent all
forms of exploitation, violence and abuse by ensuring, inter
alia, appropriate
forms of gender- and age-sensitive assistance and support for
persons with
disabilities and their families and caregivers, including through
the provision
of information and education on how to avoid, recognize and
report instances
of exploitation, violence and abuse. States Parties shall ensure
that protection
services are age-, gender- and disability-sensitive.
3. In order to prevent the occurrence of all forms of
exploitation, violence
and abuse, States Parties shall ensure that all facilities and
programmes

designed to serve persons with disabilities are effectively
monitored by
independent authorities.
4. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to promote
the
physical, cognitive and psychological recovery, rehabilitation
and social
reintegration of persons with disabilities who become victims of
any form of
exploitation, violence or abuse, including through the provision
of protection
services. Such recovery and reintegration shall take place in an
environment
that fosters the health, welfare, self-respect, dignity and
autonomy of the
person and takes into account gender- and age-specific needs.
5. States Parties shall put in place effective legislation and
policies,
including women- and child-focused legislation and policies, to
ensure that
instances of exploitation, violence and abuse against persons
with disabilities
are identified, investigated and, where appropriate, prosecuted.
– 13 –
Article 17
Protecting the integrity of the person
Every person with disabilities has a right to respect for his or
her

physical and mental integrity on an equal basis with others.
Article 18
Liberty of movement and nationality
1. States Parties shall recognize the rights of persons with
disabilities to
liberty of movement, to freedom to choose their residence and
to a nationality,
on an equal basis with others, including by ensuring that
persons with
disabilities:
(a) Have the right to acquire and change a nationality and are
not
deprived of their nationality arbitrarily or on the basis of
disability;
(b) Are not deprived, on the basis of disability, of their ability
to
obtain, possess and utilize documentation of their nationality or
other
documentation of identification, or to utilize relevant processes
such as
immigration proceedings, that may be needed to facilitate
exercise of the right
to liberty of movement;
(c) Are free to leave any country, including their own;
(d) Are not deprived, arbitrarily or on the basis of disability, of
the
right to enter their own country.

2. Children with disabilities shall be registered immediately
after birth and
shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a
nationality and,
as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by their
parents.
Article 19
Living independently and being included in
the community
States Parties to the present Convention recognize the equal
right of all
persons with disabilities to live in the community, with choices
equal to others,
and shall take effective and appropriate measures to facilitate
full enjoyment
by persons with disabilities of this right and their full inclusion
and
participation in the community, including by ensuring that:
(a) Persons with disabilities have the opportunity to choose
their
place of residence and where and with whom they live on an
equal basis with
others and are not obliged to live in a particular living
arrangement;
– 14 –
(b) Persons with disabilities have access to a range of in-home,

residential and other community support services, including
personal
assistance necessary to support living and inclusion in the
community, and to
prevent isolation or segregation from the community;
(c) Community services and facilities for the general
population are
available on an equal basis to persons with disabilities and are
responsive to
their needs.
Article 20
Personal mobility
States Parties shall take effective measures to ensure personal
mobility
with the greatest possible independence for persons with
disabilities, including
by:
(a) Facilitating the personal mobility of persons with
disabilities in
the manner and at the time of their choice, and at affordable
cost;
(b) Facilitating access by persons with disabilities to quality
mobility
aids, devices, assistive technologies and forms of live assistance
and
intermediaries, including by making them available at
affordable cost;
(c) Providing training in mobility skills to persons with

disabilities
and to specialist staff working with persons with disabilities;
(d) Encouraging entities that produce mobility aids, devices
and
assistive technologies to take into account all aspects of
mobility for persons
with disabilities.
Article 21
Freedom of expression and opinion, and access
to information
States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that
persons
with disabilities can exercise the right to freedom of expression
and opinion,
including the freedom to seek, receive and impart information
and ideas on an
equal basis with others and through all forms of communication
of their
choice, as defined in article 2 of the present Conventi on,
including by:
(a) Providing information intended for the general public to
persons
with disabilities in accessible formats and technologies
appropriate to different
kinds of disabilities in a timely manner and without additional
cost;
(b) Accepting and facilitating the use of sign languages,
Braille,
augmentative and alternative communication, and all other

accessible means,
– 15 –
modes and formats of communication of their choice by persons
with
disabilities in official interactions;
(c) Urging private entities that provide services to the general
public,
including through the Internet, to provide information and
services in
accessible and usable formats for persons with disabilities;
(d) Encouraging the mass media, including providers of
information
through the Internet, to make their services accessible to
persons with
disabilities;
(e) Recognizing and promoting the use of sign languages.
Article 22
Respect for privacy
1. No person with disabilities, regardless of place of residence
or living
arrangements, shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful
interference with his
or her privacy, family, home or correspondence or other types
of
communication or to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and

reputation.
Persons with disabilities have the right to the protection of the
law against such
interference or attacks.
2. States Parties shall protect the privacy of personal, health and
rehabilitation information of persons with disabilities on an
equal basis with
others.
Article 23
Respect for home and the family
1. States Parties shall take effective and appropriate measures to
eliminate
discrimination against persons with disabilities in all matters
relating to
marriage, family, parenthood and relationships, on an equal
basis with others,
so as to ensure that:
(a) The right of all persons with disabilities who are of
marriageable
age to marry and to found a family on the basis of free and full
consent of the
intending spouses is recognized;
(b) The rights of persons with disabilities to decide freely and
responsibly on the number and spacing of their children and to
have access to
age-appropriate information, reproductive and family planning
education are
recognized, and the means necessary to enable them to exercise
these rights are

provided;
– 16 –
(c) Persons with disabilities, including children, retain their
fertility
on an equal basis with others.
2. States Parties shall ensure the rights and responsibilities of
persons with
disabilities, with regard to guardianship, wardship, trusteeship,
adoption of
children or similar institutions, where these concepts exist in
national
legislation; in all cases the best interests of the child shall be
paramount. States
Parties shall render appropriate assistance to persons with
disabilities in the
performance of their child-rearing responsibilities.
3. States Parties shall ensure that children with disabilities have
equal
rights with respect to family life. With a view to realizing these
rights, and to
prevent concealment, abandonment, neglect and segregation of
children with
disabilities, States Parties shall undertake to provide early and
comprehensive
information, services and support to children with disabilities
and their
families.
4. States Parties shall ensure that a child shall not be separated

from his or
her parents against their will, except when competent
authorities subject to
judicial review determine, in accordance with applicable law
and procedures,
that such separation is necessary for the best interests of the
child. In no case
shall a child be separated from parents on the basis of a
disability of either the
child or one or both of the parents.
5. States Parties shall, where the immediate family is unable to
care for a
child with disabilities, undertake every effort to provide
alternative care within
the wider family, and failing that, within the community in a
family setting.
Article 24
Education
1. States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities
to
education. With a view to realizing this right without
discrimination and on the
basis of equal opportunity, States Parties shall ensure an
inclusive education
system at all levels and lifelong learning directed to:
(a) The full development of human potential and sense of
dignity and
self-worth, and the strengthening of respect for human rights,
fundamental
freedoms and human diversity;

(b) The development by persons with disabilities of their
personality,
talents and creativity, as well as their mental and physical
abilities, to their
fullest potential;
(c) Enabling persons with disabilities to participate effectively
in a
free society.
– 17 –
2. In realizing this right, States Parties shall ensure that:
(a) Persons with disabilities are not excluded from the general
education system on the basis of disability, and that children
with disabilities
are not excluded from free and compulsory primary education,
or from
secondary education, on the basis of disability;
(b) Persons with disabilities can access an inclusive, quality
and free
primary education and secondary education on an equal basis
with others in
the communities in which they live;
(c) Reasonable accommodation of the individual’s requirements
is
provided;
(d) Persons with disabilities receive the support required,
within the

general education system, to facilitate their effective education;
(e) Effective individualized support measures are provided in
environments that maximize academic and social development,
consistent with
the goal of full inclusion.
3. States Parties shall enable persons with disabilities to learn
life and
social development skills to facilitate their full and equal
participation in
education and as members of the community. To this end, States
Parties shall
take appropriate measures, including:
(a) Facilitating the learning of Braille, alternative script,
augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of
communication and
orientation and mobility skills, and facilitating peer support and
mentoring;
(b) Facilitating the learning of sign language and the promotion
of
the linguistic identity of the deaf community;
(c) Ensuring that the education of persons, and in particular
children,
who are blind, deaf or deafblind, is delivered in the most
appropriate languages
and modes and means of communication for the individual, and
in
environments which maximize academic and social
development.
4. In order to help ensure the realization of this right, States
Parties shall

take appropriate measures to employ teachers, including
teachers with
disabilities, who are qualified in sign language and/or Braille,
and to train
professionals and staff who work at all levels of education.
Such training shall
incorporate disability awareness and the use of appropriate
augmentative and
alternative modes, means and formats of communication,
educational
techniques and materials to support persons with disabilities.
– 18 –
5. States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities are
able to
access general tertiary education, vocational training, adult
education and
lifelong learning without discrimination and on an equal basis
with others. To
this end, States Parties shall ensure that reasonable
accommodation is provided
to persons with disabilities.
Article 25
Health
States Parties recognize that persons with disabilities have the
right to
the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health
without

discrimination on the basis of disability. States Parties shall
take all
appropriate measures to ensure access for persons with
disabilities to health
services that are gender-sensitive, including health-related
rehabilitation. In
particular, States Parties shall:
(a) Provide persons with disabilities with the same range,
quality and
standard of free or affordable health care and programmes as
provided to other
persons, including in the area of sexual and reproductive health
and
population-based public health programmes;
(b) Provide those health services needed by persons with
disabilities
specifically because of their disabilities, including early
identification and
intervention as appropriate, and services designed to minimize
and prevent
further disabilities, including among children and older persons;
(c) Provide these health services as close as possible to
people’s own
communities, including in rural areas;
(d) Require health professionals to provide care of the s ame
quality
to persons with disabilities as to others, including on the basis
of free and
informed consent by, inter alia, raising awareness of the human
rights, dignity,
autonomy and needs of persons with disabilities through
training and the

promulgation of ethical standards for public and private health
care;
(e) Prohibit discrimination against persons with disabilities in
the
provision of health insurance, and life insurance where such
insurance is
permitted by national law, which shall be provided in a fair and
reasonable
manner;
(f) Prevent discriminatory denial of health care or health
services or
food and fluids on the basis of disability.
– 19 –
Article 26
Habilitation and rehabilitation
1. States Parties shall take effective and appropriate measures,
including
through peer support, to enable persons with disabilities to
attain and maintain
maximum independence, full physical, mental, social and
vocational ability,
and full inclusion and participation in all aspects of life. To that
end, States
Parties shall organize, strengthen and extend comprehensive
habilitation and
rehabilitation services and programmes, particularly in the areas
of health,

employment, education and social services, in such a way that
these services
and programmes:
(a) Begin at the earliest possible stage, and are based on the
multidisciplinary assessment of individual needs and strengths;
(b) Support participation and inclusion in the community and
all
aspects of society, are voluntary, and are available to persons
with disabilities
as close as possible to their own communities, including in rural
areas.
2. States Parties shall promote the development of initial and
continuing
training for professionals and staff working in habili tation and
rehabilitation
services.
3. States Parties shall promote the availability, knowledge and
use of
assistive devices and technologies, designed for persons with
disabilities, as
they relate to habilitation and rehabilitation.
Article 27
Work and employment
to work, on
an equal basis with others; this includes the right to the
opportunity to gain a
living by work freely chosen or accepted in a labour market and

work
environment that is open, inclusive and accessible to persons
with disabilities.
States Parties shall safeguard and promote the realization of the
right to work,
including for those who acquire a disability during the course of
employment,
by taking appropriate steps, including through legislation, to,
inter alia:
(a) Prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability with
regard to all
matters concerning all forms of employment, including
conditions of
recruitment, hiring and employment, continua nce of
employment, career
advancement and safe and healthy working conditions;
(b) Protect the rights of persons with disabilities, on an equal
basis
with others, to just and favourable conditions of work, including
equal
opportunities and equal remuneration for work of equal value,
safe and healthy
– 20 –
working conditions, including protection from harassment, and
the redress of
grievances;
(c) Ensure that persons with disabilities are able to exercise
their
labour and trade union rights on an equal basis with others;

(d) Enable persons with disabilities to have effective access to
general technical and vocational guidance programmes,
placement services
and vocational and continuing training;
(e) Promote employment opportunities and career advancement
for
persons with disabilities in the labour market, as well as
assistance in finding,
obtaining, maintaining and returning to employment;
(f) Promote opportunities for self-employment,
entrepreneurship, the
development of cooperatives and starting one’s own business;
(g) Employ persons with disabilities in the public sector;
(h) Promote the employment of persons with disabilities in the
private sector through appropriate policies and measures, which
may include
affirmative action programmes, incentives and other measures;
(i) Ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided to
persons
with disabilities in the workplace;
(j) Promote the acquisition by persons with disabilities of work
experience in the open labour market;
(k) Promote vocational and professional rehabilitation, job
retention
and return-to-work programmes for persons with disabilities.
2. States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities are
not held in

slavery or in servitude, and are protected, on an equal basis with
others, from
forced or compulsory labour.
Article 28
Adequate standard of living and social protection
to an
adequate standard of living for themselves and their families,
including
adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous
improvement of
living conditions, and shall take appropriate steps to safeguard
and promote the
realization of this right without discrimination on the basis of
disability.
– 21 –
to social
protection and to the enjoyment of that right without
discrimination on the
basis of disability, and shall take appropriate steps to safeguard
and promote
the realization of this right, including measures:
(a) To ensure equal access by persons with disabilities to clean
water
services, and to ensure access to appropriate and affordable

services, devices
and other assistance for disability-related needs;
(b) To ensure access by persons with disabilities, in particular
women
and girls with disabilities and older persons with disabilities, to
social
protection programmes and poverty reduction programmes;
(c) To ensure access by persons with disabilities and their
families
living in situations of poverty to assistance from the State with
disability-
related expenses, including adequate training, counselling,
financial assistance
and respite care;
(d) To ensure access by persons with disabilities to public
housing
programmes;
(e) To ensure equal access by persons with disabilities to
retirement
benefits and programmes.
Article 29
Participation in political and public life
States Parties shall guarantee to persons with disabilities
political rights
and the opportunity to enjoy them on an equal basis with others,
and shall
undertake:

(a) To ensure that persons with disabilities can effectively and
fully
participate in political and public life on an equal basis with
others, directly or
through freely chosen representatives, including the right and
opportunity for
persons with disabilities to vote and be elected, inter alia, by:
(i) Ensuring that voting procedures, facilities and materials ar e
appropriate, accessible and easy to understand and use;
(ii) Protecting the right of persons with disabilities to vote by
secret
ballot in elections and public referendums without intimidation,
and to
stand for elections, to effectively hold office and perform all
public
functions at all levels of government, facilitating the use of
assistive and
new technologies where appropriate;
– 22 –
(iii) Guaranteeing the free expression of the will of persons
with
disabilities as electors and to this end, where necessary, at their
request,
allowing assistance in voting by a person of their own choice;

(b) To promote actively an environment in which persons with
disabilities can effectively and fully participate in the conduct
of public affairs,
without discrimination and on an equal basis with others, and
encourage their
participation in public affairs, including:
(i) Participation in non-governmental organizations and
associations
concerned with the public and political life of the country, and
in the
activities and administration of political parties;
(ii) Forming and joining organizations of persons with
disabilities to
represent persons with disabilities at international, national,
regional and
local levels.
Article 30
Participation in cultural life, recreation,
leisure and sport
to take part
on an equal basis with others in cultural life, and shall take all
appropriate
measures to ensure that persons with disabilities:
(a) Enjoy access to cultural materials in accessible formats;

(b) Enjoy access to television programmes, films, theatre and
other
cultural activities, in accessible formats;
(c) Enjoy access to places for cultural performances or
services, such
as theatres, museums, cinemas, libraries and tourism services,
and, as far as
possible, enjoy access to monuments and sites of national
cultural importance.
2. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to enabl e
persons with
disabilities to have the opportunity to develop and utilize their
creative, artistic
and intellectual potential, not only for their own benefit, but
also for the
enrichment of society.
3. States Parties shall take all appropriate steps, in accordance
with
international law, to ensure that laws protecting intellectual
property rights do
not constitute an unreasonable or discriminatory barrier to
access by persons
with disabilities to cultural materials.
– 23 –
4. Persons with disabilities shall be entitled, on an equal basis
with others,
to recognition and support of their specific cultural and

linguistic identity,
including sign languages and deaf culture.
5. With a view to enabling persons with disabilities to
participate on an
equal basis with others in recreational, leisure and sporting
activities, States
Parties shall take appropriate measures:
(a) To encourage and promote the participation, to the fullest
extent
possible, of persons with disabilities in mainstream sporting
activities at all
levels;
(b) To ensure that persons with disabilities have an opportunity
to
organize, develop and participate in disability-specific sporting
and
recreational activities and, to this end, encourage the provision,
on an equal
basis with others, of appropriate instruction, training and
resources;
(c) To ensure that persons with disabilities have access to
sporting,
recreational and tourism venues;
(d) To ensure that children with disabilities have equal access
with
other children to participation in play, recreation and leisure
and sporting
activities, including those activities in the school system;
(e) To ensure that persons with disabilities have access to
services

from those involved in the organization of recreational, tourism,
leisure and
sporting activities.
Article 31
Statistics and data collection
1. States Parties undertake to collect appropriate information,
including
statistical and research data, to enable them to formulate and
implement
policies to give effect to the present Convention. The process of
collecting and
maintaining this information shall:
(a) Comply with legally established safeguards, including
legislation
on data protection, to ensure confidentiality and respect for the
privacy of
persons with disabilities;
(b) Comply with internationally accepted norms to protect
human
rights and fundamental freedoms and ethical principles in the
collection and
use of statistics.
2. The information collected in accordance with this article
shall be
disaggregated, as appropriate, and used to help assess the
implementation of

– 24 –
States Parties’ obligations under the present Convention and to
identify and
address the barriers faced by persons with disabilities in
exercising their rights.
3. States Parties shall assume responsibility for the
dissemination of these
statistics and ensure their accessibility to persons with
disabilities and others.
Article 32
International cooperation
1. States Parties recognize the importance of international
cooperation and
its promotion, in support of national efforts for the realization
of the purpose
and objectives of the present Convention, and will undertake
appropriate and
effective measures in this regard, between and among States
and, as
appropriate, in partnership with relevant international and
regional
organizations and civil society, in particular organizations of
persons with
disabilities. Such measures could include, inter alia:
(a) Ensuring that international cooperation, including
international
development programmes, is inclusive of and accessible to
persons with
disabilities;

(b) Facilitating and supporting capacity-building, including
through
the exchange and sharing of information, experiences, training
programmes
and best practices;
(c) Facilitating cooperation in research and access to scientific
and
technical knowledge;
(d) Providing, as appropriate, technical and economic
assistance,
including by facilitating access to and sharing of accessible and
assistive
technologies, and through the transfer of technologies.
2. The provisions of this article are without prejudice to the
obligations of
each State Party to fulfil its obligations under the present
Convention.
Article 33
National implementation and monitoring
1. States Parties, in accordance with their system of
organization, shall
designate one or more focal points within government for
matters relating to
the implementation of the present Convention, and shall give
due consideration
to the establishment or designation of a coordination mechanism
within
government to facilitate related action in different sectors and

at different
levels.
– 25 –
2. States Parties shall, in accordance with their legal and
administrative
systems, maintain, strengthen, designate or establish within the
State Party, a
framework, including one or more independent mechanisms, as
appropriate, to
promote, protect and monitor implementation of the present
Convention. When
designating or establishing such a mechanism, States Parties
shall take into
account the principles relating to the status and functioning of
national
institutions for protection and promotion of human rights.
3. Civil society, in particular persons with disabilities and their
representative organizations, shall be involved and participate
fully in the
monitoring process.
Article 34
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1. There shall be established a Committee on the Rights of
Persons with
Disabilities (hereafter referred to as “the Committee”), which
shall carry out

the functions hereinafter provided.
2. The Committee shall consist, at the time of entry into force
of the
present Convention, of twelve experts. After an additional sixty
ratifications or
accessions to the Convention, the membership of the Committee
shall increase
by six members, attaining a maximum number of eighteen
members.
3. The members of the Committee shall serve in their personal
capacity
and shall be of high moral standing and recognized competence
and experience
in the field covered by the present Convention. When
nominating their
candidates, States Parties are invited to give due consideration
to the provision
set out in article 4, paragraph 3, of the present Convention.
4. The members of the Committee shall be elected by States
Parties,
consideration being given to equitable geographical
distribution, representation
of the different forms of civilization and of the pri ncipal legal
systems,
balanced gender representation and participation of experts with
disabilities.
5. The members of the Committee shall be elected by secret
ballot from a
list of persons nominated by the States Parties from among their
nationals at
meetings of the Conference of States Parties. At those meetings,
for which two

thirds of States Parties shall constitute a quorum, the persons
elected to the
Committee shall be those who obtain the largest number of
votes and an
absolute majority of the votes of the representatives of States
Parties present
and voting.
6. The initial election shall be held no later than six months
after the date
of entry into force of the present Convention. At least four
months before the
date of each election, the Secretary-General of the United
Nations shall
– 26 –
address a letter to the States Parties inviting them to submit the
nominations
within two months. The Secretary-General shall subsequently
prepare a list in
alphabetical order of all persons thus nominated, indicating the
State Parties
which have nominated them, and shall submit it to the States
Parties to the
present Convention.
7. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of
four years.
They shall be eligible for re-election once. However, the term
of six of the
members elected at the first election shall expire at the end of
two years;
immediately after the first election, the names of these six

members shall be
chosen by lot by the chairperson of the meeting referred to in
paragraph 5 of
this article.
8. The election of the six additional members of the Committee
shall be
held on the occasion of regular elections, in accordance with the
relevant
provisions of this article.
9. If a member of the Committee dies or resigns or declares that
for any
other cause she or he can no longer perform her or his duties,
the State Party
which nominated the member shall appoint another expert
possessing the
qualifications and meeting the requirements set out in the
relevant provisions
of this article, to serve for the remainder of the term.
10. The Committee shall establish its own rules of procedure.
11. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide
the necessary
staff and facilities for the effective performance of the
functions of the
Committee under the present Convention, and shall convene its
initial meeting.
12. With the approval of the General Assembly of the United
Nations, the
members of the Committee established under the present
Convention shall
receive emoluments from United Nations resources on such
terms and

conditions as the Assembly may decide, having regard to the
importance of the
Committee’s responsibilities.
13. The members of the Committee shall be entitled to the
facilities,
privileges and immunities of experts on mission for the United
Nations as laid
down in the relevant sections of the Convention on the
Privileges and
Immunities of the United Nations.
Article 35
Reports by States Parties
1. Each State Party shall submit to the Committee, through the
Secretary-
General of the United Nations, a comprehensive report on
measures taken to
give effect to its obligations under the present Convention and
on the progress
– 27 –
made in that regard, within two years after the entry into force
of the present
Convention for the State Party concerned.
2. Thereafter, States Parties shall submit subsequent reports at
least every
four years and further whenever the Committee so requests.

3. The Committee shall decide any guidelines applicable to the
content of
the reports.
4. A State Party which has submitted a comprehensive initial
report to the
Committee need not, in its subsequent reports, repeat
information previously
provided. When preparing reports to the Committee, States
Parties are invited
to consider doing so in an open and transparent process and to
give due
consideration to the provision set out in article 4, paragraph 3,
of the present
Convention.
5. Reports may indicate factors and difficulties affecting the
degree of
fulfilment of obligations under the present Convention.
Article 36
Consideration of reports
1. Each report shall be considered by the Committee, which
shall make
such suggestions and general recommendations on the report as
it may
consider appropriate and shall forward these to the State Party
concerned. The
State Party may respond with any information it chooses to the
Committee.
The Committee may request further information from States
Parties relevant to
the implementation of the present Convention.

2. If a State Party is significantly overdue in the submission of
a report, the
Committee may notify the State Party concerned of the need to
examine the
implementation of the present Convention in that State Party, on
the basis of
reliable information available to the Committee, if the relevant
report is not
submitted within three months following the notification. The
Committee shall
invite the State Party concerned to participate in such
examination. Should the
State Party respond by submitting the relevant report, the
provisions of
paragraph 1 of this article will apply.
3. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall make
available the
reports to all States Parties.
4. States Parties shall make their reports widely available to the
public in
their own countries and facilitate access to the suggestions and
general
recommendations relating to these reports.
– 28 –
5. The Committee shall transmit, as it may consider appropriate,
to the
specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United
Nations, and other

Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities

Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities

Similar to Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities (6)

More from AlleneMcclendon878

More from AlleneMcclendon878 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Access to Justice for Persons with Disabilities